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Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a global public health concern with high mortality and poor functional outcomes. In recent years, some breakthroughs were made in researches on pathophysiology, neuroprotection, prevention and treatment, prognosis and risk of rehemorrhage of ICH. Some research achievements from Chinese scholars have gained attention and recognition around the world. In this paper, advances in ICH research on pathophysiology, neuroprotection, prevention and treatment, prognosis and risk of rehemorrhage will be overviewed based on high?quality overseas papers from Chinese scholars published in recent 5 years. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.11.003

According to the clinical treatment evidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) published in recent years, the Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (Preparatory) had revised and updated the "Clinical therapeutic guideline for neurorestoration in spinal cord injury (Chinese version 2016)", and released the "Clinical guidelines for neurorestorative in spinal cord injury (2021 China version)" in March 2021. "2021 China version" provided comprehensive management strategies for SCI, which contains evaluation and diagnosis, pre⁃hospital first aid, treatment principle, rehabilitation training, and complication management. This paper intends to interpret the revisions and updates of the "2021 China version", and provide treatment standards or references for clinicians and researchers.

According to the research progress in recent years, "Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke 2018" has greatly revised and supplemented the criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Based on the new clinical research evidence published in the past four years, this paper interprets the revisions and supplements of the guidelines 2018. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2019.11.015

"Diagnoses and treatments of chronic alcoholic toxic cerebral encephalopathy: an expert consensus" published in 2018 summarized the definition and current status, clinical manifestations and features, neuroimaging and pathological features of chronic alcoholic toxic cerebral encephalopathy, recommended clinical screening and assessing scales and developed treatment protocols based on national conditions and a lot of experts' opinions. This paper explained partial contents of the consensus based on problems in clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and added and discussed some controversial points not included in the consensus. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2019.01.001

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common hereditary muscular disease. This paper introduced the research status, problems, and solutions of DMD in China, and latest progress of treatment of DMD on the international. What's more, we set up the DMD medical map: training DMD experts in the hospital which was close to the address of DMD patients, in order to facilitate the DMD patients for treatment and guidance at different stages. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.07.002

Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IIDDs) belongs to autoimmune diseases of nervous system, which is a group of spectrum disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and other related diseases. It often occurs in young adults, and the course is relapse-remitting, often leaving neurological sequelae in each episode, and ultimately leading to nerve dysfunction. Early diagnosis, close disease monitoring and prompt treatment are the keys to improve the long-term prognosis of patients. During the period of Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, our team devoted ourselves to the studies of IIDDs and achieved results in the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and treatment strategies of the disease respectively. In this paper, we briefly review the above research findings. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.02.005

During the period of Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, clinical study on cerebrovascular disease in China has made great progress. The results of antiplatelet treatment in patients with high-risk non-disabling cerebrovascular events, standardized secondary prevention of ischemic stroke, epidemiological survey of asymptomatic ischemic stroke in community population, cross-sectional survey on traditional Chinese medicine for treating ischemic stroke, the impact of blood glucose on prognosis of acute ischemic stroke, ischemic stroke combined with chronic kidney disease and cerebral microbleeds, biomarkers of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic academia and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and encephalatrophy, perioperative management of blood pressure in intracerebral hemorrhage, vascular structural abnormality-related intracerebral hemorrhage score (VSARICHS), and epidemiological survey of cerebrovascular disease in China have been published in many important journals. This paper reviewed these studies and made a brief introduction. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.02.003

Cerebrovascular disease leads to serious disease burden because of its high morbidity, disability and mortality. In recent years, its prevalence, incidence and mortality showed a downward trend in most high-income countries but in low and middle income countries have been increasing. This paper introduced the main results from a nationwide, population-based epidemiological cross-sectional survey on cerebrovascular disease in China during the period of Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.02.002

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of most common neurodegenerative diseases, which gradually begins and develops after 65 years old, presenting as progressive and irreversible memory loss and other cognitive decline, and finally causes dementia and disability. Therefore, early diagnosis, timely treatment and effective prevention of AD have been become important clinical and scientific problems. During the period of Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, our team have engaged in AD diagnosis and treatment for a long time and carried out studies in the field of pathogenesis, epidemiology, screening of risk factors, neuropsychological tests, imaging, biomarkers and early intervention of AD. This paper has summarized these research achievements. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.02.004

Glioma shows diffuse infiltrative growth in the brain parenchyma. Even following the principle of "maximum safe resection", the residual tumor cells are resistant to adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and continue to invase and migrate in the brain tissue. This is the main reason for the recurrence of glioma and the dissemination in the central nervous system (CNS). As a result, understanding the mode of glioma invasion and migration can provide a new method for the treatment of glioma. This paper reviews our research findings of the invasion and migration of glioma during the period of Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.01.006

Stroke has become the leading common cause of disability and the second most common cause of death in China. Endovascular treatment emerged in recent years as a promising treatment method with a higher recanalization rate and better functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion. This paper selected 4 high-quality retrospective studies by Chinese scholars regarding endovascular treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke, which were published in foreign journals during past 3 years, and focused on study methods and results. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.11.003

Stroke has become the second most common cause of death and the leading common cause of disability in China. Early rehabilitation of ischemic stroke has been approved widely, but early rehabilitation of hemorrhagic stroke has not been agreed, especially regard to the time for commence and the safety of early rehabilitation. Rehabilitation technology after stroke has been explored and researched continuously, in order to improve motor function and activities of daily living (ADL) of patients with stroke. This paper selected three high-quality perspective randomized controlled trails (RCTs) by Chinese scholars regarding early rehabilitation after stroke, which were published in foreign journals during past 3 years, and focused on study methods and results. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.03.002

Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an infrequent cerebral venous system disease caused by a lot of reasons, which usually affects young and middle-aged adults. Due to variable clinical presentations, such as headache, vomiting, epilepsy and local neurological impairment, CVST is easy to be misdiagnosed or missed in diagnosis, with a high morbidity and mortality. To improve the standard diagnosis and treatment of CVST and guide the clinical practice of neurologists and neurosurgeons, Multicenter Expert Consensus Group on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Venous and Sinus Thrombosis in China wrote the "Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis" in the year 2013. This paper aims to interpret the main contents of this consensus. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.12.003

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is now classified as an autoimmune astrocytopathic disease targeting aquaporin 4 (AQP4). NMO can affect cerebral hemisphere beyond optic nerve and spinal cord, resulting in cognitive impairment. In recent years, cognitive impairment in NMO has been increasingly concerned. The characteristics of cognitive impairment in NMO and its neuropathological mechanism have been researched in many studies. This paper selected two high-quality studies by Chinese scholars regarding cognitive impairment in NMO which were published in foreign journals during the past 2 years, and focused on study methods and results. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.05.002