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Spectroscopic characters of space objects are basic optical attributes which could stand for the material types of space objects. By comparing actual spectral characteristics with that obtained in the lab, the types of space materials can be identified, which is beneficial for the analysis of working states and compositions of space objects. Aiming at the problems of spectrum measurement and material information retrieval, the spectroscopic theory, retrieval methods and reddening effect of space objects spectrum are analyzed in this paper. The contributions on the spectrum from 350 to 2 500 nm from vibrational spectrum and electrical spectrum are investigated based on solid spectrum characters. Three methods commonly used in space objects material identification based on spectrum characters are studied, which are artificial neural network algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm and spectrum unmixing algorithm, and the features including spectrum reflectance and its derivative, center displacement are discussed. Reddening effect in spectrum measurement is studied, and it is shown that the reddening effect is related to the deoxidizing effect when some material access to space environments. The loose chemical bonds are formed due to the separation of oxygen and the combination of contaminations in space, which results in more absorptions of light energy and the higher slope of reflectance at longer wavelength that is named reddening effect. The reflectance of spectrum can be used to analyze material aging problems on the surface of satellite material under the continuous influences of harsh space environment, including chemical or physical changes, which are favorable for repairing existing satellite or launching new satellite.

Halon-1301 (CF3Br) can make Br radicals with UV radiation, which poses a great threat to the ozone layer in the atmosphere. Necessary methods should be taken for the degradation of the exhausts of Halon-1301. In this paper, density functional (DFT) theory at B3LYP/6-311G++(d,p) level are employed for the study of dissociation properties and spectra of Halon-1301 in external electric field, including bond length, total energy, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, infrared spectra and dissociation potential energy surface (PES). The obtained results show that, with gradually increasing the external field from 0 to 0.03 a.u. along the molecular axis Z (C—Br bond direction), the total energy decreases, while the dipole moment decreases at the beginning and then increases. With the climbing of the field, HOMO-LUMO energy gap increases, and C—Br bond length increases while C—F bond length decreases. The variations of vibrational frequency and intensity of molecular IR spectra in external electric field are also investigated. Further studies show that with increasing the external electric field from 0 to 0.03 a.u., the dissociation PES along C—Br bond becomes unbound with disappearing of the barrier for the dissociation. The external electric field of 0.03 a.u. is sufficient to induce the degradation of CF3Br with C—Br bond breaking. Such results provide an important reference for the degradation of Halons via the external electric field.

In recent years, with the rapid development of the national defense, industry, technology and other fields, whether it is for the power transmission systems or for the steel smelting and new high-tech industry, temperature measurement has been of important significance. Especially in the high temperature and accompanied by the demand for transient (less than lus)temperature measurement occasion, multi spectral radiation temperature measurement method has been widely used. Multi spectral thermometry is selected by the measured target multiple wavelengths radiation information, the mathematical model of emissivity and wavelength is supposed, finally the radiation temperature is obtained. At present, when the method is used to measure the temperature, the spectral emissivity is fixed with the assumption of the mathematical model, and the fixed model is unable to adapt to the target under different temperature conditions. Similarly, at different temperatures, how to calculate the final emissivity and radiation temperature has been no universal method. Based on the Planck’s law of black body radiation, this paper proposes a new idea that is based on the form invariance of the spectral emissivity function under different temperatures. According to the method, the emissivity model adapte to the dynamic change of the object according to the object under different temperature conditions. At the same time, it also puts forward a general method to calculate the final emissivity and radiation temperature. Through a lot of simulations and experiments, it is proved that the method proposed in this paper is more simple and practical than the existing spectral emissivity solution, which can effectively improve the accuracy of the calculation of spectral emissivity，so as to improve the accuracy of the radiation temperature measurement. At the same time, the method proposed in this paper has the characteristics of good practicability and wide application.

Metamerism phenomenon is an important problem in spectral reflectance reconstruction and color reproduction. In this paper, a 3-primary color CCD camera is used to acquire spectral information in CIE standard illuminant D65 and a nonlinear composite model is established, including principal component analysis and neural network method (PCA-NET) to modify the Matrix R Method based on the Metameric Black theory. The standard Munsell color card is used in spectral reflectance reconstruction experiment and the results are evaluated and discussed. The experimental results verified that the PCA-NET algorithm can accurately fit the nonlinear relationship between the output signal of the camera and the principal component coefficients; and it can be used in the R matrix algorithm instead of the linear algorithm; the new method can serve as a promising technique for building a spectral image database whihc is better than the original Matrix R Method. In the fixed illumination environment, the mean RMS of the test set is 0.76 improved, and the mean STD of the test set is 0.85 improved, which can effectively improve the accuracy of spectral reflectance reconstruction. The modified matrix R method has the advantages of higher accuracy and easy implementation, and it can be used in the field of color reproduction and spectral reflectance reconstruction.

Focusing on the defects in the lighting color of LED lamps and the chip heat exists in the traditional LED package which caused phosphor performance degradation, color temperature drift and the uneven light, the remote phosphor package which is emerging in recent years is used in this paper. With yellow-green YGG phosphor and nitrogen red phosphors mixing with silica gel, the remote phosphor is made and then encapsulated as the LED lamps. A lot of experiments were made to determine the best ratio of yellow green phosphor, red phosphor and silica gel, LED lamps with different color temperature was prepared. The lamps were also tested and analyzed with some parameters such as e color coordinates, luminous efficiency, color rendering index (CRI), R9, color quality scale (CQS), color temperature, and the gamut area index (GAI), which provide a more objective and comprehensive evaluation to the high quality LED lighting. Experimental results show that the optimum ratio of red and yellow-green phosphor is 1∶7.6, and total phosphor with silica gel is 1∶5，at this time the white LED lighting color temperature is 4 113 K, the color coordinate (x, y) is (0.375 4, 0.373 1), luminous efficiency is 52.33 lm·w-1, color gamut is 0.981, color rendering index is up to 96, R9 is 97, color quality scale Qa is up to 93, and the gamut area index is 79. Compared with the traditional packaging，the surface temperature ofthe remote phosphor encapsulated fluorescent plate is much lower than that of adhesive dispensing encapsulation, which can effectively avoid the harmful effect caused by high temperature on the LED.

Polarization imaging contains rich target parameters including spectrum, radiant intensity, polarization state, space geometry, etc. Polarization imaging can improve the target detection and recognition ability. The infrared polarization imaging is a new infrared detect technology in recent years. Infrared polarization imaging mainly aims to detect and identify the target with the difference of infrared radiation polarization characteristic between target and scene. But the state of polarization is affected by transmission medium in the transmission process of infrared radiation polarization information while the common method is to analyze the infrared radiation polarization characteristics of target that is not able to describe effects of all interrelated parameters and is difficult to estimate influence factors in the process of transmission. The equation of infrared polarized radiation is established through bidirectional reflectance distribution function based on micro-facet theory. And the mathematical model of the relationship between infrared radiation polarization degree and emissivity is derived in this paper. Result shows that the influence of target surface emissivity on the infrared degree can be ignored. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the infrared spectrum polarization imaging tests are unfolded, and the analysis of test data is consistent with the theoretical analysis. It is concluded that the correlation between the polarization degree of infrared and the emissivity of target surface can be neglected. The research production of this paper is conductive to increase of target detect efficiency, and it will provide new ways and means for camouflage target detect and identify. Therefore, the research production can be applied to detect and identify the camouflage target that is accomplished camouflage through change emissivity of camouflage target surface.

Stray light analysis has great benefits in designing Raman spectrometry system, which is the sensitive detection system of weak optical signal. In this paper, optical design software and Solidworks are utilized to optimize the optical and mechanical structure. The system resolution is 0.7 nm, and the volume is 110 mm×95 mm, which belongs to portable and miniature Raman spectrometer. Based on the stray light simulation model, we made an analysis of ray tracing simulation for this system. First, the stray light come with the incident ray were suppressed by the aperture stop. Then the receiver of stray light was introduced and improved in the design progress to suppress internal stray light, especially for zero-order diffraction light of plane grating. The improved receiver of stray light is more effectively using the internal space of the spectrometer and analysis results show that a 50% reduction in the number of stray light and stray light normalized irradiance intensity from 10-5 down to 10-7. The analysis shows that the improved receiver of stray light can effectively suppress stray light, which is beneficial to weak signal detection, and provide reference for design and adjustment of the miniature Raman spectrometer.

