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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in patients with characteristics of metabolic syndrome. The main clinicopathological manifestations of NAFLD are fatty degeneration of liver parenchyma cells and fat storage, which can progress to liver cirrhosis and eventually lead to liver failure. Toll - like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. At present, the role of TLR4 in the onset of NAFLD is highly valued by clinical doctors. This paper reviews the structure of TLR4, the composition of TLR4 signaling pathway, the regulation of TLR4 expression, the function of TLR4, and the relationship between TLR4 and NAFLD, suggesting that TLR4 signaling pathway is going to be an important research field in the treatment of NAFLD in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, gut microecology has attracted increasing attention because of its close relationship with the development and progression of various liver diseases and associated complications. The impairment of liver function can disturb gut microecology, whereas the imbalance in gut microecology in turn promotes the aggravation of liver diseases. This paper reviews the relationship between gut microecology and various liver diseases, and discusses the role of modulating gut microecology in the treatment of liver diseases. A new idea is provided for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases based on the modulation of gut microecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are 400 million individuals infected with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) all over the world. The management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has been improved markedly over the last decade, primarily due to the availability of oral nucleoside analogue (NA) therapy. Among the numerous NAs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) stands out for its high therapeutic efficacy, low drug resistance, and wide disease spectrum against several types of chronic CHB that can not be cured with NAs. Thus, TDF has been widely used for clinical treatment of chronic HBV infection. This paper describes the efficacy of TDF in naive and treated patients and analyzes its effect on cirrhosis. Furthermore, the safety of TDF therapy is assessed. It is considered that TDF has low resistance rate and high safety, which provides a first - line drug for CHB treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a common opportunistic pathogen from human respiratory tract. The lower immunity can cause the disease. After the biofilm (BF) is formatted by Hi at the site of infection, the antibiotic sensitivity is declined, which often causes the chronic disease, inducing the difficulty in clinical treatment. In recent years, the pathogenicity of Hi BF and BF form related factors have gradually become the focus of clinical and basic research. This paper reviewed recent studies as following. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis is one of the final outcomes of chronic hepatitis B and liver fibrosis. Extensive studies have demonstrated that antiviral therapy can slow disease progression, improve clinical outcomes, reduce complications, slow decompensated cirrhosis progression, and improve survival. At present, nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are the most common antiviral agents in the treatment of decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis. This paper introduces effective antiviral agents against decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis and discusses potential problems in antiviral treatment, suggesting that personalized medication should be achieved on the basis of standardized antiviral treatment in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the source of fibre in the liver which can produce a large number of extracellular matrix via proliferation and activation, and this is the central link of hepatic fibrosis. Following further research on hepatic fibrosis, signal transduction involved in the activation of HSCs have been researched as a pepular topic. This paper generalizes the main signaling transduction pathways involved in activation of HSCs and Hedgehog/Gli pathway, and introduces recent advances in related research. It is promising to make new breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis through in-depth study of these signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructose injection is a basic carbohydrate infusion, which is mainly used to supply energy and body fluid to patients. When fructose injection is used as a solvent of an injection, its compatibility characteristics is worth close attention. In this paper, the clinical applications and compatibility characteristics of fructose injection are summarized so as to provide refer - ence for its safe application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids, which are polyphenol compounds, are secondary metabolites of plants, generated in the long process of evolution, and are widely distributed in all parts of plants. Due to the special chemical structures of the compounds, they have various biological effects, e.g. effective in anti-oxidation, regulating lipid level, etc. Therefore, they are of positive significance to the promotion of human health. This paper made a comprehensive review on the chemical structure, pharmacokinetic features and pharmacological effects and possible mechanism involved, so as to provide theoretical evidences for further research and development of flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bivalirudin is a new thrombin inhibitor with the advantages of predicting anticoagulant effect, but without the tendency to induce thrombocytopenia. This paper collected and summarized recent research progress in percutaneous coronary intervention, carotid artery stenting, balloon aortic valvuloplasty, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, etc, further analyzed the disadvantages in its clinical application, so as to provide theoretical evidence for the safety and efficacy of the new drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a common gynecological diseases, the incidence rate in women of reproductive age is about 1/7. It seriously impacts women's life and harm to their physical and mental health. After years of researches, the pathogenesis of endometriosis may be related with many factors, but