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BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that posterior cruciate ligament injuries are associated with the anatomical morphology of the knee joint. OBJECTIVE: To explore anatomical morphological risk factors for posterior cruciate ligament injury. METHODS: The imaging data of 142 patients who visited Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University for knee joint problems from January 2015 to August 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into posterior cruciate ligament injury group (n=71, including 49 males and 22 females) and posterior cruciate ligament intact group (n=71, including 49 males and 22 females). Intercondylar notch width, intercondylar notch height, bicondyle width, notch width index, angle of intercondylar notch, Blumensaat’s line inlication angle, medial tibial spine height, lateral tibial spine height, tibial spine width, tibiofemoral consistency index, tibial plateau anterior-posterior diameter, medial tibial depth and patellar tendon-tibial shaft angle were measured on MRI images. Posterior tibial slope was measured on X-ray images. The above indicators were included in the logistic regression analysis for investigation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Univariate logistic regression analysis in men showed that tibial spine width, tibiofemoral consistency index, medial tibial depth, and posterior tibial slope were associated with posterior cruciate ligament injury (P < 0.05). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that tibiofemoral consistency index and medial tibial depth were associated with posterior cruciate ligament damage (P < 0.05). (2) Univariate logistic regression analysis in women showed that medial tibial spine height, lateral tibial spine height, tibial spine width, and posterior tibial slope were associated with posterior cruciate ligament injury (P < 0.05). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that posterior tibial slope was associated with posterior cruciate ligament damage (P < 0.05). (3) The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that tibiofemoral consistency index, medial tibial depth and posterior tibial slope had a certain predictive value on posterior cruciate ligament damage. (4) These findings suggest that anatomical morphological risk factors for posterior cruciate ligament injury differ between men and women, and tibial spine width and posterior tibial slope are common risk factors. In the male population, abnormal tibial spine width, tibiofemoral consistency index, medial tibial depth, and posterior tibial slope are easy to induce posterior cruciate ligament injury. In the female population, abnormal medial tibial spine height, lateral tibial spine height, tibial spine width, and posterior tibial slope are easy to induce posterior cruciate ligament injury. Clinicians can use the above risk factors to identify abnormal knee morphology, assess people at risk of posterior cruciate ligament injury, and provide preventive advice and guidance for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of glioblastoma, the most prevalent malignant tumor in the central nervous system, poses considerable challenges. Glioblastoma multiforme, classified as a grade Ⅳ highly malignant brain glioma by the World Health Organization, is typically managed through a combination of surgery, postoperative chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The treatment of glioblastoma is complicated by its infiltrative nature, genetic heterogeneity, and presence of the blood-brain barrier. Almost all cases of glioblastoma experience recurrence despite aggressive therapy, exploring the development of updated molecular treatment strategies that can improve overall efficacy. A crucial aspect in modern neurosurgery is the precise delineation of brain regions in terms of their anatomy and function. It serves as the fundamental basis for investigating variations in the distribution of brain gliomas. Hence, this review will elucidate the origin of glioblastomas and analyze the potential factors contributing to the spatially specific distribution of gliomas on the basis of a theoretical framework of brain connectomics research. Molecular characteristics, information pathways, tumor microenvironment landscape, and immunology will inform the analysis. We aim to identify novel biomolecular targets and therapeutic pathways to gain scientific insights for effective glioblastoma treatment.

The treatment of glioblastoma, the most prevalent malignant tumor in the central nervous system, poses considerable challenges. Glioblastoma multiforme, classified as a grade Ⅳ highly malignant brain glioma by the World Health Organization, is typically managed through a combination of surgery, postoperative chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The treatment of glioblastoma is complicated by its infiltrative nature, genetic heterogeneity, and presence of the blood-brain barrier. Almost all cases of glioblastoma experience recurrence despite aggressive therapy, exploring the development of updated molecular treatment strategies that can improve overall efficacy. A crucial aspect in modern neurosurgery is the precise delineation of brain regions in terms of their anatomy and function. It serves as the fundamental basis for investigating variations in the distribution of brain gliomas. Hence, this review will elucidate the origin of glioblastomas and analyze the potential factors contributing to the spatially specific distribution of gliomas on the basis of a theoretical framework of brain connectomics research. Molecular characteristics, information pathways, tumor microenvironment landscape, and immunology will inform the analysis. We aim to identify novel biomolecular targets and therapeutic pathways to gain scientific insights for effective glioblastoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumor tissue of craniopharyngioma is closely adherent to peripheral neurovascular tissue, so the operation to remove lesion is more difficult, the perioperative complications are very serious, and the prognosis of patients is poor. There are many studies on the use of tumor histology or anatomical classification to guide surgical principles and surgical approaches, as well as drug therapy or combination therapy, but no consensus has been reached. This paper reviews the histological, anatomical and molecular typing of craniopharyngioma, providing new ideas for the future realization of the fusion typing of craniopharyngioma to guide the precise treatment.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a disease caused by weakened pelvic support structures mediated by mutiple factors. The primary risk factors are multiple pregnancies and vaginal deliveries. However, the pathophysiological process of POP is not yet known. Surgery is one of the most important methods of treating moderate to severe POP. Surgical procedures associated with the uterosacral ligament (USL) play an important role in restoring apical support and have a high surgical success rate. However, the risk of postoperative recurrence and complications are still present, largely due to a lack of adequate knowledge of the USL anatomy histology and biomechanics. Accurate knowledge of the anatomical location and tissue composition of the USL not only allows finding the most suitable site for USL suspension, but also prevents intraoperative damage to adjacent organs and tissues, such as the ureter, rectum, nerves and blood vessels. In addition, a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanical properties of the various components of USL can also suggest new solutions for the study of POP pathogenesis, prevention strategies and customization of personalized surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Proximal femoral nail anti-rotation is widely used in the treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fractures. Accurate screw placement angle and position can effectively improve the success rate of surgery and reduce the incidence of internal fixation-related complications. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relative anatomical positional relationship between the iliac crest and the greater trochanter of femur on intramedullary nail placement based on radiological measurements. METHODS: 174 hip joints were examined in 87 normal adult pelvic anteroposterior radiographs in Orthopedic Clinic of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. There were 50 males and 37 females at the age of (43.72±14.45) years. The distance between bilateral iliac crest line (La) and bilateral femoral trochanter line (Lb) was measured. The angle with the median pelvic axis ( ∠ 1), the angle between the anatomical axis of the femur and the median axis of the pelvis ( ∠ 2), and the neck-shaft angle ( ∠ 3) were measured. On the pelvic anteroposterior radiograph, the vertical line of the horizontal line of the pelvis was made through the lateral margin of the iliac crest. The exposure of the greater trochanter of the femur was distinguished according to the degree of exposure of the greater trochanter of the femur inside and outside the vertical line. Group I (52 hip joints, with a large degree of exposure) was outside the line, and Group II (122 hip joints, with a small degree of exposure) was inside the line. The iliac crest occlusion angle was Δ1=| ∠ 1- ∠ 2|, and according to the proximal femoral nail anti-rotation with a 5° proximal lateralization angle was grouped, with Δ1 ≤ 5° as group IIa (66 hips), and Δ1>5° as group IIb (56 hips). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The values of La, La/Lb and Δ1 in Group I were lower than those in Group II (P < 0.05); the value of La/Lb in Group IIa was higher than that in Group IIb (P < 0.05); the value of Δ1 in Group I was higher than that in Group IIa (P < 0.05) and lower than that in Group IIb (P < 0.05); the value of Lb in Group IIb was lower than that in Group I (P < 0.05) and higher than that in Group IIa (P < 0.05). (2) The results showed that the smaller the distance between the pelvic width and the bilateral femoral trochanters, the smaller the degree of occlusion, and the easier it was to enter the nail. The smaller the degree of iliac crest occlusion, the better for nail insertion was. There are quite a few people with iliac crest occlusion. If it is found that the iliac crest occlusion is obvious before the operation, it can be considered to increase the degree of adduction appropriately to facilitate nail insertion on the premise of maintaining anatomical reduction during positioning, which has guiding significance for clinical operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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【Objective】Begonia often referred to as the "king" of ornamental plant. In the study, we explored the relationship between the leaf structure and heat among Begonia species with diverse leaf colors, aiming to screen out Begonia species with high ornamental value and strong heat tolerance.【Method】The leaf anatomies of seven Begonia species were observed by using paraffin sectioning. Cluster analysis and correlation analysis were utilized to identify indicators related to leaf tissue structures. Additionally, a membership function method was implemented to comprehensively evaluate the heat tolerance of the seven Begonia species.【Result】(1) The leaves of all seven species were heterophyllous with both upper and lower epidermis being composed of a tightly arranged single layer of cells. The upper epidermis was flat or convex, while stomata concentrated on the lower epidermis. The mesophyll was differentiated into palisade and spongy tissues. The palisade tissue was underdeveloped, usually consisting of 1 to 2 layers of chloroplast-rich cells. In contrast, the spongy tissue was more developed, with 3 to 5 layers. Leaf colors varied between species and were associated with differences in palisade cell morphology and arrangement. (2)Total leaf thickness, spongy tissue thickness, palisade-to-spongy tissue ratio, and tissue tightness were key anatomical factors influencing heat tolerance. (3)The heat tolerance ranking from highest to lowest were as: B. barsalouxiae, B. luzhaiensis, B. luochengensis, Begonia sp., B. debaoensis, B. variifolia, and B. handelii. According to this ranking, we categorized them into three levels of tolerance: B. barsalouxiae as heat-tolerant, B. luzhaiensis and B. luochengensis as moderately heat-tolerant, and B. debaoensis, B. variifolia, and B. handelii and Begonia sp. as low heat-tolerant.【Conclusion】Observations of leaf anatomy revealed that the palisade tissue was underdeveloped in several Begonia species. In contrast, the spongy tissue was more developed, resulting in a quite loose leaf structure, and this loose structure greatly influenced heat tolerance in Begonia.

[Objective] Begonia often referred to as the “king” of ornamental plant. In the study, we explored the relationship between the leaf structure and heat among Begonia species with diverse leaf colors, aiming to screen out Begonia species with high ornamental value and strong heat tolerance. [Method] The leaf anatomies of seven Begonia species were observed by using paraffin sectioning. Cluster analysis and correlation analysis were utilized to identify indicators related to leaf tissue structures. Additionally, a membership function method was implemented to comprehensively evaluate the heat tolerance of the seven Begonia species. [Result] (1) The leaves of all seven species were heterophyllous with both upper and lower epidermis being composed of a tightly arranged single layer of cells. The upper epidermis was flat or convex, while stomata concentrated on the lower epidermis. The mesophyll was differentiated into palisade and spongy tissues. The palisade tissue was underdeveloped, usually consisting of 1 to 2 layers of chloroplast-rich cells. In contrast, the spongy tissue was more developed, with 3 to 5 layers. Leaf colors varied between species and were associated with differences in palisade cell morphology and arrangement. (2) Total leaf thickness, spongy tissue thickness, palisade-tospongy tissue ratio, and tissue tightness were key anatomical factors influencing heat tolerance. (3) The heat tolerance ranking from highest to lowest were as: B. barsalouxiae, B. luzhaiensis, B. luochengensis, Begonia sp., B. debaoensis, B. variifolia, and B. handelii. According to this ranking, we categorized them into three levels of tolerance: B. barsalouxiae as heat-tolerant, B. luzhaiensis and B. luochengensis as moderately heat-tolerant, and B. debaoensis, B. variifolia, and B. handelii and Begonia sp. as low heat-tolerant. [Conclusion] Observations of leaf anatomy revealed that the palisade tissue was underdeveloped in several Begonia species. In contrast, the spongy tissue was more developed, resulting in a quite loose leaf structure, and this loose structure greatly influenced heat tolerance in Begonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the anatomical structure of Sanjian acupoint. Methods ① The ancient people's descriptions of Sanjian were summarized by searching the Duxiu Academic and Chinese Medical Canon database and ancient Chinese medical books. ② The modern people's descriptions of Sanjian were summarized by searching China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and The People's Republic of China National Standards·Nomenclature and Loca⁃ tion of Meridian Points. ③ The "acupoint sensation" location was determined by fingertip pressing on thirty volunteers' body surfaces based on the summarization of ancient and modern people's descriptions. ④ By referring to the acupoint positioning summarized in ancient and modern literature， the exact match of the Sanjian "acupoint sensation" location was defined by acupuncturing the different points and depths in the neck region of the second metacarpal bones of ten volunteers. ⑤The anatomical structure of Sanjian was determined by microdissection on ten sides of fresh adult upper limb anatomical specimens. ⑥ The location of the needle tip was demarcated by B-ultrasound when the needle tip touched the "acupoint sensation" point on ten volunteers. ⑦ We used ultrasonography to find the physical structure of Sanjian discovered by anatomy， and then acupuncture was conducted under the guidance of B-ultrasound to verify the position of Sanjian acupoint on ten volunteers. Results ① The ancient books recorded the location of Sanjian was in the depression on the hand and the second finger of the posterior inner part of the node. ② Modern literature described Sanjian was in the depression of the proximal radial side of the second metacarpophalangeal joint. ③ Through finger press， "acupoint sensation" appeared in the second metacarpophalangeal joint proximal end， radial volar depression. ④ "Acupoint sensation" was the strongest when acupuncture was performed at the second metacarpal and phalangeal joint proximal radial volar depression. ⑤ Microdissection revealed that this point was the 'hilum of bone'， where the bone-nourishing vessels entered the radial volar side of the second metacarpal neck. ⑥ When we acupunctured Sanjian， and it appeared to have an "acupoint sensation"， the needle tip was located in the second metacarpal neck radial volar side of the 'hilum of bone'. ⑦ B-ultrasound confirmed that the 'hilum of bone' on the radial volar side of the neck of the second metacarpal was the anatomical structure of Sanjian.Conclusion The anatomical structure of the Sanjian acupoint is the 'hilum of bone' at the radial volar side of the second metacarpal neck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the anatomical structure of Hegu acupoint. Methods ① The ancient peo‐ ple's descriptions of Hegu were summarized by searching the Duxiu Academic and Chinese Medical Canon database and an‐ cient Chinese medical books. ② The modern people's descriptions of Hegu were summarized by searching China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and The People's Republic of China National Standards·Nomenclature and Location of Meridian Points. ③ The "acupoint sensation" location was determined by fingertip pressing on thirty volunteers' body surfaces based on the summarization of ancient and modern people's descriptions. ④ By referring to the acupoint positioning summarized in ancient and modern literature， the exact match of the Hegu "acupoint sensation" location was defined by acupuncturing the different points and depths between the first and second metacarpal bones of ten volunteers. ⑤ The anatomical structure of Hegu was determined by microdissection on ten sides of fresh adult upper limb anatomical specimens. ⑥ The location of the needle tip was demarcated by B-ultrasound when the needle tip touched the "acupoint sensation" point on ten volunteers. ⑦ We used ultrasonography to find the physical structure of Hegu discovered by anatomy， and then acupuncture was conducted under the guidance of B-ultrasound to verify the position of Hegu acupoint on ten volunteers. Results ① According to ancient books， Hegu acupoint was located between the first