The impact analysis of different environments on the fluorescence emission spectrum of pesticides is critical in detecting the concentration of pesticides. In this paper, three kinds of pesticides, carbendazim, carbaryl and fuberidazole, were selected as the research objects. Under different environment, such as different pH values and the presence of different common anion or cation, three-dimensional fluorescence spectral emission (EEM) characteristic of pesticides were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the primary fluorescence peaks for three kinds of pesticides were at λex/λem=280/300, 310/340 and 280/335 nm (respectively); Carbendazim and fuberidazole had a secondary peak at 245/305 nm (PeakB) and 250/340 nm (PeakB). We can come to the conclusion that with the change of pH value, the characteristic of fluorescence emission of carbendazim and fuberidazole is similar. We can find that the fluorescence intensities of carbendazim and fuberidazole were enhanced with the declining of the solution acidity or alkalinity and the fluorescence intensity of carbaryl had not changed with the declining of the solution acidity, but it increased with the declining of the solution alkalinity; the fluorescence emission spectra of the three kinds of pesticides had good fluorescence characteristics with the scope of the pH varying from 6.16 to 7.4. Twelve common ions in water (CO2-3，SO2-4，NO-3，Cl-，HPO2-4，HCO-3，Mg2+，Zn2+，NH+4，Na+，Ca2+，K+) had no significant effect on fluorescence emission characteristics of carbendazim and fuberidazole. The fluorescence intensities were seriously influenced by Fe3+ and Cu2+. The results showed that the pesticides fluorescence intensities were decreased with the ion concentration increasing. It was necessary to consider the quenching effects on pesticides of Fe3+ and Cu2+for the analytic results. The obtained results provided the basic research for improving the accuracy of the heterocyclic pesticides measurement in water.

In terms of water quality monitoring based on the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, different optical path lengths of spectrometer probe need to be set to maintain higher signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra when the water body measured is complex and changeable. However, large numbers of experiments always have to be undertaken to get the appropriate optical path length, which is difficult to meet the demand of real-time, accurate, sensitive and stable online monitoring system. In this paper, an optimized spectra fusion algorithm was developed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of fused spectra from two independent spectra that were acquired using two different optical path lengths. In the fusion algorithm, the sliding-pane method was applied to obtain the distribution of noise variance of the spectra, so the region of strong noise in the spectra could be determined. Due to different signal intensity of spectra with long and short optical path length, genetic algorithm was used to calculate the optimal gain matching rate of fusion. Finally, according to the distribution of noise variance, piecewise weighted method is applied to achieve a fusion spectrum with higher signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental results showed that the fusion algorithm could effectively enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the fused spectra for each sample without altering the optical path length; the noise within 200~250 nm was suppressed and the low-noise and high-sensitivity spectra in the visible band were preserved; Zero interference was moved to the left of 220 nm of the spectrum. This means the fusion algorithm not only shows improvements in both signal-to-noise ratio and the detailed characteristics of the spectrum, but also reduces the excessive number of experiments in order to optimize optical path length and minimize noise in spectra. It has important practical significance to broaden the application range of the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy based water quality monitoring system.

Plant leaves, as a vital organ of the plant photosynthesis, directly reflects the plant growth and nutrition status. Internal physicochemical property model, based on the reflection and transmission of plant leaf, indirectly reflects the information of matter and energy exchange in the process of plant growth information, which can be the premise and foundation of the plant growth process of fine management. The optical properties of plant leaves plays a great significant role in the field of crop nutrition diagnosis and plant morphological structure based on remote sensing, in the field of virtual plant light transmission simulation and computer graphics et al. BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) mainly focused on spatial distribution and spectral characteristics of the reflected light on the surface of the object characteristics. It can characterize crop growth parameters accurately and efficiently by acquiring optical properties information of plant leaves, which also has great advantages in the research and application of remote sensing in agriculture. In order to better apply BRDF technology in the agricultural remote sensing, this paper will focus on BRDF measurement and device, model development and classification and its application in the field of plants remote sensing. Eventually, although BRDF technology is still in early exploration stage and is facing many tough challenges, it has a promising future in terms of digital agriculture development.

In order to realize rapid identification of dried red jujubes, this paper proposes a method based on near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technology. The near-infrared hyperspectral images (1 000～1 600 nm) of 240 samples in total from 4 cultivars of dried red jujubes will be acquired. The samples are to be divided into the calibration set and the prediction set in the ratio of 2∶1. 7, 8, 10 effective wavelengths are to be selected by principal component analysis(PCA), x-loading weight(x-LW)and successive projection algorithm(SPA) respectively. The dimensionality of original hyperspectral images will be reduced with PCA, and texture features of the first principal component image are to be extracted with gray-level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM).The partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), back propagation neural network(BPNN)and least square support vector machine(LS-SVM) are to be applied to build identification models with the selected effective wavelengths, texture features and fusion of the former two features. The identification rates of the models based on fusion features will be higher than those of models based on the spectral features or texture features respectively. The BPNN models based on the fusion features will obtain the best results, whose identification rates of prediction set are to be 100%. The results in this paper indicate that the near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technology has great potential to identify the dried red jujubes rapidly.

In the process of spectral modeling, spectral extraction of characteristic bands with different variable screening algorithms is an important step for improving the model effects. Total viable count of cooling mutton under vacuum packing condition was chosen as the research index in this paper, while the influence of 2 variable screening algorithms on its hyperspectral PLS model effects was compared. Mutton muscle spectra of Regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted and preprocessed. Subsequently, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) were applied to extract characteristic bands from preprocessed spectra at full band range of 473～1 000 nm. Model effects of GA-PLS, CARS-PLS and W-PLS with corresponding bands selection were contrasted and analyzed. The results indicated that both model effects of GA-PLS, CARS-PLS were better than that of W-PLS, and CARS-PLS model effect was optimal. As for the CARS-PLS model, the determination coefficient (R2c) and root mean square error (RMSEC) of calibration set was 0.96 and 0.29, and the determination coefficient (R2cv) and root mean square error (RMSECV) of leave-one-out cross validation was 0.92 and 0.46, respectively. Meanwhile, the determination coefficient (R2p), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the ratio of standard deviation to standard error of prediction (RPD) of prediction set was 0.92 and 0.47 and 3.58, respectively. Therefore, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology combined with CARS-PLS can achieve quick, non-destructive and accurate detection of mutton total viable count.

Diagnostic absorption features can indicate the existence of specific materials, which is the foundation of mineral analysis with optical remote sensing data. In hyperspectral data processing, the most commonly used method to extract absorption feature, is Continuum Removal (CR). As for multispectral data, Principle Component Analysis and other indirect methods were used to extract absorption information, and little research has been done on full-band absorption feature extraction. Classification of similar minerals is one of the major difficulties in mineral spectral analysis, while there is no valid index for spectral difference between similar mineral groups. Absorption feature extraction may improve the classification accuracy, but there is no research to investigate the impact of absorption feature extraction on spectral difference between similar minerals. This paper summarized the principle of mineral spectral difference, and proposed the concept of Class Separability Ratio (CSR), which was verified to be a valid index for spectral difference between similar mineral categories. Through comparison experiments on alunite and kaolinite spectra, including USGS spectral library spectra and resampled spectra in accordance with the band settings of HYPERION, ASTER and OLI, the impact of absorption feature extraction on spectral difference between similar minerals were investigated. Experimental results show that valid absorption feature extraction can greatly enhance the spectral difference between similar minerals, and the spectral difference is positively correlated with spectral resolution. Besides, the results of CR can be severely affected by spectral resolution and band center positions, and the absorption feature spectra extraction results for multispectral datasets need to be improved. This research laid the foundation of precise identification between similar mineral categories, and provided valuable reference for the band settings of future geology remote sensing sensors.