remains unclear. Retrograde menstruation is widely accepted by most people, but it can not explain why most of women have menstrual blood reflux, but only a small number of women with endometriosis, and the present study reports that the immunologic mechanism may be related to the abnormality. Research shows that, the abnormal number and (or) dysfunction of natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells and NKT cells may lead to ectopic endometrial planting, abnormal expression of integrin αvβ3, ICAM - 1, E-cadherin and other adhesion molecules may be involved in the positioning and abnormal adhesion of EMs, and because of the abnormal immune mechanism, the activated immune cells release IL, TNF-α, VEGF and a series of cytokines, which further aggravate the disorder of immune mechanism. All those form a vicious circle, lead to the proliferation and development of EMs. The studies also show that EMs may be an autoimmune disease. This paper reviews the research progression of immunologic mechanisms in endometriosis . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the liver is the major iron storage organ in human body, iron metabolism disorder is closely related to chronic hepatitis. So far, the mechanisms underlying iron overload in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) have not been fully elucidated. Highly complex regulation of hepcidin relies on a number of variables, including hepatic inflammatory conditions of different stages, transferrin-bound iron circulation, and intracellular iron storage. All these factors are associated with variations in hepatic iron concentrations among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver disease. This paper discusses the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis, the relationship between CHC and iron metabolism disorder, and the mechanism of inducing iron overload. In-depth understanding about iron homeostasis and the relationship between relevant signaling pathways will contribute to the control and therapy of HCV-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interventional therapy has become the first choice of non - surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to its advantages such as little trauma and marked local effect. However, the clinical efficiency is less than expected. One of the possibilities is the resistance of cancer cells to anti - cancer drugs. Increasing attention has been paid to the combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and interventional therapy in HCC treatment. This paper reviews the progress in TCM combined with interventional therapy for HCC at animal experiment and clinical study levels in recent ten years. It is pointed out that the combination therapy with TCM and intervention for HCC has a unique advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MS) and breast cancer are common diseases of women. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBCs) is one type of breast cancer, which is of much attention in recent years. Important components of MS include central obesity, high blood sugar, high triglycerides and low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), which increased the incidence risk of TNBCs. Common biomarkers of MS including insulin, adiponectin and leptin play an important role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer, especially TNBCs. Insulin-like growth factor-IImRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3, an oncofetal protein) may be TNBCs'new invasive cancer biomarkers. In this paper, the research progress on the relationship between MS and TNBCs is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value and optimal review time of multi-slice spiral CT for occult rib fracture.Methods: 95 patients with chest trauma who were treated in our hospital from July 2017 to July 2018 were enrolled. All patients underwent X-ray and multi-slice spiral CT examinations during the first examination. The detection rates of X-ray plain and multi-slice spiral CT were compared between the first examination, and the diagnosis of different types of fractures by X-ray plain and multi-slice spiral CT was compared. The number of rib fractures in the reexamination cases at each time period was compared with that at the first examination. Results: The final 86 cases of rib fracture were confirmed in 95 patients. The detection rate of multi-slice spiral CT at the first examination was 95.35%(82/86), which was higher than that of X-ray plain film 82.56%(71/86)(P<0.05). A total of 289 fractures were identified in 86 patients. 246 fractures were detected by X-ray plain film, and 274 by multi-slice spiral CT. The detection rate of linear fracture and depressed fracture by multi-slice spiral CT was higher than that by X-ray plain film (P <0.05). The number of rib fractures examined 11-20 d after injury, 41-50 d after injury and 51-60 d after injury was compared with the number of rib fractures examined at the first time, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The number of rib fractures examined 21-30 d after injury and 31-40 d after injury was higher than the number of rib fractures examined for the first time (P<0.05). Conclusion:Multi-slice spiral CT has a high diagnostic value for occult rib fracture. The detection rate at the first diagnosis is significantly higher than that of X-ray film. The time period from 21-40 d after injury is the best time to review, good results can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genotoxic impurities in drugs may have genetical toxicity and carcinogenicity. The risk for patient health caused by genotoxic impurities in drugs has become the focus of attention by pharmaceutical manufacturers and regulatory authorities，as well as patients and doctors. Through analyses of pharmaceutical manufacturing sources，toxic mechanism and related regulatory requirements of genotoxic impurities，this paper would provide pharmaceutical researchers and manufacturers with better ways for quality control of products，evaluating new synthetic routes，selecting optimal synthetic routes and refining strategies for chemical reactions and product purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiotherapy is one of the most important methods to treat malignant tumors. Due to the presence of radiation resistance, the effect of radiotherapy is not entirely satisfactory. To alleviate radiation resistance and improve the