and second metacarpal bones. ② Modern literature described the Hegu acupoint was located between the first metacarpal bone and the second metacarpal bone and about in the middle part of the radial side of the second metacarpal bone. ③ The "acupoint sensation" appeared at the ulnar margin of the first metacarpal bone and the radial margin of the second metacarpal bone when fingertip pressure was applied. ④ "Acupoint sensation" was the strongest when acupuncture was performed at the middle point of the second metacarpal radial volar side. ⑤ Microdissection revealed that this point was the 'hilum of muscle'， where the muscular branches of the first interfemoral dorsal muscle of the ulnar nerve and its accompanying vessels entered the muscle. ⑥ When we acupunctured Hegu， and it appeared to have an "acupoint sensation"， the needle tip was located in the 'hilum of muscle' of the first interfemoral dorsal muscle. ⑦ B-ultrasound confirmed that the 'hilum' of the first inter‐ femoral dorsal muscle was the anatomical structure of Hegu. Conclusion The anatomical structure of the Hegu acupoint is the 'hilum' of the first interfemoral dorsal muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traditional matching systems adopt fixed partitioning methods, which easily lead to the lost of semantic information, to match the large scale anatomical ontologies. In order to preserve the semantic information as completely as possible and improve the quality of matching results, this paper developed a dynamic partition adjustment mechanism. It adjusted the divided blocks dynamically by continuously redistributing the determined entities to the target blocks. In view of the high computation complexity of this matching model, this paper proposed an improved compact evolutionary algorithm to optimize the thresholds of sub-matching tasks and the block flags for redistribution. Experiments on the Anatomy test set of OAEI verify that the dynamic partition adjustment mechanism and improved compact evolutionary algorithm can enhance the alignment quality of matching system. Furthermore, a comparison with other matching systems demonstrates the advance of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germ cell neoplasms are a group of heterogeneous diseases derived from primitive germ cells. Histological types are classified as teratoma, malignant germ cell tumor and mixed germ cell tumor. The major international collaborations for the study of reproductive cell tumors in children are Children’s Oncology Group (COG) in the United States, Canada and Australia and Children’s Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG) in the United Kingdom. This review summarized the latest international research advances in clinical stages, risk groups, chemotherapeutic regimens and managements of refractory and recurrent children with extracranial malignant germ cell tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To retrospectively review 4 cases of laparoscopic separation of urogenital sinus ( UGS) as an adjuvant treatment for intractable cloacal malformations and explore the safety and effectiveness of this operation. Methods Clinical data of prenatal diagnosis, neonatal management and radical operation were reviewed for 4 patients with intractable cloaca. Basic demographics, anatomical characteristics, surgical approaches, operative duration, intraoperative hemorrhage, blood transfusion and perioperative complications were recorded. Results From 2016 to 2021, 4 children with intractable cloaca underwent laparoscopic UGS separation. Cases 1 to 3 had middle/high cloacal malformations and case 4 was re-operated. Cases 1 and 2 were diagnosed prenatally. Average length of common canal was 2. 9 cm,average urethral length 0. 68 cm and average vaginal length 2. 4 cm. The average radical operative age was 21. 3 months, operative weight 10. 2 kg and average operative duration 8. 8 h. Cases 1 and 2 were followed up for 36 months, case 3 for 23 months and case 4 for 9 months. There was no intraoperative complication. Case 2 had postoperative vaginal stenosis. The average postoperative hospital stay was 11. 8 days. Conclusion As an adjuvant treatment, laparoscopic UGS separation is both safe and effective for urogenital sinus in intractable cloaca. It may simplify operative procedures and minimize tissue trauma. And it also aids in improving urinary incontinence after total urogenital mobilization and pre-vents vaginal replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of modified penis lengthening and plastic surgery and modified Devine surgery for concealed penis. Methods From January 2018 to April 2022, 106 children with concealed penis undergoing surgery were selected as research subjects. According to surgical approaches, they were divided into two groups of modified Devine ( n = 51 ) and modified penile lengthening plus plastic surgery ( n = 55) . The former group underwent modified Devine penile release while the latter group had modified penile extension and phalloplasty with integral detachment and fixation of superficial and deep penile fascia. Operative duration, intraoperative volume of blood loss, perioperative/follow-up penile length and postoperative overall score were compared between two groups. Results All operations were successfully completed. In modified Devine surgery and modified penile lengthening & plastic surgery groups, operative duration was ( 44. 29 ± 3. 06) vs. ( 43. 31 ± 2. 89) min and intraoperative volume of blood loss ( 6. 82 ± 1. 75) vs. ( 6. 71 ± 1. 40) mL. And no statistically significant differences existed ( P > 0. 05) ; preoperative penile length was ( 1. 06 ± 0. 70) vs. (1.25 ±0. 70) cm, postoperative penile length (3.80 ±0. 72) cmw. (4. 71 ±0.75) cm, penile increment (2.74±0.56) to (2.86±0.51) cm, penile retraction length (0.88±0.49) to (0.80±0.41) cm and final penile length ( 1. 86 ± 0. 43) to ( 2. 05 ± 0. 46). Among them, postoperative penile length, follow-up penile length and final increment in modified penis elongation & plastic surgery group were better than those in modified Devine group (P<0.05). The differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The complication scores of two groups were ( 3. 59 ± 0. 61) versus ( 3. 80 ± 0. 45) points, satisfaction score of penile shape (2. 10 ± 0. 43) versus (2. 24 ±0.43) points, scores of other aspects (2.41 ±0. 50) vs. (2. 56 ±0. 59) and total scores ( 8. 06 ± 1. 09) vs. ( 8. 60 ± 1. 08). Complication score and total score of modified penis elongation & plastic surgery group were better than those of modified Devine group. No significant inter-group difference existed in satisfaction score of penile shape or other aspects ( P > 0. 05) . Conclusion Modified penis lengthening & plastic surgery is reliable for pediatric concealed penis. Operative procedures are simple and patients may obtain a more ideal postoperative penile length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To quantify the 100 most frequently cited papers in CPT for predicting research hotspots for benefitting future clinical outcomes. Methods Web of Science database was searched for publications related to CPT original research from January 1, 1900 to December 31,2022. And Cited Reference Search tool was employed for retrieving articles to determine the most cited item. Then a knowledge map was generated for number of citations, publication year, publication periodical, author unit, publication country and key words. Results Top 100 selected articles were cited from 11 to 196 times and publication period started from 1928 to 2016. Clinical research was the major type ( n = 93) and only 7 studies belonged to basic research. The largest contribution came from the United States ( n = 37),followed by Republic of Korea ( n = 9), Germany ( n = 6) and Italy ( n = 6) . The frequently appearing keywords were divided into 2 groups of "Neurofibroma" and "Clinical characteristic of pseudarthrosis". And term "NFl" was the latest hot spot in the most cited article. Conclusion Current researches on CPT focuse upon clinical treatment. Basic research on the pathogenesis of CPT is still relatively lacking. In the future, investment in basic research on CPT should be strengthened to provide a more comprehensive treatment for CPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Medical Education Technology is the property of China Medical Education Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Basivertebral foramen is a natural orifice in the posterior wall of the vertebral body existing in humans and mammals, through which the basal vertebral vein, branch of lumbar artery and recurrent branch of spinal nerve enter and exit the vertebral body. Basivertebral foramen changes the local microstructure of the vertebral body, resulting in cortical defect and sparse trabecular bone in the central region of the vertebral body, thus affecting its biomechanical characteristics and making its central region a "weak" area of the vertebra. Some characteristic injuries of the vertebra are related to basivertebral foramen, such as vertebral compression fracture and intervertebral cleft, vertebral burst fracture and posterior upper vertebral fracture fragment, and cement leakage during treatment. In this article, the anatomical and developmental biological characteristics of basivertebral foramen, the impact of basivertebral foramen on biomechanical characteristics, and the treatment of basivertebral foramen related vertebral diseases are reviewed, in order to provide references for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of vertebral injuries.

