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This paper presents a general review of the distribution of calcium oxalate crystal in angiosperms and its application in microscopic pharmacognosy, along with a discussion on the stability it maintains in identification.

In this paper, fifteen seeds including Chinese drug Sharen and its adulterante in Amomum are studied. The histological characters of these seeds are described and compared in a table and illustrated with line drawings. The distribution of 2 constituents in essential oil of these seeds is determined by means of TLC with authentic samples.

This paper reports the determination of strychnine and brucine in different parts of Semen Strychni (the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica and S. pierriana), and makes a comparison of the contents between the crude forms and processed products of the two seeds. Based on the results, the authors have made some discussion about the relationship between the alkaloid distribution in Semen Strychni and its processing.

This paper reports the effects of Ejiao (Colla Corii Asini) on endotoxin shocks in dogs. The results showed that Ejiao obviously suppresses the increase of blood viscosity during shocks, improves microcirculation, and recovers and stabilizes blood pressure rather quickly.

Crystals in medical plants are classified into organic and inorganic according to their chemical components. This paper gives an account of the types, chemical compositions, appearances structures and existing ways in plant tissue and distribution patterns in plant kingdom of various kinds of crystals.

This paper reports a systematic survey of the biological character istics of K. galanga. As a result of investigations on plant density, planting season, fertilization, storage of maternal tubers in winter and qualitative analysis of tubers, etc, cultural measures have been brought forth that suit the local climatic conditions and thus give high yield and quality of products.

The extracellular polysaccharide from the filtrate of fungal fermentation of Mortierella hepiali, a fungus isolated from traditional Chinese crude drug Cordyceps sinesis, is made up of three sugar components, glucose, mannose and galactose, which are detected by paper and gas chromatography. Both molar ratio and contents of the polysaccharide are determined by the internal standard method.

This paper presents a survey of some pathologic models on animals established to satisfy the needs of research on Chinese materia medica in Japan over the last several years, e.g., model of blood-stasis syndrome, model of "taiyang" syndrome, model of spleen deficiency syndrome, speeded aging model and two related models, i.e. chronic renal insufficiency and bronchitis. All these models can be used for reference in the experimental research on Chinese materia medica.

This paper reports the results of a study on 57 Chinese medicinal materials, including the distribution of crystals, types of crystal morphology, size or degree of distinctness. Based on the crystal morphology a checking-index diagram has been compiled as foundations for classifying medicinal plants and micro-identifying the tissue powder of medicinal materials.

The traditional processing with drug juice has a long history, rich contents, rigid regularities and a variety of method. It is one of the important processing methods in Chinese medicine. To systematize and make better use of the traditional methods of processing drug juices, this paper has conducted an investigation from such angles as historical background, approximate rules of composing and clinical application.

Considering both the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, and existing problems in the present work, this paper has expounded the position of processing in traditional Chinese medicine and the steps to develop Chinese herbal processing science.

This paper deals with the identification of botanical origins of Asarum produced in Anhui. Two analytical keys to eight species and one variety of the original plants are given.

In this paper, the authors have described the morphological and histological character of the four herbs of Gynostemma spp. and their confused species from Guangxi viz Gynostemma pentaphyllum, G. guangxiense, G. laxum and G. longipes, and their confused species of four Hemsleya daxienensis, H. chinensis, Cayratia japonica and C. japonica var. pubifolia. The description is illustrated with line-drawings for comparative identification.

In this paper, the author reviewed the study in Chinese medicinal plant breeding from the following aspects: selection breeding, crossbreeding, induced mutation breeding, tissue culture and improved variety propagation, etc.

Muskrat and musk are secretions from the fragrant glands of male adult musk-rat (Ondatra zibethica) and musk-deer respectively. In this paper, the pharmacological effects of muskrat and musk are studied. The result shows that a dose of 24 mg/kg iv of muskrat or musk can decrease the HR, mAP, LVP, LVdp/dt max and TPR in anesthetized dogs. But muskrat has an effect of reducing MHO while musk has not. In addition, an injection of 120 mg/kg of muskrat or musk endures hypoxia in mice. But this function of muskrat was weaker than that of musk.

In this paper, morphological studies on adulterant Sharen including eighteen fruits in Alpinia are reported. The morphological differences between genuine Sharen and its adulterants are distinct on their fruits, seeds and embryos. In addition, the distinguished characters for identification of the eighteen fruits and seeds are described with drawings and compared in a table.

This paper is concerned with a comprehensive study on the conditions required for baking pieces and grains of Atractylodes macrocephala Kloidz. through the determination of the relative content of atractylone and moisture content in the rhizome. Optimum roasting temperature and time before pulverizing have been determined, thus providing reliable basis for devising the suitable technological process.