High value-added utilization of solid wastes is one of the important ways of sustainable development. A novel pore size-controlled alkali-activated steel slag-based cementitious material (PASSCM) was synthesized by adjusting the content of pore forming agent of acrylic resin emulsion. Meanwhiel, a new type of porous steel slag-based catalyst loaded CeO2 was prepared via incipient wetness impregnation method in the paper. The composition, structure and optical properties of photocatalysts were characterized with XRF, XRD, BET and UV-Vis DRS. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic performance of hydrogen production from water was evaluated. The results showed that adding pore-forming agent changed the pore structure and the mesoporous volume increased by 70.27% of alkali-activated steel slag-based cementitious material. The mesoporous volume increased by 144.14% in photocatalyst loaded 8 Wt% CeO2. In the simulated solar source irradiation for 6 h, the photocatalyst loaded 8wt%CeO2 exhibiting the highest photocatalytic hydrogen production activity (7 653 μmol·g-1) and hydrogen generation rate [1 275.5 μmol·(g·h)-1], which were attributed to mesoporous volume increases the mass transfer rate of the water molecules, and in the formation of the coupled semiconductors, the high dispersion of the CeO2 active component and the FeO in the carrier promoted the high efficiency separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs.

Based on the advantage of spectroscopy method and the significant effect of ·OH and ·O in advanced oxidation degradation system, the change of relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O in a pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) system bubbled with oxygen were tested by using the spectrum detecting technique in this research. The PDP system with needle-to-net electrode was set up in the paper to remediate the polluted soil. The relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O formed in the PDP system with oxygen (O2) bubbling were detected with the spectrograph to illustrate the critical effect of the ·OH and the ·O on the organic compound degradation in the PDP system. The changes of the relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O under the conditions of without soil addition, with the original soil addition, with the organic compound polluted soil addition and with the organic compound-heavy metal polluted soil addition were firstly investigated in the paper. The effect of peak pulse voltage, electrode gap and O2 flow rate on the relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O were also studied to explain the changing rule of the active species in the PDP system. The obtained results show that the addition of soil are beneficial to the formation of the ·OH and the ·O in PDP system for the soil remediation. The relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O in the PDP system with organic compounds polluted soil addition were lower than those in the PDP system with the original soil addition, which proved the oxidation of the ·OH and the ·O on the organic compounds degradation in the remediation system, and the addition of heavy metal ions were favorable to the degradation of the organic compounds in the PDP system. Furthermore, the increase of the peak pulse voltage as well as theO2 flow rate was in favor of the formation of the ·OH and the ·O, while the relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O were lower under the condition of the higher electrode gap, which demonstrated that the higher electrode gap were not in favor of the active species formation. In the study, based on the description of the pivotal role of ·OH and the ·O in the PDP system for the polluted soil remediation, the influence rule of the main factors during the process of polluted soil remediation in the PDP system on the content of ·OH and the ·O were analyzed. This research will provide some basic experimental evidence for the application of PDP technology on the polluted soil remediation.

The X-ray fluorescence well logging technology is a significant method that can make quantitative analysis orsemi-quantitative analysis on the wellface. This method is very important to mineral exploration. The spectrum shifting is often observed in the X-rayfluorescence well logging because the temperature in the well changes acutely. The hardware is used to release the spectrum shifting and the software method is used to rescale the tiny spectrum shifting. There are too manyspectra to be rescaled in a well logging task by manually. In this paper, an auto method to rescale spectrum shifting, via the expert system model which is based on the special process to rescale spectrum shifting in manual, is presented. The symmetric zero-area conversion method, which is not sensitive to the changes of the baseline, is used to research the peaks. And then, the characteristic peaks will be identified by the standard errors, automatically. The prior knowledge (the last energy scale) and the gauss probability density function are used to analyze the peaks qualitatively and confirm the energy of characteristic peaks. Then the least square method is applied energy calibration. The singular deviation point, away from the calibrationline, will be rejected and the energy ratio will be obtained again. This method is applied for rescaling spectrum shifting in 322 spectra and obtains a satisfactory achievement.

Facing the problem of choosing different data source as compressing object results in different compression effect, several techniques are investigated to explore a better data source which can reduce the loss of image and spectral information while getting higher compression ratio in the compression work of the large aperture static imaging spectrometer. In this paper the optical path difference dimension data source of LASIS was proposed after analyzing the characteristic of LASIS and then compared with the LASIS and LAMIS data source in detail. The SWIR data collected with the principle prototype of LASIS were used in our experiment. Firstly, three forms of data sources were extracted after detailedly introducing their data characteristic and extracting methods. Secondly, the mature algorithms in engineering JPEG and JPEG2000 were employed to compress and reconstruct the three forms of data sources respectively. Finally, the compression effect was evaluated in the aspect of image content, interference dimension, spectral dimension and compression ratio respectively, and the original spectral curves of three materials choosing from the field of view and those after reconstruction were extracted next, then the loss of spectral information of these three materials were measured by using the SA (Spectral Angle) and RQE (Relative Quadratic Error) values of the spectral curves to evaluate the compression effect. It is demonstrated that using the optical path difference dimension data as compressing object shows obvious advantages compared with LASIS and LAMIS, which achieves a combination of higher compression ratio, lower mean square error, lower peak signal noise ratio and less information loss that is competitive with the best results from the literature. The results show that the proposed optical path difference dimension data source has good performance in preserving the spatial and spectral information during the compression of LASIS than the other two common forms data sources of LASIS.

Echelle grating is a kind of special diffraction grating. Working with high diffraction orders and big diffraction angle, which has the advantages of high resolution and full wave shining. It has been widely used in high-end spectrum instrument, which greatly promoted the development of aerospace, astronomy, medical, military, environment and other cutting-edge technology. However, professional scoring system needs to be customized, and the price is very expensive. The use of sophisticated ultra precision machining equipment to process in the ladder grating can greatly reduce the preparation cost of the mother plate of the ladder grating. Due to the bad straightness and high accumulative error of ultra precision single point diamond lathe, it can’t satisfy the demand of preparation when preparing the echelle grating, casuing the bad diffraction wave front. In order to reduce the straightness error, this paper comes up with the error compensation for the single point diamond lathe. Firstly, we make the first compensation based on the accumulative error curve. When the compensation ratio is 0.75 to 0.85, the peak valley value (pv) of the diffraction wave front is about 400 nm, reaching its greatest effect of the first straightness compensation. Secondly, we make the straightness compensation according to the diffraction wave front curve of the blazed order. The pv of the diffraction wave front is about 83nm. The results show that the diffraction wave front is greatly improved which is beneficial to improve the quality of the grating, and has a guiding role in the actual grating characterization.

Doppler wind Lidar is an important method for atmospheric wind measurement. The Doppler frequency shift of backscattering spectrum due to the wind is detected from the transmissions of frequency discrimination. High sensitivity and large dynamic range measurement is difficult for atmospheric wind measurement because of the limitationof frequency discriminator characteristic. In this paper, a frequency discriminator constructed with Dual fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed. Two fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers with different atmospheric wind detection dynamic range and sensitivity are designed and used to measure Doppler frequency shift at the same time. The optical path difference of FMZI-2 is 13.7 cm which can realize large dynamic range wind measurement (±100 m·s-1) and the optical path difference of FMZI-1is designed to be 74.8 cm which can realize high sensitivity detection. Moreover, the absolute wind velocity of FMZI-1 channel can be corrected by the measurement result of FMZI-2 channel. Thus the high sensitivity and large dynamic range wind detection can be realized. The sensitivity, SNR and wind error of two channels are simulated and analyzed for different parameters. The results indicate that the system can realize the wind error less than 1 m·s-1 for large dynamic range(±100 m·s-1) wind velocity, which is a beneficial exploration for high sensitivity and large dynamic range Doppler wind lidar.