The theory of Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2) is the representative of the knowledge construction of ancient anatomy, reflecting the academic thought of Huatuo 's school. Through deeply analyzing the classic theory of acupuncture and its cultural and historical materials, it is believed that the five-body constituents are the structural basis of Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2), qi and blood are the material one, while biaoben (the sites where meridian qi gathers and diffuses) and qijie (the common pathways through which meridian qi gathers) indicate its functions. Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2) reveals the rules of the transverse distribution of meridian points and the relevant indications, providing the theoretic foundation for acupuncture treatment. It highlights the importance of the anatomical knowledge in acupuncture effect and proposes a new idea for establishing an effective classification system of meridian points.

Objective To investigate the attitude of 8-year-program clinical medical students in Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) towards current anatomy course and their perspective on introducing physical examination into anatomy course, and to raise feasible reform strategy. Methods Survey on WeChat platform through wenjuanxing(wjx) questionnaires was performed among 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th grade students in PUMC. Results 216 qualified questionnaires were collected. 207 (95.8%) and 196 (90.7%) students identified with the importance of anatomy course and agreed to introduce physical examination into anatomy course, respectively. Two major problems were considered existing in current anatomy course, the lack of feasible ways to review in later stage (149, 69.0%) and poor connection between anatomy and clinical courses leading to poor retention of the knowledge (143, 66.2%). 65 (30.1%) preferred online course and 151 (69.9%) preferred traditional offline course to offer the new course. Conclusions Most clinical medical students in different learning stage in PUMC approve to introduce physical examination into anatomy course. Related educational reform of anatomy course is necessary. The new combined course should be offered mainly in traditional offline way, combined with online content.

Objective To determine the localization of axillary artery on body surface through computed tomography angiography (CTA), so as to provide imaging data of axillary artery anatomy for clinical treatment. Methods The imaging data of patients undergoing CTA of head and neck in our hospital from July to November in 2020 were collected. A total of 456 sides (228 cases) were initially included, and then 197 sides were excluded due to improper body position. 3-D reconstruction was performed on the remaining 259 sides, and the distances as well as position relationship of axillary artery with clavicle, coracoid process and body surface were measured and observed. After the further exclusion of 110 sides with unlocatable axillary arteries, 149 sides were finally included; the length and inner diameter of axillary arteries were measured, and the origin and types of branches were observed and analyzed. Results The distance from the starting point of axillary artery to the perpendicular line of the posterior edge of clavicle and to the midclavicular line was 16.9±5.3 mm and 11.9±6.1 mm, respectively. The length of the vertical line of the lower edge of the coracoid process intersecting the axillary artery was 29.4±9.4 mm, and the proximal end of the third segment of the axillary artery lay below the coracoid process. In terms of the branches, the highest frequency of superior thoracic artery (ST) which branched out of the first segment of axillary artery was 49.0%; the thoracoacromial artery (TA) and lateral thoracic artery (LT) originated from the second segment, with the highest frequency of 49.7% and 47.7%, respectively; the highest frequencies of subscapularis artery (SS), anterior humeral circumflex artery (CHA) and posterior humeral circumflex artery (CHP) from the third segment were 71.1%, 11.4% and 64.4, respectively. The occurrence rate of TA, SS and CHP was all 100%; although that of LT was 96.6%, it presented the most types (4 types). In addition, the occurrence rate of CHA was 12.1%, and that of deep brachial artery (DB) with single stem originated from the third segment was 37.6%. Conclusion In supine position and adduction of the upper limb, the starting point of the axillary artery and the proximal of its third segment can be localized by one fingerbreadth from the medial midclavicular line as well as posterior to the clavicle, and by two fingerbreadths below the coracoid process, respectively.