In this paper in is reported that nine prescriptions often used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diseases with fever were tested experimentally for the effect on fever of rats induced by endotoxin. The results are as follows: Da-yuan-decoction, Gan-lu-xiao-du-pill, Lian-pu-decoction, Cai-hao-mixture, Da-huang-huang-lian-jie-du-decoction, Tao-ren-cheng-qi-decorction, Ge-gen-qin-lian-decoction, Yin-qiao-jie-du-decoction etc. can notably reduce fever in rats induced by endotoxin with the exception of Bai-hu-decoction that has no obvious effect on fever-reduction.

This paper presents a review on recent advances in experimental study and clinical application of Pueraria lobata. Experiments indicate that from Pueraria lobata many effective constituents can be extracted. The efficacy for arrhythmia etc. is obvious. The clinical use for various diseases in internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, dermatology and E.N.T. has also proved effective. pueraria lobata is supposed to have wide application.

The paper reports a survey of the chemical constituents of Panax ginseng, emphasizing ginseng saponin, polysaccharide, essential oil, and polypeptide, with 30 references.

This paper gives an account of the classification, distribution and resources of medicinal plants, traditional Zang folk medicine and historical changes of some rare crude drugs in Ganzi district. Rational suggestions have been made with regard to the preservation, development and utilization of the natural resources that are medicinally and economically important.

In the paper the morphological characters, physical properties and spectral analyses(IR,AES) of seven samples collected from different regions are investigated by means of comparison with reference standard pyrolusite. The result indicates that the domestic commercial traditional medicine Wumingyi is practically limonite, therefore further investigations should be made to find out the correct mineral sources.

In this paper four compounds isolated from Radix Ophiopogonis are described. Their structures have been identified as beta-sitosterol (I), 6-aldehydo-7-methoxy-isoophiopogonanone B (II), beta-sitosterol-beta-D-glucopyranoside (III) and 1-borneol-beta-D-apisyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (IV) on the basis of spectral data and hydrolytic reaction.

This paper presents a survey of the study on the relationship between trace elements and effect of treatment in traditional Chinese medicine. The authors have made a review in the light of Chinese medicinal theory.

In this paper the author has reviewed in retrospect the introduction of medicinal plants in China since the liberation in 1949. Ecological factors, biological characteristics and cultivation techniques involved in the introduction are analysed to provide proper reference for further introduction.

Morphological studies on eighteen adulterants of Sharen in Alpinia had been carried out previously. In this paper, a report on the histology and essential oil of their seeds is presented. According to our TLC analysis and microscopical examination, the differences between genuine Sharen and its adulterants are distinct in histological characters and constituents of the essential oil. A description of identification of these eighteen seeds is given together with line drawings, chromatograms and a table for comparison.

The present paper reports the determination of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and As in complex prescription decoctions of ochre and calcined ochre by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The experimental result shows that in most complex prescription decoctions the contents of Fe, Mn and As are lower in these with calcined ochre than with ochre. The contents of Zn and Cu are higher in the decoctions with calcined ochre than those with ochre.

This paper reports the result of the content determination of water extract of Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis. It has been found that the yellower colour of section, the richer the contents of the water extract, and the contents tend to decrease when stored for a long time or unsuitably kept. The contents of water extract have nothing to do with the diameter or the producing area. We suggest using cold extraction to determine the contents of water extract of Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis and the content should not be less than 16 percent.

This paper reports the harvesting and storing of Polygala tenuifolia seed, the operating process and method of seed propagation both in the laboratory and in the field, the relationship between Palygala tenuifolia seed germination, seed treatment and temperature and humidity, and the importance of suitable conditions and climatic factors in the sexual propagation of the seed.

The present paper reports the contents of ursolic acid in Crataegus pinnatifida var. major before and after processing determined by CS-920 TLC scanner: 0.274% and 0.265%, coefficients of variation 1.180% and 1.150% respectively. This method is simple, fast, reproducible and highly sensitive.

This paper reports the general situation on medicinal plant resources of Ranunculaceae in Zhejiang. There are 13 genera and 51 species (including varieties). Suggestions have been made with regard to the preservation, development and utilization of the natural resources.

This paper reports the symptoms of leaf rot disease (Rhizoctonia solani) of Amomum compactum and the relationship between the spread of the disease and the conditions of climate. It has been shown that spraying topsine-M before the disease spreads is an effective way to control.

This paper describes a gas chromatographic method for the determination of preservative--ethyl paraben in shengmaiyin Oral Liquid. The method is simple, rapid and accurate. The recovery is good (99.5%), and the coefficient of variation is 0.288%.

In this paper, the decoction of Yiguan Jian is reported to have significant fatigue-resisting, hypoxia-resisting, antiinflammatory, sedative, analgesic, extracorporal bacterio-static actions, and also to strengthen the phagocytosis of Phagocytes. Besides, the drug can antagonize acetylcholine-induced spasm of isolated intestinal muscles in rabbits. The decoction has proved safe for use. This study provides some experimental basis for clinical use in nourishing yin, invigorating the liver and treating many diseases.