radiotherapy effect, radiosensitizers have emerged. As a newly discovered radiosensitizer, RRx- 001 has a good clinical application prospect. This paper reviewed the research progress of RRx- 001 in source, safety, radiotherapy sensitizing activity and related mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While containerized transport plays a significant role in world trade and economy, the indispensable allocation of empty containers plays the squanderer in container logistics, which has become an urgent problem yet to be solved in practice and an interesting topic being studied in academic circles. The current status of research is presented in the form of a comprehensive literature review which classifies papers based on different planning levels (strategic and tactic/operational levels), transport modes (multi-modal and uni-modal transportation), research methods and goals. Perspectives regarding future developments are presented finally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presented several short introductions to emotion recognition methods based on different data sources and status quo of information fusion technology, which provided the engineer with the background of psychology knowledge. Then it introduced multi-source information fusion emotion recognition status quo, described and analyzed the problems of emotion recognition based on multi-source information fusion. At last it showed the application prospects and presented development of recent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have demonstrated that coagulation function and liver microcirculation disturbance are important in the development and progression of liver diseases. ADAMTS13, also known as von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease, is a metalloproteinase produced by hepatic stellate cells, with major functions to cleave the von Willebrand factor multimers produced by vascular endothelial cells, regulate the adhesive capacity of platelets, and influence the body′s coagulation function and microcirculation. The important role of ADAMTS13 in the pathophysiological processes of various severe liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease after stem cell transplantation, and liver graft dysfunction is reviewed in this paper, and its association with the severity of liver diseases is clarified. Plasma ADAMTS13 is involved in the development and progression of various liver diseases, and measurement of its level and activity can help the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has been widely used to edit the genome in many species and cells. The system is the third generation of artificial endonuclease, which can edit DNA by recognizing short DNA sequences. This paper reviews the structural features of the system and its application in virus research, such as the functional studies of virus - related genes and the exploration of antiviral therapies (including HIV, HBV, and EB virus), looking forward to the future direction of virus research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver resection is the main method of treatment of hepatic space-occupying lesion, and pleural effusion is one of the common complications. With the technological development in recent years, this paper analyzes the pleural effusion after liver resection from the aspects of hypoproteinemia, diaphragm defects, inflammatory response, portopulmonary shunt, and hepatitis B immune complex deposition, summarizes the causes of pleural effusion after liver resection and its preventive measures, and explores the effective ways to reduce the incidence of pleural effusion after liver resection, with the purpose of providing guidance for future clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

c - Met plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC), which can lead to proliferation, survival, cytoskeleton reorganization, separation and diffusion, and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Moreover, c - Met is an important prognostic factor for HCC. In HCC, c - Met acts as an activator of a series of signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, ERK/ MAPK, and Rac - Pak. In recent years, it has been reported that small - molecule kinase inhibitors can abolish phosphorylation at the intracellular carboxyl terminal of c - Met, and then inhibit the recruitment of signal converters and downstream signaling pathways, which finally achieve anti - tumor activities. Based on the carcinogenic activity of c - Met in HCC, this paper points out that selective inhibitors of c - Met hold promise for targeted therapies for HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphoinositide - 3 kinase/protein kinase - B/mammalian target of rapamycin ( PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway is involved in many important biological processes such as cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. And its high - level activation is closely related to the development and progression of many malignant tumors. In this paper, mTOR and PI3K/Akt mTOR signaling pathway are introduced, and their action mechanisms in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma are expounded, and then the role of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of malignant hepatobiliary tumors is briefly described. It is thought that the PI3K/Akt mTOR signaling pathway provides new therapeutic targets for malignant hepatobiliary tumors in advanced stage and the constant development of new mTOR inhibitors provides some new hope for the patients with malignant hepatobiliary tumors in advanced stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is one of the common manifestations in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC). It is the decisive factor leading to severe complications and causes extremely poor prognosis. With the development of molecular biology and imaging techniques, both single and combined therapy modalities, including surgical resection, embolization and chemotherapy, radiation therapy, a variety of ablation therapies, and molecular targeted therapy, have achieved substantial progress. However, there are no guidelines for reasonable and effective treatments. In this paper, new progress in the treatment of HCC with PVTT in recent years is summarized to provide a standardized approach for future treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral cancer is a common cancer