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Rice is the most important food crop in China. Rice seed vigor is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes and it is of great significance to improve rice seed vigor for high yield, quality and efficiency of production under direct seedling rice. This paper reviewed the main research advances including evaluation index, gene identification and cloning, molecular regulation mechanism relate to rice seed vigor in recent years. Based on the molecular markers and map-based cloning, genome-wide association study(GWAS), high throughput sequencing, and omics techonology, more than twenty-three key genes related to seed vigor have been cloned, including transcription factor genes, metabolism-related genes of plant hormone ABA and GA. Through the balance of ABA and GA metabolism, it regulates maturing of embryos, seed dormancy and germination, seedling growth. It will be very helpful to improve genetics of rice seed vigor by molecular design breeding technology in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]