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BACKGROUND: Relevant studies have shown that anterior cruciate ligament rupture may be related to the anatomical morphology of the distal femur and proximal tibia. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between anterior cruciate ligament rupture and the match between the tibial intercondylar eminence and the femoral intercondylar fossa. METHODS: A total of 74 male soldier patients who were admitted at the 904 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force from January 2016 to March 2021 and suffered unilateral knee injuries or discomfort due to non-contact mechanism were selected. According to X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging findings, they were divided into two groups (n=37 per group): an anterior cruciate ligament rupture group and an intact anterior cruciate ligament group. Width index of the intercondylar fossa was detected using coronal magnetic resonance imaging, and the morphology of the intercondylar fossa was observed using axial magnetic resonance imaging. In X-ray, posteroanterior films were used to detect the width, lateral and medial height of the tibial intercondylar eminence. Ratio of the width of the tibial intercondylar eminence to the width of the intercondylar fossa was used to describe the match between the tibial intercondylar eminence and the femoral intercondylar fossa. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the two groups in the width of femoral bicondyle, the lateral and medial heights of the tibial intercondylar eminence (P > 0.05). The width of the intercondylar fossa, the width index of the intercondylar fossa, the width of the tibial intercondylar eminence, and the ratio of the width of the tibial intercondylar eminence to the width of the intercondylar fossa in the anterior cruciate ligament rupture group was lower than that in the intact anterior cruciate ligament group (P < 0.05). The A-shaped intercondylar fossa was more common in the anterior cruciate ligament rupture group, and the U-shaped intercondylar fossa was more common in the intact anterior cruciate ligament group. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the width of the intercondylar fossa, the width index of the intercondylar fossa, the morphology of the intercondylar fossa, the parameters of the tibial intercondylar eminence, and the ratio of the width of the tibial intercondylar eminence to the width of the intercondylar fossa were all the influencing factors for anterior cruciate ligament rupture (P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the ratio of the width of the tibial intercondylar eminence to the width of the intercondylar fossa was an independent risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament rupture (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the ratio of the width of the tibial intercondylar eminence to the width of the intercondylar fossa had a certain predictive value for anterior cruciate ligament rupture. To conclude, the ratio of the width of the tibial intercondylar eminence to the width of the intercondylar fossa is an independent risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament rupture. It has a certain predictive value for anterior cruciate ligament rupture. The worse the match between the tibial intercondylar eminence and the femoral intercondylar fossa is, the higher the risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous minimally invasive pedicle screw placement has limited the use of minimally invasive percutaneous pedicle screw technology, resulting in clinical confusion caused by different reports on the insertion point and angle of the pedicle screw. At present, when percutaneous pedicle screw technique is used in the treatment of thoracolumbar fracture, most of the screws are placed according to experience or the guidance of intraoperative X-ray repeated fluoroscopy. Thus, the patients and the operators suffer great iatrogenic damage. OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of percutaneous pedicle screw orbit design respectively from the angle of body anatomy and imaging under the navigation design of precision of the orbit. METHODS: (1) Ten bone specimens (T10-L3, a total of 120 vertebral pedicles) were randomly selected, and the preliminary track for pedicle screw was designed based on the best entry points and the best needling angle under computer navigation. The maximum distance from pedicle screw track to the central axis of the vertebral pedicle was measured and recorded. The excellent and good rate of screw placement was counted to analyze the accuracy of the screw track under navigation. (2) Ten spinal bones (T10-L3, a total of 60 vertebral pedicles) were randomly selected. Cases treated with computer navigation-assisted percutaneous pedicle screw placement were set as experimental group. Meanwhile, cases treated with screw placement method under direct vision with naked eyes were set as control group. The excellent and good rate of screw placement among the bone specimens of corpses in both groups was counted and analyzed, separately. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The measurement of 60 vertebral pedicles in the thoracic spine group and the design of pedicle screw track: There were 52 excellent cases, 3 good cases, and 5 poor cases, with an excellent and good rate of 91.67%. The measurement of 60 vertebral pedicles in the lumbar spine group: There were 55 excellent cases, 2 good cases, and 3 poor cases, with an excellent and good rate of 95.00%. No significant difference in the excellent and good rate was detected between thoracic and lumbar spines (P > 0.05). (2) CT scanning was carried out on a total of 30 vertebral pedicles in the navigation experimental group, with an excellent and good rate of screw placement of 96.67%. A total of 30 vertebral pedicles were scanned in the control group, with an excellent and good rate of screw placement of 90.00%. No significant difference in the excellent and good rate was detected between these two groups (P > 0.05). (3) The screw track of computer navigation-assisted percutaneous pedicle screw placement for thoracic and lumbar spines is extremely close to the central axis of the vertebral pedicle or located at the central axis of the vertebral pedicle, and the pedicle screw track designed under navigation is ideal. The excellent and good rate of screw placement among the bone specimens of corpses shows no apparent difference under navigation and direct vision with naked eyes. Therefore, it can be inferred that the pedicle screw track designed with computer navigation-assisted percutaneous placement is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The report for posterior atlantoaxial fusion cage is few and there are still many shortages. There is a lack of fusion cages with convenient operation, large bone graft area and stable bone grafting. OBJECTIVE: To design a posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation system with fusion cage according to the anatomical characteristics and study its feasibility. METHODS: The imaging data of 100 cases (50 males and 50 females) of normal posterior arch of atlas and axis lamina were collected. The sagittal plane was used to measure the height and the thickness of the posterior arch of atlas, the slope of the axis lamina, the height of the posterior inferior margin of atlas to the upper margin of the axis, and the height of the atlantoaxial intervertebral space. The distance between the lateral margin of the pedicle of the atlas on both sides and the distance from the posterior tubercle to this line were measured to calculate the radius of the lateral margin of the posterior arch. The point which was 4 mm to the posterior tubercle was taken as the nailing point to measure the inserting length of the screw and the angle between the screw and the middle line of the posterior arch. The anatomic parameters were analyzed to design the posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation system with fusion cage. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The height from the lower edge of the posterior arch of atlas to the upper edge of the axis spinous process was (19.07±2.73) mm. The height of the atlantoaxial intervertebral space was (6.83±2.01) mm. The slope of the axis lamina was (58.34±7.60)°. The radius of the lateral edge of the posterior arch of atlas was (26.77±2.14) mm. The height of the posterior tubercle of atlas was (10.45±1.61) mm. The thickness of the posterior tubercle of atlas was (8.12±1.57) mm. The inserting length of the posterior arch screw of atlas was (11.21±1.61) mm, and the angle was (53.34±6.30)°. The data difference between the two sides had no statistical significance. (2) According to the measurement of the imaging data, the design of the atlantoaxial internal fixation system is successful and is applied for the national patent. The atlantoaxial internal fixation system with fusion cage provides a new fixation method for posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Because of its excellent biomechanical advantages, pedicle screw of subaxial cervical spine is widely used in various cervical spine diseases caused by trauma, tumors and deformities. How to improve the accuracy of nail placement and reduce postoperative complications has been hotspots in the research of the placement technology of the pedicle screw of subaxial cervical spine. OBJECTIVE: To review relevant domestic and foreign articles, to review the related anatomical characteristics of the placement technology of the pedicle screw of subaxial cervical spine, the biomechanical characteristics of pedicle screw of subaxial cervical spine and the research on the screw placement technology in and outside China, and to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each placement technology. METHODS: Relevant articles in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang and other databases were searched using “cervical, pedicle” in English, and “cervical vertebrae, pedicle” in Chinese as search terms. Related Chinese articles published from January 2015 to December 2020 and related English articles published in the past 5 years were searched. Finally, 52 articles were included, including 22 Chinese articles and 30 English articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Regarding the thickness and strength of the cortex, the inner wall of the pedicle was higher than that of the outer wall. The abduction angle of the pedicle gradually decreased from C3-C7. The shape of the pedicle was similar to an ellipsoid. The distance between the upper edge of the pedicle