of head and neck. Regional recurrence and metastasis are the main course of the poor prognosis. But the exact molecular mechanism is still unknown. Studies have showed that microRNA plays an important role in the tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis of oral cancer. And it is expected to become a valuable diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. This paper makes a review about the microRNA related to oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous improvement of endoscopic technology and equipment, minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stones becomes increasingly diversified. In this paper, the concept of minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stones, surgical indications and contraindications, surgical methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of surgical methods are introduced. It is shown that the application of laparoscope has laid the foundation for the minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stones, and the combined application of choledochoscope and endoscope has brought new ideas for minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stones. The combination of three endoscopes avoids the disadvantages of traditional open surgery: large trauma and long operation time, and reduces the patient's pain and complications. In the near future, the combination of three endoscopes stiil has much room for growth. As long as the indications for several surgeries are mastered and the safety and efficacy are evaluated objectively, the combination of three endoscopes wiil play the biggest role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China, with a very complex mechanism of development and progression. Clusterin (CLU) has been confirmed to play an important role in the development and progression of HCC. This paper reviews the molecular structure and biological function of CLU and its value for early diagnosis of HCC and analyzes its association with multi - drug resistance in chemotherapy and the prospect of targeted therapy. CLU holds promise as a new molecular marker of HCC and the therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic encephalopathy (PE) is one of the severe complications of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Early diagnosis mostly depends on the history of disease as well as clinical symptoms and signs. PE progresses rapidly and is often complicated by multiple organ dysfunction, and it may finally develop into multiple organ failure with a high fatality rate if not treated in time. It is currently known that demyelination is one of the important pathological features of this disease, with fat - soluble demyelination of cerebral gray matter and white matter, as well as inflammatory changes such as hemorrhage and edema. The target antigen of demyelinating lesions, however, is myelin basic protein (MBP). This paper reviews the changes in MBP levels in the demyelinating lesions of the central nervous system among PE patients, with the purpose of providing clues for the early diagnosis and prognostic study of demyelinating lesions in PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incidence of thrombotic disease is very high, and this disease can result in high mortality and high disability rate. Prevention and treatment of the disease mainly include: antiplatelet, anticoagulation and thrombolysis. Choice of anti-thrombotic treatment based emphasizes on individuation. As a direct inhibitor of factor Xa, Rivaroxaban exert its anticoagulant activity without antithrombin III but is ineffective to the Xa in prothrombin complex, which can be used as a substitute of traditional anticoagulant. In this paper, applications of Rivaroxaban on treating symptomatic venous thromboembolic disease, postoperative venous thrombosis and cardiovascular thrombosis are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common complication of pregnancy, which affects 2% fertile women. A recent research has found that high level of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) can reduce the occurrence risk of early RPL. TAFI is one kind of carboxypeptidase, which can be activated as TAFIa. TAFIa can make the fibrinolysin lose its working site, which can interact with the fibrin to play a role in the regulation of fibrinolysis and the inhibition of thrombus formation. The damage of fibrinolytic system is one of the risk factors for the occurrence of RPL in pregnant women, which has become one of the hotspots in the medical profession. In this paper, recent literature on TAFI and its relationship with recurrent pregnancy loss has been reviewed, hoping for new ways and clues in clinical treatment and prevention of RPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of preventing variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis is to reduce portosystemic pressure gradient. Carvedilol is a non -selective beta blocker with selective inhibition of α - 1 receptor and blockage of calcium channel. This paper reviews the role of carvedilol in reducing hepatic venous pressure gradient and preventing variceal bleeding. Analysis has shown that carvedilol is superior to propranolol in reducing portosystemic pressure gradient. Carvedilol may be similar to propranolol or endoscopic ligation for the primary and secondary prevention of variceal bleeding. Further randomized controlled trials with a larger sample size are warranted to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma delta （γδ） T cells are recognized as an important component of innate immune, which is the main resource of IL-17.In recent years, γδ T cells have been proved to play an important role in many psoriasis models. In this paper, several important γδ T cell subsets and their functions in the pathogenesis of psoriasis are focused on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silymarin is a traditional hepatoprotective herb for the adjuvant therapy of liver diseases, which shows marked pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper introduces the action mechanism of silymarin in regulating liver function, ameliorating hepatic fibrosis, protecting pancreatic cells, suppressing the growth of tumor cells, and inhibiting the replication of hepatitis C virus. Silymarin is considered to be a natural medicine with little toxic or side effect at a high dose. It holds promise for anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]