The water inrush should been rapidly and accurately identified during preventing coalmine water inrush. The laser induced fluorescent (LIF) spectrum technology provides a new method to identify water inrush with the characteristics of high sensitivity, quick and accurate monitoring. In order to identify water inrush, this paper introduces the spectrum technology of LIF to obtain water inrush fluorescence spectra data. The spectral preprocessing methods of Savitzky-Golay(SG) and Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC) have been used to eliminate noise spectra in collecting process. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracts feature information, for SG reprocessing data, when the number of principal component is 3, the cumulative contribution rate can reach 99.76 percent. This method has largely retained the information of original data. This paper chooses the classification model with 3 layers BP neural network, constructing by different training and testing sets. The classification model with SG preprocessing has achieved accurate identification, however, appeared few false identification for MSC and original data. The result shows that SG preprocessing is better than MSC. Research results show that the classification model with PCA and BP neural network can effectively identify coalmine water inrush, and have the strong self-organizing, self-learning ability.

For the determination of molybdenum in molybdenum concentrate，lead molybdate gravimetric method was considered as standard method. In order to ensure the lead ions to be washed thoroughly from the entrained precipitate, lead molybdate precipitate was washed, filtered repeatedly, then ashed and burned. This method cannot satisfy the rapid measurement demand of mineral processing and metallurgy scientific research due to its time consuming. In the present work, molybdenum was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry indirectly and a rapid analysis method for molybdenum in molybdenum concentrate was proposed. The sample was dissolved by nitric acid, potassium chlorate and sulfuric acid, pH was adjusted by acetic acid and ammonium acetate buffer solution to pH 5～7, then a certain amount and excess of lead standard was added. Based on lead molybdate was considered as undissolved electrolyte on room temperature, the solubility of lead molybdate was 1.16×10-5g, far less than 0.01 g, was considered as the undissolved electrolyte, the electrolyte insoluble at a certain temperature can complete precipitation, usually compared with the solubility production product Qc and the relative size of constant Ksp, when Qc>Ksp, solution was supersaturated, precipitation was precipitate completely, the content of molybdenum in molybdenum concentrate was 40%~60%, the amount of lead was 0.125 0~0.150 0 g, took the minimum calculated solution lead molybdate ion product, Qc＝[Pb2+][MoO2-4]=2.51×10-5，Ksp＝1.0×10-13，QcKsp，Therefore lead molybdate precipitate can be precipitated completely, after dry filtered, the excess of lead ions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, the content of molybdenum was calculated by subtraction method. In this paper, the amount of acetic acid-ammonium acetate buffer solution, the amount of lead standard, time of lead molybdate precipitation, heating time and maximum amount of coexisting ions such as W6+, Sn4+, Cu2+, etc were investigated. Compared with lead molybdate gravimetric method, repeatedly washing, ashing and burning with lead molybdate were eliminated by proposed method, which was simple, easy to master and was able to cut the analysis time in half. The control experiments were conducted by lead molybdate gravimetric method and proposed method. After the results were implemented by mathematical statistics, it can be concluded that it had good accuracy and precision for the proposed method, which can be applied to rapid analysis of molybdenum in molybdenum concentrate for mineral processing and metallurgy.

The structures of bacterial cells are analyzed in this paper. The scattering components of individual cell were divided into two parts including external structure and internal structure. The interpretation model of bacteria about scattering light is established. The model is used to analyze the scattering light of Escherichia coli in the region of 400~900 nm. The average size of external structure and the internal structure can be obtained, and the ratio of the two parts is also obtained. According to the relationship of the optical density of single cell and the overall measurement, the concentration of bacterial can be obtained quickly. The maximum difference in all the concentrations of the bacteria repeated measurements is 1.83%; compared with the plate culture method, the measurement results were in the same order of magnitude, with relative error of 3.43%. The scattering light of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are analyzed in different growth stages, the curves of the concentration and the size of the two species bacteria over time are obtained. The results can provide a quick way for the study of bacterial growth and technical support for rapid detection of bacteria in the water.

Supercontinuum laser refers to the spectral broadening of an incident laser beam due to a series of nonlinear effects when the incident beam passes through a special light guide. With the development of ultrafast lasers and the photonic crystal fiber technology, the coherent and bright supercontinuum laser, generated with ultrashort pulses propagating in photonic crystal fibers, has become a kind of ideal white light source. Since supercontinuum lasers have been put into practice, their application domain is getting wider, especially for cells and bloods analysis in the biomedical field with fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and optical coherence tomography as powerful analysis tools. Supercontinuum laser source has become one of the mail optical components in these scientific instruments that employ advanced technologies. In this paper, international research progress on supercontinuum laser sources was introduced in detail firstly, and then the development and application of supercontinuum laser spectroscopy technology in biomedical fields, such as microscopic imaging, flow cytometry instrument, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, optical coherence tomography, and confocal microscopy was comprehensively elaborated. The requirements, schemes and research progress of supercontinuum laser spectroscopy technologies in the noncontact identification for blood products were also discussed in the paper, including studies on light fiber supercontinuum laser sources with spectra range from 400 to 2000nm, distinguishing species characteristic of bloods with supercontinuum laser spectroscopy, analyzing and establishing mathematical models based on meta databases of big data bloods spectra, determining the bloods species based on these models, and developing portable instruments for bloods spectra identification. Finally, the prospect of applications of supercontinuum laser spectroscopy in the biomedical field is discussed.

As emerging modalities, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging have been widely applied to investigate the optical properties of different biological tissues. The substrate materials are usually needed for biological spectroscopic measurements. The ultra-broadband and facility in remote sensing of the terahertz air-biased-coherent-detection (ABCD) system mean it is a good potential tool for the spectroscopic study of biological tissues. In this paper, the optical parameters of four typical substrate materials (quartz, high-density polyethylene, teflon and paraffin) are measured using terahertz ABCD spectrometer. The absorption coefficients and refractive indices are presented in the frequency range of 1～15 THz. It is demonstrated that high-density polyethylene and paraffin are good candidates as sample substrate for broadband terahertz biological spectroscopic measurement. However, quartz and teflon which are common substrate materials in narrowband (0.1～3 THz) terahertz system can not be utilized in high terahertz frequency range because they have strong absorption above 5 THz.

In integrating lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies facilitated with a series of microfluidic units, microfluidic channels, with substrates put into metal nanoparticles, especially when gold, silver or copper nanoparticles, were prepared and pumped into μl or nl analytes. This sample preparation methods have important significance in real time, in-situ trace- or processing reaction analysis jointing with surface enhanced spectroscopies (SES).This combined technologies would integrate the mertis of the two technologies of lab-on-a-chip LOC and SES. LOC has the advantages of minuming the amount of analytes and stable test environments for step by step processing operations to achieve screening samples, segmentating, real-time detecting and so on, whiel SES has the characteristics of fast spectral response, high sensitivemess and selectivness,and in-situ detectoring. On the base of Drude medol and appropriate boundary conditions, external electric field induces localizing plasmon oscillation of valence electron of metal nano particles, then which derivates the mechannisms of resonant localized suface plasmon enhancement and electromagnetic enhancement mechanism of the surface enhanced Raman scattering by dipole polarization. In this paper, combined LOC and localized surface plasmon resonance technologies analysed in biological, pharmaceutical and food safety fileds with additional channels prompting detecting efficiencies and the limits of trace detections further being broken out. This paper also summarizes the application of chip laboratory technology in the fields of public safety testing, biomedical medicine detecting, electrochemical or biological sensors with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopieswhich were capable of high sensitivitiness and molecular spectral fingerprint. LOC technologies have gotten great develoment in their respective fileds, especially combinning with 3D fingerprint technologies, which could precisely control the sizes of 3D structures and high-accuracy manufacture 3D structures according to the special purpose. LSPR and SERS have been more maturing in some applications of near filed imaging and Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopies (TERS), which have the ability to break through the optical limit of conventional microscopes and do that the width and depth of the SES technologies have been greatly extended in the micro and nano scales. So The jointed technologies would have a bright prospects in the practical applications for the qualitative and semi quantitative determination of trace analysis.

