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BACKGROUND: The evaluation and management of cervical vascular pathologies before orthopedic manual therapy have great significance for reducing risks, ensuring patients’ interests and promoting optimal clinical decision-making. However, the research and exploration of this field in China are still in its infancy. In 2020, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT) released the International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region for potential of vascular pathologies of the neck prior to Orthopaedic Manual Therapy (OMT) Intervention: International IFOMPT Cervical Framework (2020). This framework has important references and guiding values for the clinical practice of cervical manipulation in China. OBJECTIVE: To integrate and interpret the core content of the framework, to provide a reference for the clinical practice of cervical manual therapy in China. METHODS: On the basis of a full study of the framework, the authors interpret the core content of the framework from eight aspects including clinical reasoning, patient history, planning the physical examination, physical examination, risk and benefit. Meanwhile, seven databases including PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and China Biomedical Literature Service System databases were searched by computer to screen clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus on neck pain. Through longitudinal comparison of multiple high-quality guidelines and consensus, the authors combine with the clinical practice in China to carry out discussion and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This framework expounds the management strategy and implementation path of cervical vascular disease evaluation before cervical manipulation from multiple dimensions, suggesting that we should improve clinicians’ attention to cervical vascular disease evaluation before manipulation, and construct evaluation criteria and implementation path with Chinese clinical characteristics. Meanwhile, we should further carry out basic scientific research with multidisciplinary techniques and promote shared decision-making and teaching model innovation to achieve the best clinical decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation can better ensure the integrity of the vascular structure. How to reduce its immunogenicity to improve rejection after transplantation has attracted more and more attention. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of freezing treatment to reduce vascular immunogenicity after allogeneic vascular transplantation in order to provide a reference for clinical research. METHODS: A systematic search of Chinese and English databases CNKI, WanFang and PubMed, as well as online websites Baidu and Google Scholar since the establishment of the database has published literature on reducing vascular immunogenicity after allogeneic vascular transplantation. Keywords were “cardiovascular disease, endothelial cells, cryopreservation, blood vessel transplantation or vascular graft, immunogenicity, immune rejection, allograft or allogeneic transplantation or allograft transplantation and cryoprotectant”. A total of 68 articles were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The review found that the rejection of allogeneic vascular transplantation can be reduced by improving the existing freezing technology, which mainly involves the selection of freezing and thawing methods and cryoprotectants. (2) The existing research suggests that the freeze-drying method is superior to the low-temperature cryopreservation, but due to the limited conditions, it is still dominated by low-temperature cryopreservation. Among them, vitrification cryopreservation, slow rewarming and the use of stainless steel and even silver-containing materials are better than programmed cryopreservation and rapid rewarming. (3) The combined selection of permeable and non-permeable cryoprotectants can further reduce the occurrence of rejection while reducing their toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Clarifying the exact relationship between specific physiological periods and postmenopausal low bone mineral density in women can be a key to predicting low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and provide a reference value for preventing the occurrence of low bone mineral density. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between different special periods and postmenopausal low bone mineral density in women. METHODS: A total of 15 560 samples were collected from the NHANES database (published from 2017 to 2020), and 1 563 participants were screened out. Their bone mineral density values were acquired to calculate the T-score. Those with osteoporosis and osteopenia were enrolled in observation group, while those with normal bone mass acted as controls. Three linear regression models were established to evaluate the effects of age at menarche, age at menopause, gravidity and parity on postmenopausal low bone mineral density. Finally, the results of multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to verify the relationship among gravidity, parity and low bone mineral density. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The incidence of postmenopausal low bone mineral density was 1.62 times higher in participants aged > 13 years at menarche than those aged < 12 years at menarche. Relative to menopausal age under 45, the odds ratio value for postmenopausal low bone mineral density was 0.72 for those between 45-55 years of age at menopause and 0.51 for those over 55 years of age at menopause. Gravidity was negatively correlated with the T scores of the femur and greater trochanter but showed no correlation with the T score of the lumbar spine. Parity was not related to the T scores of the femur and lumbar spine but only negatively related to the T score of the greater trochanter. The later the age of menarche, the earlier the age of menopause, the more pregnancies, the greater the likelihood of postmenopausal lower bone mineral density. Gravidity has the most significant effect on the bone mineral density of the femur and greater trochanter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: miRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, which therefore can be important therapeutic targets. Among them, targeting the miR-100-5p regulatory axis to promote osteoblast differentiation is a potential therapeutic target for osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To explore the targeted regulatory roles of has-miR-100-5p and has-miR-101-3p in postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: Differentially expressed genes between high and low bone mineral density in the GSE56814 and GSE56815 datasets were identified and subjected to enrichment analyses. Target genes of has-miR-100-5p and has-miR-101-3p among the differentially expressed genes were predicted. Peripheral blood samples from 40 patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis and 40 healthy controls were selected and qRT-PCR experiments were performed to detect the differential expression of has-miR-100-5p and has-miR-101-3p as well as target genes. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to measure the targeting effect of miRNAs to the 3'UTR of target genes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 81 common differentially expressed genes were identified between high and low bone mineral density, mainly significantly enriched in immunity, nuclear factor-κB compound, and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway. Has-miR-100-5p and has-miR-101-3p were targeted to regulate zinc finger and BTB domain containing 7A (ZBTB7A) based on miRTargetbase database and miRTarget database predictions. Has-miR-100- 5p was up-regulated (P < 0.001) and has-miR-101-3p and ZBTB7A were down-regulated (P < 0.001) in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients compared with the healthy controls. The fluorescence activity of 293T cells was down-regulated after co-transfection of has-miR-100-5p with wild-type ZBTB7A-3’UTR. To conclude, has-miR-100-5p targeting ZBTB7A may be a potential target for postmenopausal osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation is a common clinical disease. Its incidence is increasing year by year, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and brings huge economic losses to the families of patients and society. At present, it is considered that the destruction of the integrity of intervertebral disc fibrous annulus is an important factor affecting the occurrence and development of lumbar disc herniation. Therefore, it is of great significance to restore the integrity of the annulus fibrosus for the treatment and prevention of lumbar disc herniation. OBJECTIVE: To review the research advance in intervertebral disc annulus repair in recent years. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WanFang databases were searched systematically, with the key words “intervertebral disc, annulus fibrosus, repair, regeneration” in Chinese and English. Relevant articles published in each database in the last five years were collected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In recent years, some progress has been made in the repair and regeneration of annulus fibrosus in and outside China. Although traditional physical repair has some shortcomings, it is still the main way of clinical treatment, while the application of tissue engineering in annulus fibrosus repair is only in the experimental stage and has not been widely used in clinical practice. There are many ways to repair intervertebral disc annulus fibrous, but the best way needs extensive animal and clinical trials to verify its safety and efficacy. The study on tissue engineering of annulus fibrosus repair has broad clinical application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Due to the complex and diverse shapes of blood vessels in the human body, the continuous weakening of force conduction between the handle and the tip of the steerable catheter in clinical practice often causes the tip deformation to fail the surgeon’s expectation, which makes the operation more difficult. How to achieve rapid and precise deformation of the steerable catheter tip during surgery has always attracted the attention of surgeons. In recent years, the rapid development of smart materials has made it possible to remotely control the deformation of the catheter tip outside the body. OBJECTIVE: To review research progress of steerable catheter system in recent years in order to provide a valuable reference for the future development of the steerable catheter system. METHODS: Articles were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang Database, and the retrieval time limit was from 1995 to 2021. All articles were initially screened by comparing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 41 articles were finally included for review. According to the deformation mechanism of the steerable catheter, the functional characteristics and clinical applications of the manually steerable catheter system, the magnetically driven catheter system and the soft material driven catheter system are summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The deformation mechanisms of the steerable catheter system are various, among which: the tip of the manually manipulated catheter is operated by the distal handle, so that the force is conducted along the joystick to achieve the deformation of the tip; the magnetically driven catheter is mainly by adding a magnet part of the current or the computer-controlled permanent magnet generates a magnetic field in the patient to achieve the deformation of the tip; the soft material is used to deform the catheter tip through some stimulation such as electricity or temperature. (2) Manually manipulated catheters and magnetically driven catheters are more common in interventional surgery, but manual manipulation of catheters increases the difficulty for surgeons due to their difficulty in good control and lack of positioning accuracy. Due to the expensive cost, surgeries of magnetically driven catheters (robot catheter system) cannot be applied to all patients. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a class of steerable catheters that are inexpensive and can be precisely deformed. (3) The shape memory polymer materials are cheap and have better biocompatibility than the previous materials used in catheters, and they can be accurately deformed under some human-friendly stimulation conditions (such as temperature, humidity, magnetic field, and light) through simple programming, which has a good prospect of medical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the continuous progress and development of oral nanomaterials, a large number of studies have found that carbon nanomaterials are widely used in the field of oral implant.OBJECTIVE: To review the main classification, structural characteristics, osteogenesis, antibacterial, protein/drug carrier and related applications of carbon nanomaterials in oral implant. METHODS: After clarifying the classification of carbon nanomaterials, the Chinese search terms were “graphene/carbon nanotubes/Carbon Nanofibers/carbon nanomaterials, oral implant/osteogenesis and oral cavity/antibacterial and oral cavity/drug loaded and oral cavity”. English search terms were “Graphene/ carbon nanotubes/Carbon Nanofibers/carbon nanomaterials, dental implant/osteogenesis AND oral/ antibacterial AND oral/drug loaded AND oral”. The first author searched the relevant articles published from January 1998 to August 2021 in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and PubMed databases by computer. The search time limit of some classical articles was extended. Finally, 64 English articles and 9 Chinese articles were included according to the inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Carbon nanomaterials are mainly divided into three categories: zero dimensional, one-dimensional and two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials. Because of their unique spatial structure and good physical and chemical properties, they have a great application potential in implant surface coating, scaffold material modification, drug loading, and preparation of barrier membrane. (2) In addition, the osteogenic and antibacterial effects of the material are also conducive to the formation of stable bone integration and good soft tissue sealing. It also has certain research significance in the prevention and treatment of periimplant inflammation. (3) There are many kinds of carbon nanomaterials. Many studies also functionalize carbon nanomaterials and other biomolecular materials into composites, so that some properties can be obtained. In addition, carbon nanomaterials also have antibacterial effect, and graphene is often functionalized with other antibacterial agents (such as silver nanoparticles) to enhance antibacterial performance. (4) In general, graphene, as a typical two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, has always been a research hotspot in oral implant and other fields. Graphene oxide is a widely used class of graphene derivative materials. It is found that when it is applied to implant surface modification, it has certain research significance in the treatment and prevention of periimplant inflammation. (5) However, the research on the signaling pathway and immune regulation mechanism of stem cell differentiation/osteogenesis induced by carbon nanomaterials is not clear, and the cytotoxicity, degradation and adverse reactions of materials still need to be further studied. (6) At present, a cost-effective, scalable and repeatable process for the preparation of carbon nanomaterials and the evaluation index of material biocompatibility need to be studied. In addition, it is also necessary to further study the significance of carbon nanomaterials in the prevention and treatment of periimplant inflammation when applied to implant surface coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Metal elements play an important role in the human body. In recent years, the application of metal elements in biomaterials has attracted attention, and its functions and effects are being rapidly explored and broadened. Compared with the metal elements that have been studied more in recent years, such as magnesium and zinc, manganese is a rising star in the field of biomaterials research. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and review application status and existing problems of manganese in biomaterials. METHODS: The first author searched CNKI, Wanfang, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases by computer to retrieve all relevant articles published from February 2010 to February 2021. The Chinese search terms were “manganese, biomaterials, biomedical metallic materials, ceramic biomaterial, nanomaterial, biopolymer material, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, cancer therapy”, and the English search terms were “manganese, biomaterials, alloy, degradable metals, corrosion, biomedical metallic materials, ceramic biomaterial, nanomaterial, biopolymer material, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, cancer therapy”. Finally, 72 included articles were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The current research found that the introduction of manganese into biomaterials can significantly improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of biomaterials, and effectively improve the biocompatibility, bone formation and antibacterial properties of biomaterials, indicating that the incorporation of manganese ions as functional ions into biological materials has good research value. (2) The current research on manganese ions in biomaterials mainly focuses on in vivo and in vitro experiments. The existing studies have shown that combining manganese ions with collagenhydroxyapatite scaffolds can promote osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells in vitro and regeneration of new bone in mouse skull defects, and further enhance the osteoinductivity. (3) In view of the excellent properties of manganese, it can have broad application prospects in medical metal materials, bone tissue engineering materials, drug delivery, and tumor treatment. It is expected to provide a new direction for the basic and clinical applications of manganese-related biomaterials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Traditional rehabilitation training has limited potential to improve functional recovery from chronic injuries. Increasing attentions have been paid to the application of rehabilitation robots in rehabilitation training of chronic injuries. OBJECTIVE: To analyze and track the hot spots and frontiers of related research in the field of rehabilitation robot in the past 10 years, thereby providing some guidance for future research. METHODS: The literatures regarding rehabilitation robots published from 2010 to 2020 were retrieved in the Web of Science core database by computer. Search strategy was TS=(rehabilitation robot OR rehabilitation robotics). CiteSpace 5.7 visualization software was used to analyze the hot spots and frontiers of rehabilitation robot research from the aspects of high-influence countries/regions, institutions, authors, high-frequency keywords and burst words. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 3 194 literatures were included. In recent years, the research on rehabilitation robots has been growing steadily. The number of relevant literatures published annually shows a steady increase trend. The number of articles published by the United States ranks first, followed by China. Northwestern University in the United States ranks first with 161 articles published. Professor Riener R, from the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has published 48 articles, ranking the first among the authors. Nine representative keyword clusters have formed, and the research emphasis and direction change over time. In recent 10 years, the relevant research focuses on intelligent control of rehabilitation robots, task analysis and learning, performance and reliability, and how to realize the natural and accurate interaction between robot and human through the integration of machine intelligence and biological intelligence. At present, rehabilitation robots are the most widely used in the field of upper limb and nerve injuries, and the interest in brain-machine interface, virtual reality, flexible wearable, task analysis and the exoskeletons has increased in the research of rehabilitation robot, which are the frontiers and hot issues in recent years, representing the development trend of future studies, and referring to the future research direction. Future research in the field of rehabilitation robots should focus on the following aspects: First, focus on the functional needs of patients to improve the quality of life. Secondly, strengthen multidisciplinary cooperation and build a cooperation network among regional countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the development of total knee arthroplasty and the application of the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery in total knee arthroplasty, patients with total knee arthroplasty now have lesser trauma, fewer bleeding, faster recovery and effectively shorten length of stay. Some patients can even be discharged on the same day of surgery. Outside China, many hospitals have carried out outpatient total knee arthroplasty in the Ambulatory Surgery Center. In China, the outpatient total knee arthroplasty is still in the exploratory stage, and there are relatively few reports about it. OBJECTIVE: To describe the development status and strategies of outpatient total knee arthroplasty by referring to the relevant literature of outpatient total knee arthroplasty, so as to provide some ideas for the implementation of outpatient total knee arthroplasty in China. METHODS: These articles of outpatient total knee arthroplasty from the inception of the database to September 2020 were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed and Web of Science databases by computer. The search words in Chinese and English were “total knee arthroplasty”, “total joint arthroplasty”, “arthroplasty, replacement, knee”, “outpatient”, “same-day discharge”, “ambulatory surgical procedures”. Finally, 61 articles were included to analyze the results. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The proportion of outpatient total knee arthroplasty in foreign countries was rapidly growing each year. It is relatively safe to perform outpatient total knee arthroplasty on strictly selected patients and the incidence of postoperative complications and readmission was low. (2) At present, some domestic third-level grade-A hospitals have achieved that some patients are discharged on the first day after surgery, and even some patients can be discharged on the same day of surgery. (3) This means that there are certain conditions for carrying out outpatient total knee arthroplasty in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Calcium citrate has been used as calcium supplement, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory agent and bone repair material in biomedical fields. OBJECTIVE: To describe the basic properties of calcium citrate, summarize and discuss the preparation process of calcium citrate and its main applications in biomedical field. METHODS: The research literature related to calcium citrate was searched on the Web of science, CNKI, Medline and other databases by computer. The main key words were “calcium citrate, bone repairing material, citrate and calcium phosphate” in English and “calcium citrate, bone repair materials” in Chinese. The searching time was from February 1920 to February 2020. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the development and exploration of medical materials, it is necessary to change the original process to improve the biological activity of medical calcium citrate. It is an inevitable trend to obtain calcium citrate with various micro-morphology and high biological activity by controllable synthesis method. Calcium citrate is widely used as calcium supplement, anti-inflammatory agent, anticoagulant, bone repair material and other non-medical applications. Its advantages are being gradually explored by researchers. The preparation method plays a decisive role in the application field of calcium citrate. Different internal structure and size will bring different application fields, from the smallest chemical bond connection to the macroscopic morphology or mechanical properties. These factors may be the results of the dedicated exploration of researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The current division of the plantar area is usually based on anatomy, without considering the unique plantar biomechanics factors of each individual, and unable to reflect the personalized characteristics of each individual’s plantar stress. OBJECTIVE: To classify the plantar region from the perspective of biomechanics, and to obtain the map of plantar region that can reflect the stress characteristics of individual planta. METHODS: Taking a normal person walking as an example, the change of plantar pressure distribution with time was obtained by using F-scan insole pressure measurement system. Based on biomechanical data, the characteristic regions of the soles of the foot were divided by cluster analysis to form a personalized map of the soles of the foot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on biomechanical data, the personalized map of plantar region division obtained by the cluster analysis can be used as an index to reflect the characteristics of the individual’s plantar stress. A small number of sensors located at the geometric center of the plantar feature area can better reflect the characteristics of the individual’s plantar stress during the movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: At present, the understanding of periapical lesions of implants is not sufficient. OBJECTIVE: Based on the latest research trends related to the clinical symptoms, pathogenic factors and treatment methods of