and the upper nerve root gradually increased from C3-C7, and the distance between the lower edge of the pedicle and the inferior nerve root gradually decreased from C3-C7. The anterior lateral wall of the pedicle was close to the vertebral artery; and the anterior medial wall of the pedicle was close to the epidural sinus. (2) The penetrating force of the inner wall of the pedicle was greater than the other three side walls. In terms of direct extraction force, pedicle screws were superior to intervertebral foraminal screws and lateral mass screws. In terms of fatigue extraction force, pedicle screws and intervertebral foraminal screws were better than lateral mass screws. (3) At present, screw placement in posterior route pedicle on subaxial cervical spine mainly included freehand screw placement, computer-assisted screw placement, 3D printing guide-assisted screw placement, and surgical robot-assisted screw placement. However, various screw placement techniques have certain drawbacks. In the future, freehand screw placement technology will still be the mainstream of the subaxial cervical pedicle placement technology. With the improvement of technical level and the support of artificial auxiliary equipment, artificial intelligence assisted screw placement technology will become the future development direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the morphology of floral organs and the development status of male and female gametophytes at different development stages of Bambusa tuldoides in wild, and to summarize their abortion types, the appearance morphology of each part of floral organs and the development process of male and female gametophytes of B. tuldoides were observed by means of anatomy and sectioning, and the reasons for the low seed-setting rate were also analyzed. The results were as follow:(1)The spikelets of B. tuldoides were of infinite inflorescences. The florets in the lower part of the spikelets developed first, and there were latent buds developed at the base, which had the characteristics of definite inflorescence; The petioles of spikelets were undeveloped, and the spikelets developed in cluster at each node of the floral branch.(2)Each floret had 1 palea, 1 lemma, 6 stamens, 3 lodicules and 1 pistil; The lodicule was transparent and had well-developed cilia on the edge; The ovary had prismatic protrusions and the upper part of which had villi, and was unilocular and lateral membranous with a anatropous ovule. The stigmas were three-lobed and feathery.(3)The anther of B. tuldoides had four sporangia, and the anther wall was composed of four layers, epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum; The tapetum was glandular, and degenerated completely after maturity; The meiosis was successive and the microspore tetrads were bilaterally, and the mature pollen grains were three-celled.(4)Several abortion types were found in pistils and stamens, which might be the main reasons for the low seed-setting rate of B. tuldoides. All the above results indicate that the morphological structure of B. tuldoides floral organs is normal, while the female and male gametophytes developed abnormally, which cause the low seed setting rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the microscopic morphological development process of hook organ of Uncaria rhynchophylla, using paraffin section method, the microscopic morphological features of branch stems and hook of U. rhynchophylla were dissected and compared. The results were as follows: The hook and the stem were both anatomically related and had their own characteristics, and the correlation was that the internal structure of the stem generally determined the internal structure of the hook, which fully reflected that the hook was formed by the metamorphosis of the side branches on the stem; In the middle of hook development, it gradually form an internal structure similar to the stem; The internal structural composition of the stem was more abundant in quantity than the hook, but the hook had only a primary structure; There was no essential difference in the accumulation of medicinal components between the stem and the hook of U. rhynchophylla, the medicinal ingredients were mainly distributed in the phloem, xylem and cortical parenchyma cells. In summary, U. rhynchophylla hook organs were formed by metamorphosis of stems, but only have primary structures. This research can help solve some classification and identification problems that are difficult to solve by morphological traits only, and provides a theoretical reference for judging the abnormal source of hooked stems or tendril stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents are in the growth and development stage, so the use of the same reconstruction methods as adults is easy to induce complications including limb length differences, high graft failure rate and re-surgical intervention. Simultaneously, the occurrence of osteoarthritis will also be advanced. OBJECTIVE: To explore the anatomical characteristics of the anterior cruciate ligament between children, adolescents and adults on MRI, and to provide an anatomical basis for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing knee MRI examination in Qingdao Municipal Hospital from October 2016 to October 2018 was conducted. These patients were divided into child and adolescent group and adult group (n=48 per group). The angle between the anterior cruciate ligament and the tibia and femur on the sagittal plane and the position of the anterior cruciate ligament tibial insertion, the angle between the anterior cruciate ligament and the tibia on the coronal plane, the tibial insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament and femur, and the position of the femur stop point on the axial position were measured in both groups. The data obtained from the measurement of the anterior cruciate ligament of children and adolescents were processed. The growth curves of the shape and position of the anterior cruciate ligament of children and adolescents were drawn, and the law of its growth changes was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The angle between the sagittal plane of the anterior cruciate ligament and the femur (t=-2.906, P < 0.05), the angle between the sagittal plane of the anterior cruciate ligament and the tibia (t=-10.280, P < 0.05), the anterior cruciate ligament angle between the coronal plane and the tibia (t=-5.714, P < 0.05) were smaller in the child and adolescent group than those of the adult group, and the difference was significant. (2) The ratio of the tibia coronal plane of the anterior cruciate ligament (t=-7.263, P < 0.05) and the ratio of the anterior cruciate ligament and femur axial plane (t=-7.378, P < 0.05) were lower in the child and adolescent group than those of the adult group, and the difference was significant. (3) There was no significant difference in the anterior cruciate ligament and tibia sagittal plane ratio (t=-1.588, P > 0.05) and anterior cruciate ligament and femoral coronal surface ratio (t=-1.647, P > 0.05) between the child and adolescent group and the adult group. (4) The growth curve results showed that during the growth and development, the angle between the anterior cruciate ligament and the femur and tibia on the sagittal plane and the angle with the tibia on the coronal plane changed from small to large (P < 0.05). The relative position of the tibial insertion in the coronal position changed from small to large, which indicates that during the growth and development, the tibial insertion moved from inside to outside relative to the inside of the tibial plateau on the coronal plane (P < 0.05). (5) The relative position of femoral insertion in the axial position changed from small to large, suggesting that during the growth and development, the femoral insertion moved from the outside to the inside relative to the lateral femoral condyle (P < 0.05). (6) There was no significant difference in the tibial insertion and the femoral insertion between the child and adolescent group and adult group (P > 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endoscopic transorbital approach is a novel technique for the skull base surgery. This approach can be used along or combined with other approaches, to treat pathologies of anterior and middle skull base, which is important compliment to endoscopic endonasal approach as well as traditional skull base approaches. The present paper aimed to review the advance on surgical anatomy of endoscopic transorbital approach and its clinical application to the skull base surgery. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.08.017

The canalis sinuosus, a canal containing the anterior superior alveolar nerve bundle, originates from the infraorbital canal and extends along the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity edges to the anterior maxilla. It was once regarded as an anatomical variation. However, with the widespread application of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), the detection rate of canalis sinuosus in the population has increased. The canalis sinuosus exhibits diverse courses, branching into multiple accessory canals and terminating at the nasal floor or the anterior tooth region, with the majority traversing the palatal side of the central incisor. The anterior superior alveolar nerve bundle within the canalis sinuosus not only innervates and nourishes the maxillary anterior teeth, their corresponding soft tissues, and the maxillary sinus mucosa, but also relates to the nasal septum, lateral nasal wall, and parts of the palatal mucosa. To minimize surgical complications, implantologists need to investigate strategies for preventing and treating canalis sinuosus injuries. Preoperatively, implantologists should use CBCT to identify the canalis sinuosus and virtually design implant placement at a distance of more than 2 mm from the canalis sinuosus. Intraoperatively, implantologists should assess bleeding and patient comfort, complemented by precision surgical techniques such as the use of implant surgical guide plates. Postoperatively, CBCT can be employed to examine the relationship between the implant and the canalis sinuosus, and treatment of canalis sinuosus injuries can be tailored based on the patient's symptoms. This review summarizes the detection of canalis sinuosus in the population, its anatomical characteristics, and its physiological functions in the anterior maxilla, and discusses strategies for effectively avoiding canalis sinuosus injuries during implant surgery, thereby enhancing implantologists' awareness and providing references for clinical decision-making.

The intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery located inside the skeleton structure of skull base or inside the skull has clear anatomical landmarks and fixed anatomical structure. However, the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery located outside the cranial is surrounded by soft tissues, lacks clear and recognizable anatomical landmarks and sometimes has anatomical variation, which is closely related to transnasal endoscopic surgery. Intraoperative accidental injury can lead to serious complications or even death. Currently, clinical anatomical studies related to the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery under transnasal endoscopic surgery mainly focus on its anatomical variation and anatomical landmarks. This article reviews on these two aspects in order to provide anatomical reference for surgeons to reduce surgical risks during transnasal endoscopic surgery., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

BACKGROUND: There are a variety of reference standards for the placement of acetabular prosthesis in hip arthroplasty at present. Many surgeons only rely on visual measurement of standard anteversion abduction angle when fixing acetabular prosthesis. The transverse acetabular ligament was used as a reference point in this study. OBJECTIVE: To study the value of transverse acetabular ligament as a marker of acetabular anteversion in total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: The anatomic descriptive study of transverse acetabular ligament was carried out on fresh hip joint specimens to determine its course and position of starting and ending points, so as to provide the basis for the reconstruction of transverse acetabular ligament in three-dimensional reconstruction. Totally 192 adults (384 hips) with normal joints undergoing hip CT scan were selected, including 84 males and 108 females, at the age of > 18 years. A radiologist and an orthopedic surgeon diagnosed that bilateral acetabulum morphology was normal, without tumor, deformity, or severe osteophyte. Acetabular transverse ligament anteversion was measured in CT digital three-dimensional reconstruction. The results were compared with those of Lewinnek safe area and bony acetabulum. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Transverse acetabular ligament bridged the acetabular notch to form a complete circle. When the highest point of acetabulum was defined as 12 o'clock, transverse acetabular ligament was roughly located between 6 o'clock and 9 o'clock (taking the left side as an example). (2) The mean anteversion angle of transverse acetabular ligament was (12.9 ± 3.3)°, and the anteversion angle of three hips (6%) was beyond the safe area defined by Lewinnek (15±10)°. The average acetabular anteversion was (17.7±3.8)°, which was 4.7° larger than that of transverse acetabular ligament. (3) There was a significant correlation between transverse acetabular ligament anteversion and acetabular anteversion (r=0.759, P < 0.01). (4) It is concluded that in the hip joint with normal acetabular morphology, the alignment of transverse acetabular ligament anteversion and acetabular anteversion is not completely consistent, but there is an obvious correlation between them. Therefore, transverse acetabular ligament can be used as an anatomical marker for locating acetabular cup anteversion in total hip arthroplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the increasing cases of posterior cruciate ligament injury, there are endless protocols for diagnosing and treating posterior cruciate ligament injury. However, there are few reviews of the integrity of posterior cruciate ligament. OBJECTIVE: To complete a comprehensive review of posterior cruciate ligament injury in terms of anatomy, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, treatment methods and rehabilitation strategies. METHODS: The PubMed, Ovid, CKNI, and WanFang databases were retrieved using the key words of “posterior cruciate ligament, PCL, anatom*, diagnos*, treatments, surger*, rehabilitation.” A total of 223 articles were searched. After removal of repetitive and ineligible literature, 65 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis of posterior cruciate ligament injury certainly exist. Posterior cruciate ligament injuries are mostly caused by traffic injuries and sports injuries, and are accompanied by other structural injuries to a certain degree. A full understanding of patient’s medical history, accurate physical examination methods, and sophisticated auxiliary examinations can help to correctly identify injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament and the surrounding structures, so as to formulate a reasonable diagnosis and treatment protocol. Research suggests that patients with posterior cruciate ligament injury should be subjected to reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament as soon as possible to reduce the risk of further degeneration. At present, there are still large disagreements on the diagnosis, treatment methods, and rehabilitation strategies of posterior cruciate ligament injury. So, a large number of rigorous randomized controlled trials are urgently needed to select the most suitable diagnosis and treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectoralis tendon reflex is different from other classic muscle stretch reflexes because of its unique anatomical structure: the longer spinal center of the reflex (C5-T1) and the shorter line of afferent nerve and efferent nerve. According to this characteristic, we can applied it to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of upper motor neuron damage on the cervical spinal cord, which promotes the early diagnosis and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.05.015

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Acetabular quadrilateral plate injury has become a hot spot and focus in the field of orthopaedic trauma and pelvic floor function in recent years. Although there are five fracture types,they are all based on fracture morphology,without considering the pulling force of ligaments,joint capsular and muscles. A perfect classification needs to describe the displacement of bone mass in three-dimensional space to better guide reduction and fixation. The seven incision and exposure methods are still the traditional open-eye surgery,and how to protect the criss-crossing vascular neural network and pelvic organs is still the focus. Quadrilateral defect causes dislocation of artificial hip joint,and quantitative evaluation of quadrilateral defect volume and revision techniques are still a hot topic. In this paper,the viewpoints of three-dimensional network structure of acetabular pelvic vascular anatomy,anatomical surgical target channel and fixation anchor point of acetabular fracture reduction are proposed to design new techniques for accurate and minimally invasive surgical operations,in order to realize the requirements of rapid orthopedic rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Atlantoaxial lateral mass joint fusion cage has always been a focus of research, but its implant operation is too risky. At present, there is no widely used atlantoaxial fusion cage. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anatomical feasibility of CT image and preliminary design of posterior atlantoaxial interlaminar fusion cage in adults. METHODS: Measurement of atlantoaxial three-dimensional CT of 100 adult cases (50 males and 50 females) was performed, including C1 unilateral posterior arch length, C1 posterior arch width, C2 unilateral lamin length, C2 lamina thickness and the distance of C1 posterior arch higher edge to C2 lamin lower edge. CT measurement data of posterior part of atlantoaxial structure were analyzed, and atlantoaxial interlaminar fusion cage was designed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The C1 unilateral posterior arch length of man and woman was (23.41±1.48) mm and (22.23±1.25) mm respectively, and the C1 posterior arch width was (6.00±0.96) mm and (5.28±0.78) mm respectively, and the C2 unilateral lamin length was (18.54±2.23) mm and (17.31±0.91) mm respectively, and the C2 lamina thickness was (5.12±1.31) mm and (4.98±1.26) mm, respectively. The distance of C1 posterior arch higher edge to C2 lamin lower edge was (32.63±2.76) mm and (31.39±4.04) mm, respectively. (2) There were no statistically significant differences in the bilateral measurement data of different genders (P > 0.05). The C1 unilateral posterior arch length, C1 posterior arch width and C2 unilateral lamin length in men were larger than those in women, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the C2 lamina thickness and the distance of C1 posterior arch higher edge to C2 lamin lower edge of different genders (P > 0.05). (3) CT measurement data suggested that atlantoaxial interlaminar fusion cage is feasible. (4) Preliminary design of atlantoaxial interlaminar fusion cage was successful, and obtained the national patent. (5) It is suggested that atlantoaxial interlaminar fusion cage has application feasibility and can be used in posterior atlantoaxial screw-rod fixation and fusion to improve the fusion rate of bone graft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the superior sagittal sinus and the bridge vein are important structures for draining intracranial venous blood. In recent years, some researches have proposed the application of the concept of the superior sagittal sinus-bridge vein complex to study the diseases of the intracranial venous system. This article