Avalanche photodiode is widely used in laser rangefinder due to high gain characteristics, but introduces highly additive noise during the time of current’s multiplication that makes laser rangefinder’s SNR meet bottleneck. This paper proposes a method of designing a high SNR’s graphene photodetector based on microcavity. The graphene’s unique optoelectronic properties make it an ideal platform for a variety of photonic applications, such as fast lasers, optical modulators, transparent electrodes, and ultrafast photodetectors. It has been recognized internationally to have dominant advantages in photodetectors due to its high carrier mobility, gapless spectrum, and frequency-independent absorption coefficient. With the wavelength of 1.06 μm, the mechanism of light waves’ transmission in the cavity and the graphehne’s absorption are studied by using optical transmission matrix method and scattering matrix method; the light absorption model of the graphene photodetector based on microcavity is established. Device’s final quantum efficiency reaches 91.2%, respectively reaches 0.778 A·W(-1), its full width at half maximum (FWHM) reaches 6 nm; the influence between graphene’s position in the microcavity and device’s absorption shows that device’s absorption’s peak value changes periodically with graphene’s position under resonant condition, and the variety of length of microcavity does not have any influence on the peak value, but changes the graphene’s position when absorption reaches peak value, on the condition that the length of microcavity is n times of half of wavelength, the number of device’s absorption peak value is 2n with the variety of graphene’s position, and all the peak values are symmetrical with respect to the center of microcavity, the final graphene’s position is 0.402 8 mm away from the top mirror of microcavity, and the absorption reaches 94%, Compared with single layer graphene, the absorption rate increases 16 dB; By solving SNR equation of the graphene photodetector based on microcavity and SNR equation of the avalanche photodiode, eventually finds that the SNR of the graphene photodetector based on microcavity is 90.3, which raises 10 dB compared with the avalanche photodiode’s. Theoretical analysis shows the graphene photodetector based on microcavity has high absorption rate, high quantum efficiency, and high SNR. In this paper, the research achievements provide a theoretical reference to update and design higher SNR photodetector used in laser rangefinder’s receiving system.

The atmospheric aerosols have significant influence on human health, the environment and the climate system. The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) reflects processes of the near-surface atmosphere and concentration of pollutants. Ground-based laser radar can monitor the vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols stably and continuously. It provides dynamic information for timing observations of the ABL and environmental forecasting, if aerosols can be monitored and evaluated using lidar technology. There is a gap in the study of ABL observations during the presence of a residual layer and aerosol intrusion, as well as deficiencies in the accuracy and poor computational efficiency of the gradient method. This paper combines the physical meaning of the latter method with characteristics of a lidar timing chart and local optimum model, which based on space-time proximity. Then a polarization-Mie scattering lidar system is used to observe the vertical distribution of aerosols over time at Taihu observation site, which is in a newly developed area of the city of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China. Observation and analysis is carried out for two cases in terms of pollution at the end of 2012. Then corresponding estimation model was built with gradient method and local optimum model based on range-corrected signals. In the case of steady weather and mixed pollution, results of the gradient method and local optimum model were very similar. However, the gradient method has more error in the case of pollution intrusion with the residual layer. The local optimum model based on the space-time proximity theory considers vertical eigenvalues and horizontal correlations, thereby greatly reducing the effects of low clouds, signal interference, weak signals, bi-layered aerosols, and residual layer condition. Compared with the gradient method, the local optimum model had a smaller O(n) and greater stability in computer automatic identification. ABL identification in the case with the residual layer and aerosol intrusion was solved with use of lidar technology and the local optimum model. The accuracy and computational efficiency problems of the gradient method were resolved using automatic operation.

Atmosphere high frequency plasma is widely used due to its advantages of free of electrode pollution, high energy density high temperature and controllable redox conditions. As the key parameter in practical use, electron temperature of plasma is commonly diagnosed with atomic emission spectroscopy and calculated with Boltzmann plots. But electron temperatures calculated based on different lines by different researchers are usually not comparable due to transition probability data, application environment, instrumental error and data processing. This paper discussed influences of element and spectral range on calculated electron temperature for the first time in order to obtain reliable electron temperature of atmosphere high frequency air plasma. 7-channel high resolution fiber spectrometer with measurement range of 200~1 077 nm was used to test atomic emission spectroscopy. The experiment indicates that: The R square of fitted slope is 0.95 and standard deviation is the lowest using N Ⅰ lines in 738~940 nm and the calculated electron temperature is the most reliable; electron temperature calculated with Si and O lines are unreliable because they are easily binding to heavy SiO2 particles; reliable electron temperature also cannot be obtained by mixed Ar lines.

Owing to its merits of high corrosion resistance, high temperature stability as well as good mechanical strength etc., silicon nitride membrane (SiN) has been widely used as the experimental carrier of transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) and other characterization. In particular, SiN can be used as a low disturbing background for SEM observation. However, the poor luminescent property of SiN thin film has restricted its wide application in fluorescent devices. In order to enhance the fluorescence efficiency of silicon nitride membrane, a series of ZnO films were prepared on a SiNx film substrate with radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RF magnetron sputtering) technology during the experiment. Samples were then non-situ and in-situ annealed in nitrogen atmosphere, respectively. Then, atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman) were applied to study the microstructure and photoluminescence (PL) properties of the prepared films. This paper also systemically studies the luminescence of the prepared thin films. The results show that, luminescent intensity increases after sputtering, while annealing further promoted the grain growth, a substantial increase in crystallization behavior and a decrease in grain boundary. The microstructure and luminescence properties of ZnO/SiN thin films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering were significantly influenced by annealing method. Compared with the SiNx film, near the band edge of the intrinsic emission intensity (about 380 nm) of untempered ZnO/SiNx films and N(2) atmosphere ex-situ annealed ZnO/SiNx films were increased by more than 7.7 times and 34.0 times. Compared with non-situ annealed films, in-situ annealed films contained more oxygen vacancy defects, thus showing a stronger visible light PL intensity. In-situ annealed films exhibited a higher photoluminescence capacity during the wavelength from 425 to 600 nm of visible light. These results can help to optimize the preparation parameters of silicon nitride based ZnO fluorescent films.

The energy received through remote sensing sensors contains the amount of reflected solar energy and emitted energy of objects in middle-wave infrared (MWIR, 3~5 μm). Usually, the reflected solar energy is weak in MWIR spectrum. In some certain situations like sun glint area in sea surface, however, the energy is relatively significant and less sensitive to atmospheric effects. Meanwhile, for the satellite sensor which equipped with onboard calibration system, its onboard radiation performance of MWIR(using blackbody calibration)is quite stable. Therefore, the MWIR reflectance in sea surface glint area can be considered as a reference for cross-calibration between the solar reflected bands. Based on this idea, this paper constructed an improved non-linear split window model that is suitable for VIIRS (visible infrared imaging radiometer) MWIR band and used this model to calculate the MWIR reflectance of sun glint area in southern Indian Ocean. This model made statistics, getting the relationship between the reflectance of VIIRS M12 and M13 bands at first, and then used the non-linear split window algorithm to calculate the actual sea surface reflectance. The uncertainty of the simulation model was 0.83%. On this basis, this paper calculated sea surface reflectance of selected sample regions based on the data of VIIRS M12 band (center wavelength: 3.697 μm) in sun glint areas. And then verified the reflectance accuracy by two methods, getting the two accuracies were about 0.239% and 0.23%, respectively. It proves that the calculation model in this paper can greatly improve the accuracy compared to the situation when the sea surface reflectance is between M12 and M13 which are assumed to be equal (accuracy of 2.48% and 1.03%, respectively). It also indicated that the model is feasible and effective to calculate the reflectance in sea surface glint area with VIIRS M12 MWIR band, and the accuracy can meet the requirements of MWIR sea surface reflectance as a calibration reference among bands.

Decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material was made with microwave oven method from waste walnut shell and decanoic acid as the carrier and the phase change material respectively in this paper. Synthetic materials in different preparation stages (ie. precursor activated carbon preparation stage, porous activated carbon preparation stage and decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material preparation stage) were measured with Fourier transform infrared spectrum. Complex network structure forming mechanism of porous activated carbon, decanoic acid embed mode, chimeric mechanism of decanoic acid and porous activated carbon were researched, respectively, in order to explain how to prepare decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material with microwave oven method. Meanwhile, moisture property, thermal property and absorption property of this function material were tested by dynamic was used to vapor sorption, differential scanning calorimeter and environmental test chamber. The results show that the decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material has developed pore structure and complex network composition, which adsorb the decanoic acid and formaldehyde molecules. Besides, the pore surface has some hydrophilic functional groups, which can adsorb the water molecules. The decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material has good moisture property, thermal property and absorption property. Experiments suggest that the equilibrium moisture content can reach 0.063 1~0.257 g·g(-1) in the relative humidity ranges from 40% to 60%. While the phase transition temperature reaches 27.42~33.96 ℃, the phase change enthalpy is 52.14~52.67 J·g(-1). Besides, the adsorption efficiency of formaldehyde gas can reach 50.57% after 4 h.