implant periapical lesions, this paper reviews the research progress of the etiology and treatment methods of implant periapical lesions.METHODS: The first author searched Pub Med, VIP, Wanfang and CNKI databases using computer for relevant articles published from January 1985 to November 2019. The search terms were "apical peri-implantitis, retrograde peri-implantitis, dental implant, implants periapical lesion" in English and Chinese, respectively. The etiology, clinical manifestation, and treatment plan of implant periapical lesions were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The implant periapical lesions may be caused by infection, bone burning, poor bone quality, systemic and local factors. The clinical manifestations were redness and swelling of the mucosa in the periapical area of the implant, tenderness, or fistula formation. Imaging results showed a low-density radiation shadow in the periapical area of the implant. The treatment methods include root canal therapy of adjacent teeth, surgical debridement, implant root tip resection, guided bone regeneration, and systemic application of antibiotics. Therefore, to be familiar with the etiology and treatment methods of implant periapical lesions can provide positive guidance for the prevention and treatment of implant periapical lesions in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Rapid development in tissue engineering research and technology makes dental pulp regeneration and revascularization possible. The interactions of stem cells, scaffolds and signaling factors in tissue engineering are particularly important. Whether stem cells can proliferate, differentiate and develop dental pulp-like tissue greatly depends on the choice of scaffolds OBJECTIVE: To review the widely studied and effective scaffold materials and two methods of scaffold preparation and analyze their applications in dental pulp reconstruction and their revascularization ability. METHODS: The first author searched PubMed, Wanfang and CNKI databases using a computer for relevant articles published between January 1, 2019 and September 30, 2019 with the search terms "pulp regeneration, pulp revascularization, scaffold" in English, and "pulp regeneration, pulp revascularization, revascularization, scaffold" in Chinese. A total of 421 English articles and 181 Chinese articles were retrieved. Finally, 61 articles were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Platelet-derived scaffolds, extracellular-matrix-derived scaffolds, and self-assembling peptide take effect in pulp regeneration and revascularization. Composite materials combining natural and synthetic materials prepared by hydrogel and nanomaterial techniques exhibited advantages in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, adherence, anti-inflammation, and factor delivery. The modified composite materials have a strong ability to promote vascularization. With the development of scaffold design and preparation technology based on hydrogels and nanomaterials, problems regarding insufficient scaffold source and unstable clinical effect will be solved in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Current treatment of disc degeneration is limited to palliative care or active surgical intervention, but neither can it slow or reverse disease progression, nor is the long-term efficacy satisfactory. In recent years, with the continuous development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the use of cell therapy to repair degenerative intervertebral discs has attracted more and more researchers’ attention. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current status of cell transplantation in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration, and to provide theoretical basis and experimental basis for future research. METHODS: The relevant articles were retrieved from the CNKI, WanFang and PubMed databases by computer. The search time was set from January 2001 to January 2019. The keywords were “intervertebral disc degeneration, cell therapy, stem cells, cell transplantation” in Chinese and English, respectively. Articles related to stem cell treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration, especially focusing on the latest experimental and clinical research results, were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is mainly caused by the decreased vitality and quantity of nucleus pulposus cells, the reduction of proteoglycan synthesis, the dehydration of nucleus pulposus and the increase of metabolic waste. Continuous explorations on the therapeutic mechanism by which cell transplantation promotes nucleus pulposus regeneration cannot only provide a more detailed understanding of the pathogenesis and repair mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration, but also give new strategies for the prevention and cell therapy of other related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Finite element analysis has been used commonly in the biomechanics research of scoliosis due to the process of computing technology. OBJECTIVE: To review the application and progress of three-dimensional finite element analysis applied in the study of biomechanics of scoliosis, and to summarize its development process and characteristics, and look forward to its development prospects and directions in order to play a guiding role in the biomechanical study of scoliosis. METHODS: The first author retrieved the PubMed, Web of Science, and Wanfang Database with the computer for studies published from 1998 to 2019. The key words were FEA, finite element analysis, 3D FEA, scoliosis, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, AIS. Studies with poor quality and repetitive studies were excluded, and 48 articles were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Literature review found that three-dimensional finite element analysis has a lot of practice in the study of scoliosis biomechanics, and important progress has been made. (2) It has been widely used in simulating external fixator, optimizing surgical procedure and predicting prognosis, but less in etiology. (3) The development direction of three-dimensional finite element analysis is to further improve the fine structure simulation of the model, optimize the simulation of the biomechanical characteristics of non-linear elements, improve the simulation of spinal growth and compensatory effects, so as to establish a more realistic three-dimensional finite element model and improve the reliability of finite element analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]