Chinese drugs constitute a unique medicinal system that features the following three subsystems: subsystem of medicinal substances consisting of traditional theories such as "four properties and five tastes of drugs" and "the principal, adjuvant, auxiliary and conduct ingredients in a prescription' , etc; subsystem of pharmacological actions comprising the theory of "ascending, descending, floating and sinking", etc; Subsystem of human body's functions incorporating the theory of "drugs to act on the channels". In this paper a discussion has been held on the above three-element structure of traditional Chinese drugs.

The paper summarizes the methods frequently used for drawing microstructural diagrams of botanical crude drugs with 80 tissue drawings.

This paper deal with the harm done to Honeysuckle by the oriental carpenter moth. Based on a systematic investigation on the life history and habitude of the moth. We have found some effective measures for its prevention and control.

The work in this paper has a twofold aim: 1 Verifying the Chinese drug "Banxia" in medicinal books before 1900 as the tuber of Pinellia ternata (Araceae), While P.ternata in Qizhou (Licheng County, Shandong Province) had been mistaken for P.tripartita which only grow in Japan; 2 proving young tuber of P.pedatisecta to be "Youba" which was confused with "Banxia" in some ancient medicinal books, while "Youba" has been regarded as Arisaema regens so far.

This paper compares the ultramicrostructure, infrared spectrum and Meigen reaction of the ancient Ostrea gigas shell from Xinhua County, Jiangsu Province, with those of fresh Ostrea gigas shell from Fujian Province. It was shown that the histomorphology of the ancient Ostrea gigas shell is the same as that of the fresh one and both shells are composed of calcite.

This paper deals with the quantitative determination of the total alkaloids in Radix Gelsemii and its preparation by colorimetric method with acid dye. It is shown that the mean contents of total alkaloids in Radix Gelsemii and its alkaloids injection were 0.621% and 5.02 mg/ml respectively, and the mean recovery was 96.87%.

The present paper made a brief introduction to the two current major species concepts and the various types of "species" existent in nature. The author emphatically pointed out that in any case species are heterogeneous instead of homogeneous. Thus pharmacognostists should not be content with mere identification of the scientific names of plants, but are obligated to find out the intraspecific variations associated with pharmacognostic identification and to bring to light the regularities of formation, accumulation and dynamic changes of secondary metabolic products for medical use.

This paper reviews recent developments in the research of solubility rate, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Chinese medicinal preparations. The significance of these developments for prescription improvement, dosage form selection, technological formulation and rational drug-taking has also been discussed.

The relation between the "five flavours" of Chinese materia medica and toxicity has never been discussed in Chinese medicine and pharmacology. This paper presents that both the efficacy and toxicity of Chinese materia medica are caused by some material base-the five flavours, of which the acrid and bitter are the most toxic, the sweet the least, and the sour and salty the medium toxic.

This paper reports the relationship between cultivating techniques and the yield of Atractylodes macrocephala: such as weight of planting materials, planting and harvesting period, removal of flower buds. In addition, growing and developing of the root-stock and relevant field management in the whole growing period have also been studied.

The total coptis alkaloids Wanshi Niuhang Qingxin Pills were determined by equal value derivative spectrophotometry in this paper. Quantitative analysis of six mixtures of medicinal herbs can be done easily on the extract. The average recovery of berberine.HCl is 98.55 +/- 1.90% (CV). The method features good reproducibility, favorable stability and high sensitivity.

This paper reports the determination methods for calcium carbonate, trace elements and amino acids in the traditional Chinese medicine Os Sepiae. The data provide a reference for the quality control of the drug.

Protection by flesh oil of Hippophae rhamnoides against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 and acetaminophen (AAP) is reported in this paper. It was found that the oil markedly inhibited MDA formation of liver induced by CCl4 and AAP, decreased sGPT levels induced by CCl4 and blocked depletion of GSH damaged liver induced by AAP.LD50 greater than 45.0 g/kg.

In this paper, 423 species of medicinal plants belonging to 94 families in Liupan Mountains of Ningzia Hui Autonomous Region have been reported, of which 403 species belonging to 79 families are medicinal spermatophytes. The paper may serve as a reference for medical authorities in developing and utilizing plant resources.

Twelve compounds were isolated from the leaves and stems of Isodon parvifolia. This paper deals with the isolation and identification of two diterpenes epinodosinol (I), lasiodonin (II) and two triterpenes alpha-amyrin (XI a) and beta-amyrin (XI b).

The B(a)P [Benzo(a)pyrene] contents of 20 Chinese herbal drugs before and after charring were determined for the first time. The result shows that after charring the contents of 6 drugs tend to increase, accounting for only 30% of the total, while those of 14 drugs tend to decrease, making up 70%. This suggests that charred drugs are not carcinogenic if used properly. In the paper a discussion is also made of the factors and technological processes affecting the variation of B(a)P contents.