The combination of near infrared spectrum and pattern recognition methods has a wide application prospect in rapid and nondestructive supervision and management of drugs. The traditional identification methods regard the smallest error rate as the goal while the imbalance of classes is ignored. This makes the positive class is overwhelming covered by the negative class and reduces its effect for the classifier, so that the classification results tend to recognize the negative class correctly, which severely affects the identification accuracy. In this paper, we mainly studied the class imbalance problems of true or false drugs via infrared spectral data of its, and then propose a balance cascading and sparse representation based classification method (BC-SRC) by combining the Balance Cascading with SRC. We sampling majority samples from the majority class for several times, which has the same size as minority samples and the majority samples we sampled can contain all the majority class samples entirely (sampling times is ceiling the result of majority samples number divide minority samples number). We can get sets of results, and then obtain the final predict labels form those results. Experiments of three databases achieved on Matlab2012a shows that the method is effective. From the experimental results, it can be seen that the method is superior to the commonly used Partial Least Squares (PLS), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and BP. Particularly, for the imbalanced databases, when the imbalance factor is greater than 10, the proposed method has more stable performance with higher classification accuracy than the existing ones mentioned above.

Traffic accidents, high-altitude drops, mechanical shock and other accidents may lead to human spinal cord injury, interrupting the transmission channel of human nerve signals, resulting in loss of some limb function. Since there is no method of spinal cord injury site of nerve cell activity, while the conventional testing instruments such as X ray, CT and other traditional instruments cannot provide any nerve cell activity, doctors couldn’t have a clearer understanding of the patient’s condition, which may delay the best timing of treatment, thus causing lifelong paralysis. Spectroscopy method can be used in the detection of cell organization change while near infrared spectrum technology is a kind of fast measurement and simple operation of nondestructive measuring. Therefore, aiming at the shortcomings of the existing medical testing equipment, on the basis of animal experiment, this paper uses near infrared spectrum technology, based on the absorption characteristics of the material in near infrared wave band, and combined with near infrared spectrum analysis technique of qualitative determination and quantitative analysis of the characteristics. Using clustering algorithm for spinal cord injury site of neuron-specific nuclear protein and neurotransmitters classify and simulation, partial least squares (PLS) algorithm is used to calculate the content to achieve a spinal cord accurate detection of the site of injury nerve cell activity. This method provides theoretical basis for the detection of spinal cord injury, bringing hopes to patients with limb function reconstruction and rehabilitation, for clinical provides a method to detect the activity of nerve cells in the noninvasive.

In this paper, confocal Raman spectroscopy was applied to detect the contents of lead chrome green as a heavy-metal stain illegally added in tea. Firstly, Raman spectra of five different concentrations of lead chrome green in tea infusion were acquired based on specific concentration method. The qualitative analysis of sample added with lead chrome green was achieved with comparing the Raman spectra of sample and standard substance. Four main Raman characteristic wavenumbers, 1 341, 1 451, 1 527 and 1 593 cm(-1), were extracted for the qualitative identification of lead chrome green in tea. After spectral preprocessing of the raw Raman spectra, backward interval PLS (biPLS), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were combined to deeply mine the characteristic wavenumbers of lead chrome green in Raman spectra, and finally 14 characteristic wavenumbers were optimized. Partial least squares (PLS) and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) were separately used to build the model based on the extracted 14 wavenumbers. As a result, these two models both had good robustness and high ability to predict and all the determination coefficient (R(2)) of calibration, validation and prediction were higher than 0.9, which proved the effectiveness of the extracted characteristic wavenumbers. Compared with the PLS model, the nonlinear model built by LS-SVM got a better result, R(2) of prediction was 0.964 and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.535. This study indicated that it is feasible to detect the contents of lead chrome green illegally added in tea based on confocal Raman spectroscopy combined with specific sample treatment and chemometrics methods. This study helped the valid supervision of food safety problem on lead chrome green illegally added in tea.

RDX is a most widely used military explosive. As the development of new warheads, there are more and more applications of RDX with abnormal grain shapes. To ensure the operational effectiveness of the new warheads, it is necessary to find an on-line nondestructive methods that can measure the RDX grain’s internal pressure. In this paper, we use Raman spectrum and first-principles methods to determine the characteristic spectral line of the RDX samples and have studied the shift of the Raman spectral lines under various pressures. In particular, we measured the RDX samples under the pressures of 10, 20 and 30 MPa, respectively, and checked the fitting errors by measuring the RDX samples under the pressures of 15, 25 and 35 MPa, respectively. It is found that the shift of the characteristic Raman spectral line has a good linear dependence on the external pressures. Therefore, we can at first calibrate the linear relation between the shift of the Raman spectral line of regular RDX and the pressures in laboratory and then measure the Raman spectral line shift of the RDX with abnormal shapes. Based on the calibrated linear relation and the measurement of Raman spectra, one can determine the internal pressure in RDX. In this way, we can realize the nondestructive detection of the internal pressure of RDX. The experiment results show that this method has the advantage of good sensitivity and reproducibility. The Raman spectrum method has been successfully tested in the warhead production line.

With Two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence(TALIF) technology, leads pulse laser in pure high-enthply flow field from the direction of perpendicular to flow field, and obtains the two-dimension atom O fluorescent signal with ICCD setting outside of test section on the vertical direction of flat made with flow field and laser, this signal reflects the relative concentration of atom O. In paper, given the experimental environment and experimental equipment, to ensure that excitation laser wavelength in experiment is the best one, different angular quantum number on ground state of atom O are tested; finally, it is determined that J=2, wavelength 225.584 nm shall be experimental excitation laser wavelength. To make sure that the obtaining atom O fluorescent signal is in unsaturated linear region, in same condition, changing the excitation laser energy from small to large to test fluorescent signal, ultimately acquiring laser energy linear region is below 3.4 mJ. To record ICCD fluorescent image clearly with optimum contrast, Nikon f=105 mm F/2.8 lens is chosen as experimental lens, and the results are got with an accumulation of 50 times exposure. By analyzing the experimental fluorescent signal, we can get two peak positions on left and right of central line about ±50 mm wide which are generated with compressional wave in supersonic flow field, and atom O concentration has 60 mm wide uniform area in central zone of subsonic flow field, the concentration decreases dramatically. This phenomenon is consistent with flow characteristics of wind tunnel, so the method can be applied to flow parameters measurement in the future.

In this paper, two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy analysis was applied to investigate the influence of the main component in blood and the systematic drift during the measurement on the specificity of glucose in the near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. First, the NIR transmittance of glucose aqueous solutions was measured and the 2D correlation NIR spectra were calculated under the perturbation of glucose concentration. Based on the comparative analysis for synchronous and asynchronous 2D correlation spectra, the characteristic absorption peaks of glucose in the combination band and the overtone band were determined. Then a small amount of albumin was added into glucose aqueous solutions, and the transmittance was recorded to perform 2D correlation spectroscopy analysis under the perturbation of glucose concentration. However, the absorption of glucose in the first overtone band (1590nm) and second overtone band (1195nm) was no longer homologous in the 2D correlation spectra, which means that the albumin may reduce the specificity of glucose. Further, the oral glucose tolerance test of healthy volunteer was conducted and the NIR diffuse reflectance of left palm was collected in vivo. The 2D correlation analysis results showed that, the homology of glucose in the diffuse reflectance was also destroyed. Moreover, as the spectral variation from the glucose concentration change is too low to be covered by that induced by systematic drift easily, some background correction methods were usually required. For the transmittance experiment of glucose aqueous solutions and the diffuse reflectance experiment of human body, the pure water sample and 5% diffuse reflectance standard were used as the reference, respectively. Then 2D correlation spectroscopy was developed under the perturbation of measurement time. Results showed that, smaller band shift was observed in the slice spectra of 2D correlation synchronous spectra after the corresponding background correction, and the specificity of glucose was improved both in the in vitro and in vivo experiments. So for the non-invasive glucose sensing by NIR spectroscopy, the wavelengths should be chosen carefully to avoid the absorption band of some interfering components which may destroy the homology of glucose and make spectral interpretation more complicated. And the selection of reference samples for relative measurement is also important to improve the specificity of glucose.