reviews the research progress on the structure, biomechanics and clinical significance of the superior sagittal sinus-bridge vein complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: At present, most clinicians believed that shoulder diseases such as acromioclavicular joint dislocation and subacromial impact syndrome, have a great relationship with the anatomic shape of the acromioclavicular joint. However, there are few morphological data on acromioclavicular joints in and outside China, especially for the anatomical study of acromioclavicular joint disc. Simultaneously, the acromioclavicular joint belongs to the micro-movement joint and participates in the joint movement of the shoulder joint. There are many clinical methods of acromioclavicular dislocation surgery, the most popular surgical methods are rigid fixation, and do not retain their micro-movement characteristics and the motion characteristics of the clavicle and scapula. Among them, the choice of joint discs is not a large multicenter controlled study in and outside China. OBJECTIVE: To study the anatomy of the acromioclavicular joint and joint discs in order to diagnose and treat shoulder diseases. METHODS: The morphology and tissue structure of 58 acromioclavicular joint corpses (provided by the Department of Anatomy, Tongji University) were studied. A total of 58 acromion, 58 clavicles and 36 joint discs (including complete and incomplete) were obtained. BIGLIANI acromicular morphology typing, DEPALMA clavicle morphological typing, and EMURA acromioclavicular joint disc typing were used to obtain the frequency of joint discs under each acromion and clavicle combination and hematoxylin-eosin staining (provided by Shanghai Putuo District People’s Hospital). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Among 58 corpses of acromioclavicular joints, there were 15 cases of type 1 acromioclavicular joints, with the highest proportion being 25.9%, and 4 cases of type 3a, with the lowest proportion being 6.9%. (2) There was 32 type I acromion, with the highest proportion of 55.2%, 3 type III acromion, with the lowest proportion of 5.2%. (3) There were 27 type I clavicle, with the highest proportion of 46.6%, 9 type III clavicle, with the lowest proportion of 15.5 %. (4) Type I and type II acromion combined with type I clavicle accounted for a large proportion, which were 24.1% and 22.4%, respectively, and type III acromion had a minimum proportion of type I clavicle of 0%. (5) Type 1 and type 2b joint discs accounted for the largest proportion under the combination of type I acromion and type I clavicle, which were 35.7% and 28.6% respectively. Type 2a and type 1 joint discs under the combination of type II acromion and type I clavicle presented the largest proportions 38.5% and 23.1%. (6) Hematoxylin-eosin staining could be found in tissue sections. The extracellular matrix in the articular disc was clearly discernible. The cells were full in morphology, and rich in cytoplasm, suggesting chondrocytes, which were the main components of fibrocartilage formation. In addition, part of the periosteum fiber layer can be seen from the top and bottom of the joint capsule to the inside of the joint disc. It is considered to form a joint disc structure, that is, the joint disc is composed of chondrocytes near the bone surface and a fiber layer away from the bone surface [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a common hip developmental deformity in children. Clinical treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip differs in different periods. Early treatment has better efficacy, fewer complications, and better long-term prognosis. It can reduce the recurrence rate, reduce economic pressure, and improve the quality of life. Therefore, early diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip is becoming more and more important clinically. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of anatomical changes and imaging manifestations of developmental dysplasia of the hip. METHODS: “DDH, Anatomy, X-ray Radiography, CT, MRI, Ultrasound” were used as English search terms. “Developmental hip dysplasia; anatomy; X-ray photography; CT; MRI, ultrasound” were used as Chinese search terms. The authors searched English databases such as PubMed and Springerlink, and Chinese databases such as Wanfang and CNKI from January 1990 to December 2019. Irrelevant and repetitive articles were excluded, and finally 55 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Imaging diagnosis as a non-invasive examination method has become the preferred examination method for the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip, and its anatomical changes are more conducive to clinical imaging diagnosis. Routine X-ray examination can be used for rapid screening of developmental dysplasia of the hip. MRI helps to distinguish the early signal changes of soft tissue structure and bony structure. Three-dimensional CT can evaluate the acetabular bone structure changes from multiple angles, excluding the obstruction caused by posture factors. Ultrasonography is more sensitive to fluid and can also perform early screening of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Thus, different imaging examinations have their advantages and complement each other to improve the early diagnosis rate of developmental dysplasia of the hip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cingulate gyrus is crescent?shaped convolution on the medial surface of cerebral hemisphere between cingulate sulcus and corpus callosum. Cingulate gyrus is an integral component of the limbic system and Papez's circuit, including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) middle cingulate cortex (MCC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). ACC have numerous functions: emotion, cognition, motor, visceromotor, maternal behavior and social activities. PCC is considered to be involved in visuospatial and memory function. ACC epilepsy is a peculiar epileptic syndrome with a broad range of clinical manifestations including blunting, hypermotor and postural tonic seizures, as well as autonomic symptoms and mood alteration. The manifestations of MCC epilepsy are tonic or clonic seizures on contralateral or bilateral extremities. PCC is semiologically on the silent area. Furthermore, the spread of seizure activity from this area to limbic network or other symptomatogenic areas can contribute to miscellaneous symptoms. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.05.004

BACKGROUND: The separation injury of pubic symphysis is most commonly associated with severe pelvic fracture injuries. Because the anatomical position of the pubic symphysis is deep, and the curative effect is often unsatisfactory. Anatomical and biomechanical studies are necessary to better guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the anatomical characteristics and biomechanical research status of pubic symphysis, and to provide some benefits for the clinical treatment of pubic symphysis separation. METHODS: The authors retrieved CNKI, VIP, and PubMed with the key words of “separation of pubic symphysis” and “biomechanics” for articles published from April 1984 to February 2020. Relevant literature was selected by title and abstract, and the titles and abstracts of the references were read. The related literatures were selected again and the duplicate literatures were eliminated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were 57 eligible literatures, and 33 were finally included. (1) The present anatomical study mainly focuses on the structure of pubic symphysis and its adjacent ligaments. (2) Because of the position of pubic symphysis, no further study was carried out. The precise distribution of the starting and ending points of the peripheral ligaments and muscles, and the precise nerve and blood distribution need further study. (3) There have been relatively few studies of pubic symphysis biomechanics, and they vary widely. It needs to be deeply studied and agreed upon. (4) With the development of finite element, the biomechanics focus on the treatment of pubic symphysis. (5) Due to good mechanical stability, the reconstructed plate and the hollow screw are used as common fixation for pubic symphysis separation. However, percutaneous hollow screw fixation has become the trend in the future because of its minimal invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】To determine the ecological adaptive capacity and rooting type of Portulaca oleracea L. for its better develop and utilize.【Methods】The anatomical vegetative organs and cuttings rooting were observed by paraffin section.【Results】The roots and stems of purslane were stout and contained more parenchyma. The root had secondary structures such as pericarp and secondary vascular tissue, and xylem was well developed. There were scattered vascular bundles in the stem, and cortex and marrow were more developed. The leaves were typical heterofacial, with mucinous cells, and the main veins were arranged with two external tough vascular bundles. There were annular fiber bundles outside petiole and main vascular bundle. Crystals were found in parenchyma cells of roots, stems and leaves. Adventitious roots of stem cuttings originated from parenchyma cells near the interfascicular cambium or phloem.【Conclusion】The vegetative organs of Portulaca oleracea L. had the characteristics of resistance to dry and salt. The root of stem cuttings was the original type of inducing root and easy to take roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]