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The study of agricultural corporate social responsibility (CSR) is not only an extension of current CSR research, but also contributes to the deepening of CSR theory, and has important practical significance for promoting the common prosperity of farmers and in rural areas. Based on the modification and extension of the CSR pyramid model, this research developed the agricultural CSR star model and constructed an evaluation index system for Chinese agricultural CSR. Building on a clear understanding of the theoretical content of agricultural CSR, the study used monitoring data from 59 384 leading agricultural enterprises in China and employed factor analysis to quantitatively measure Chinese agricultural CSR from five dimensions: responsibility for increasing farmers' income, responsibility for ensuring consumer food safety, responsibility for employee welfare, responsibility for rural charity work, and responsibility for technological innovation. Furthermore, the study explored the differences and impacts of internal and external factors on Chinese agricultural CSR. The results showed that, in terms of internal factors, there were significant differences in Chinese agricultural CSR based on variables such as enterprise size, whether the enterprise was listed or not, the type of enterprise ownership, and the enterprise' s operational characteristics. Larger enterprises, those that are listed, and those with better operating conditions were more active in fulfilling CSR, while state-owned and controlled agricultural enterprises had lower levels of CSR compared to other ownership types. As for external factors, only the per capita GDP had a significant promoting effect on agricultural CSR, while cultural and institutional factors had significant inhibitory effects. The study emphasizes the need to improve the identification and monitoring management of leading agricultural enterprises, leverage the leading role of large agricultural enterprises, establish and improve the reporting system for agricultural CSR, strengthen the fulfillment of social responsibilities by state-owned agricultural enterprises, and enhance the awareness of agricultural CSR in economically developed areas. By doing so, agricultural enterprises can actively fulfill their social responsibilities and achieve win-win outcomes for both the enterprise and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]