With the transition of Chinese traditional medicine manufacture industry, modernization has become the inexorable tendency in its future development. However, during the current Chinese traditional medicine producing process, the lack of online monitoring leads to the lagging of quality detection, as well as quality differences between products. In this paper, aiming at realizing online monitoring and end point automatic determination for Chinese traditional medicine (CTM) extraction unit, which is one of the most important units in CTM producing, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is applied to build UV absorbance dynamic model based on the Lambert-Beer law and the CTM extraction kinetic model which presents a new method of UV absorbance dynamic analysis and endpoint determination, including curve regression, robustness analysis and endpoint calculation. In the experiment for online monitoring homalomena occulta extraction, the online UV spectral collection system for CTM extraction, developed by our laboratory, was applied for spectral collection; meanwhile, solid component contents in the offline samples were measured as reference. During the analysis, first of all, we pretreated the spectrum collected in the current period with interpolation and smoothing, and calculated the mean value within a UV region of 230.2～400 nm to form an absorbance mean value sequence with data obtained in the early measurements; then we verified the linear correlation between the sequence of absorbance and the concentrations of effective component in the solution, the linear correlation coefficient equals 0.982 8, showing a high linearity between UV spectra and solid component contents; finally, we regressed the absorbance mean value sequence with the dynamic model, analyzing its robustness and the extraction endpoint. Experimental results demonstrate that, the robustness analysis could recognize the bad points of measurement during the regression process, and improve the consistency between the regression and the original curves, raising its squared correlation coefficient to more than 0.99; meanwhile, with endpoint determination, we shortened the homalomena occulta extraction process from the original manually set 180 to 122 min effectively. The experiment above proves that this method with UV spectroscopy realizes online monitoring and automatic endpoint determination for the CTM extraction process, and is of significant importance for stabilizing production as well as improving economic benefit.

In case of GMAW-P application, the product quality is strongly dependent on the arc plasma performances. Therefore, in order to improve the application, it is important to understand and characterize the fundamental plasma properties. In this paper, different techniques (high speed camera ，optical emission spectroscopy system, electrical data acquisition system, synchronous triggering device) were used to characterize the arc characteristic. The metal diffusion process from the peak time to the base time is discussed, as well as its physical characteristics. The results show that, in the peak time phase, a high concentration of metal vapor arc is concentrated in the plasma center of the range of about 1 mm, during the transition from the peak to the base pulse periods, the diffusion leads to an iron vapor flux from regions in the arc core to the arc fringes. The iron mol fraction of the peak time was up to 75%, only taking up 35% of the base time.

For the small frequency shift and large error of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) velocity method based on Doppler Effect in measuring the gas velocity, velocity measurement method combined fixed wavelength absorption spectroscopy and cross correlation is proposed in this paper. Considering the characteristics of the hydrocarbon fuel combustion products, 7 158.597 cm(- 1) absorption line of H(2)O molecular was selected. Through arranging two beams of fixed wavelength absorption measurement point of upstream and downstream, the gas velocity can be calculated by analyzing the cross-correlation properties of the two signals. The flat flame burner experiment system was used in the experimental research of the velocity measurement. The change of gas velocity with time under variable working condition was obtained. Under the same condition, numerical calculation is carried out. And the measurement results are compared with the results of the numerical simulation with relative deviation less than 8%. Then the method is preliminarily applied to measure the high speed plume of the kerosene-fueled Rocket Based Combined Cycle (RBCC) engine, and the upstream and downstream fluctuant signals of detectors were obtained. The velocity of the plume was calculated with cross correlation analysis which verifies the feasibility of this method. The experimental results show that the gas velocity measurement method has a wide measuring range with high measuring accuracy and little environment interference. The method proposed in this paper provides a simple and reliable method for the measurement of engine gas velocity.

The traditional screening method of cervical cancer mainly involves TBS classification method and quantitative analysis method based on DNA, TBS screening method which has high diagnostic rate, but it needs experienced doctors to participate in the process with low sensitivity. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve early cervical cancer screening; cell’s DNA quantitative analysis, only stained the nucleus, achieving a quantitative and automated analysis. Even with high sensitivity, the specificity is poor. So it is extremely necessary to realize the combination of screening for TBS and cell’s DNA quantitative analysis, but the current TBS and DNA quantitative analysis combined screening method for the use of two different cell smear, time-consuming, laborious and very inconvenient, there is no screening method for cervical cancer on a combination of TBS and DNA quantitative analysis at home and abroad. This paper presents a method using TBS classification and DNA quantitative analysis on the same cell smear which was stained with Pap and Feulgen in order to solve the problem of the interference of the absorbance of DNA substance caused by multiple staining. a set of multi spectral imaging system and DNA absorbance peeling model are established based on linear multiple regression. With model solution, the real absorbance of the substance DNA was calculated, and the quantitative analysis of DNA was carried out. A pseudo color image is synthesized from 3 - band cell images with the close wavelength of RGB for TBS classification, so the organic combination of TBS and cell’s DNA quantitative analysis is realized. Experiments show that the DNA quantitative analysis model of this method is stable, with small error and high diagnostic rate due to the fact that the pseudo color images used for TBS screening were bright, clear, and clear cytoplasm. Therefore, this method is very useful in the diagnosis and screening of cervical cancer.

In this paper, based on the measurements of soil elements content and infrared spectra of 26 soil samples collected in more than 10 places, the relationship between soil emissivity in mid-infrared bands and the content of 11 soil elements including organic matters such as NO(3)-N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and pH are analyzed. The bands where the soil elements content are significantly correlated with emissivity are given. And soil elements content estimation method is established based on the soil emissivity spectra with the partial least squares regression model and multiple stepwise regression model. The results show that: (1) In 8~10 μm, the correlation coefficient (R(2)) between Ca and soil emissivity is the highest, followed by Mg, Mn and Fe, with the highest correlation coefficient of 0.85 and the lowest, 0.52. In the range of 6~8 μm, the correlations between the contents of K, Fe, NO(3)-N, Zn and emissivity decrease gradually, with the highest correlation coefficient of 0.75 and the lowest 0.48. In 10~14 μm, the correlation between soil elements contents and emissivity is the highest for Mn, followed successively by P and K. (2) The scatter plot of soil emissivity and pH value has a parabola relation basically. The emissivity is the highest when pH value is 7, while the emissivity decreases gradually with the gradual decrease of pH value. (3) The accuracy of the estimated soil elements content from the partial least squares regression method is higher than that from the multiple stepwise regression method. It is noted that R(2) between the measurements and the estimates for the elements of Cu, Fe and Ca from the partial least squares regression method are very high (larger than 0.9). Additionally, using the simulated emissivity spectrum in the ASTER thermal infrared bands, modeling R(2) and validation R(2) between the measurements and the estimates for the elements of Ca from the multiple stepwise regression method are high (0.774 and 0.892, respectively). Using the simulated emissivity spectrum in the MODIS infrared bands, modeling R(2) and validation R(2) for Ca and Fe are higher than 0.85, and modeling R(2) and validation R(2) for Mg, K are higher than 0.5. As a whole, the emissivity spectrum in ASTER band 10 and band 11 and MODIS bands 28, 29, 30 are more sensitive to soil elements content, and thus they are more suitable for the estimation of soil elements content.

In order to research the effect of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis on the results in the sample’s micro particles, MCNPX models had been established for an X-ray fluorescence analyzer in this paper. It had studied the characteristics of the samples with different particle sizes, the fluorescence peak counts, the peak to total ratios and the peak to source ratios. A micro particle analysis experiment had been designed for its verification. The results showed that: as for the relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the particle sizes, the MCNPX calculations were consistent with the theoretical, but contrary with the experimental results; the reason is that some hypotheses about samples in the MCNPX models were contrary with the actual states; the samples were crushed by grinding to small particles and tableting process, the MCNPX calculations and experimental results can be conversion; when the particle sizes of the samples reached the certain sizes, the fluorescence peak counts, the peak to total ratios and the peak to source ratios were stable value; within a particular size range, the influence of the particle size effects cannot be ignored, otherwise this influence can be ignored. The research methods and conclusions in this paper can provide a technical reference guide for X-ray analysis in practices.

Because of its small volume, simple structure, low energy consumption, low working temperature, strong ability of sample dissociation/excitation and other significant characteristics, the dielectric barrier discharge is especially suitable for the miniaturization and portable analytical instruments. By now, atomizer or excitation source based on dielectric barrier discharge has applied in atomic absorption spectrometer, atomic fluorescence spectrometer and atomic emission spectrometer successfully, which promoted the development of miniaturization atomic spectrum instrument. This paper reviews DBD’s recent progress in atomic spectrum field, emphatically introduces the applications of the DBD-AFS system in different sampling modes and analyses, along with their respective merits and demerits. This paper also introduces the new applications of DBD in vapor generation and direct solid sampling. Due to the DBD’s reaction mechanism is still unclear; the study of its subsequent development may be restricted.

Based on the difference of the depolarization of the emitted light before and after the interaction of molecules, fluorescence anisotropy, also known as fluorescence polarization, can be beneficial for the study of interactions and the detection of the targets. In 1950s, Gregorio Weber first studied the interactions between dansyl chloride and bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin with fluorescence anisotropy method, which paved the way for fluorescence anisotropy in biochemical applications. Since the early 1990s, functional nucleic acids (FNAs, including aptamers, and nucleic acid enzymes) were discovered and synthesized, which have been widely used in functional nucleic acid-based sensing. Aptamers are oligonucleotides that can recognize and bind specifically to various molecular targets. The fluorescence anisotropy methods which are based on aptamer recognition have the advantages of high selectivity, sensitivity and through-put. They play an important role in the study of interaction with protein, nucleic acids and small molecules. However, the way of enhancing the fluorescence anisotropy change of small molecules associated with the binding events is challenging. This paper reviews the basic principles and designs of fluorescence anisotropy methods bases on functional nucleic acid recognition for study and detection of proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules that play an important role in the life activity.

Cultural relics are non-renewable precious heritages, while artworks are limited cultural fortune. Therefore, it cannot afford any damage when cultural relics and artworks are analyzed. Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) has features of non-destructive testing, direct measurement and remote analysis and has its unique advantages in the research of cultural relics and artworks. This paper introduced the application of FORS in the identification pigments and dyes, the analysis of binders and the research of conservation results and preservation environments. Detection limits, reproducibility and signal characterization method were discussed. The future development of FORS in the research of cultural relics and artworks was summarized.

In this paper, a series of CaMoO4 phosphor co-doped rare earth ions were prepared with chemistry co-precipitation method. The concentration of Pr(3+)/Tb(3+) and temperature had obvious influence on the luminescent properties. The crystal structures and spectrum characteristics of the samples were identified with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and fluorescence spectrophotometer (PL). According to XRD analysis, the main diffraction peaks of samples are consistent with the standard card (JCPDS 29-0351) of the diffraction peak data. This showed doped rare earth ions did not change matrix lattice structure. The emission spectrum excited by 275 nm exhibit sharp lines peaking at 488, 560, 621 and 560 nm assigned to the (3)P(0)—(3)H(4), (3)P(0)—(3)H(5)，(1)D(2)—(3)H(4) and (3)P(0)—(3)F(2) transitions of the Pr(3+) ions. The intensity of fluorescence reached the strongest when the concentration of the doping amount was 3%. The optimum calcination temperatures of CaMoO(4)∶0.03Pr(3+) and CaMoO(4)∶0.05Tb(3+) were 800 and 600 ℃. Furthermore, the intensity of excitation spectra and emission spectra are dependent on the concentration of the doping amount. The emission spectra intensities of CaMoO(4)∶Pr(3+) phosphors decrease and CaMoO(4)∶Tb(3+) phosphors firstly increase and then decrease because of concentration quenching effect with increasing Pr(3+) and Tb(3+) concentration. In addition, the luminescence properties of Pr(3+) ion in CaMoO(4)∶0.03Pr(3+), yTb(3+) system could be evidently improved with co-doping of Tb(3+) ions which was due to the efficient energy transfer process from Tb(3+) to Pr(3+) ions.

High voltage light emitting diodes (HV-LEDs) have potential advantages on general lighting application for their special features. But as novel power LEDs, their optical, electrical and thermal characteristics still need to be further studied. In this paper, 6 and 9 V GaN-based HV-LEDs were packaged in the same package structure and process conditions. The optical characteristics of two samples were investigated under different temperatures range from 10 to 70 ℃ which were calibrated to junction temperatures using thermal impedance measurement. To ensure the same current density, working current was set to 150 mA for 6 V sample and 100 mA for 9 V sample respectively. Results show that the increasing junction temperature has a great effect on EL spectra of two samples, such as peak wavelength red-shifting, full width at half maximum (FWHM) broadening, luminous efficiency reducing and color rendering index (CRI) increasing. The junction temperature of 9V sample is lower than that of 6 V sample in the same platform temperature and injection power. With temperature increasing, the extended quantitative value of FWHM for 9 V sample is 1.3 nm less than that of 6 V sample, the reduced quantitative value of luminous efficiency is 1.13 lm·W(-1) less than that of 6 V sample, while the increased quantitative value of CRI is 0.28 less than that of 6 V sample. Those data suggest that EL spectra of HV-LEDs is less affected by junction temperature than traditional LEDs. It is because HV-LEDs perform better in current spreading and generate less heat. This conclusion has reference value for study, development and applications of GaN-based HV-LEDs. In addition, peak wavelength still has a good linear relationship with junction temperature and it can be a temperature-sensitive parameter when the spectra measurement accuracy is enough.

Caulis spatholobi and caulis sargentodoxae are two different kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, which are similar to each other in appearance, but they are from differ sources with different functions.. This paper presents their spectrum using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy technology combines spectral matching algorithm to identify five different kinds of these samples. Due to the complex chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicine, different components of the characteristic absorption peak occurred easily mutually overlapping, therefore, it’s very difficult to find obvious characteristic absorption peak in terahertz range, caulis spatholobi and caulis like this. Every sample was measured 10 times in some position. These standard spectral data have been calculated in different frequency, data show good stability in range of 0.2~1.3 THz. The second order differential method is used to process the THz spectrum data from 0.2~1.3 THz. These tiny differences of absorption coefficient have been hemerged between caulis sargentodoxae and caulis spatholobi and compare with these data using the method of correlation coefficient block coding method, spectral angle method and information divergence method, respectively. The analysis results, the spectral angle method is the best algorithm, the discriminate accuracy of a total of 100 sets of data is 95%. It is a new way to distinguish difference of traditional Chinese medicine.

CO(2) retrievals with high quality facilitate resolving the sources and sinks of CO(2) are helpful in predicting the trend in climate change and understanding the global carbon cycle. Based on a nonlinear least squares spectral fitting algorithm, we investigate the optimization method for CO2 products derived from ground-based high resolution Fourier transform infrared spectra. The CO(2) vertical column densities (VCDs) are converted into column-averaged dry air mole fraction XCO(2) by using the fitted O(2) VCDs, and thus the system errors (e. g. pointing errors, ILS errors, zero-level offset) are corrected greatly. The virtual daily variation which is related to air mass factor is corrected with an empirical model. The spectra screening rule proposed in this paper can greatly improve the XCO2 quality. The CO(2) retrievals before and after the optimized method are compared using a typical CO(2) daily time series. After using the optimized method, the fitting error is reduced by 60%, and the two-hours-averaged precision is ~0.071% (equals to ~0.28 ppm), which is perfectly in line with the TCCON (the total carbon column observing network) threshold, i. e., less than 0.1%.