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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this experiment was to compare the metabolizable energy value and apparent metabolic rate of nutrients between corn and wheat in AA broilers and yellow-feathered broiler, so as to provide theoretical basis for the application of corn and wheat diets in poultry production. Two metabolic tests were conducted on AA broilers and yellow-feathered broiler with the same age and similar body weight: (same age test) at the age of 18 days, 96 birds were selected from each of the AA broilers and yellow-feathered broilers, for a total of 192 birds. AA broilers and yellow-feathered broiler were randomly divided into two experimental treatment groups, each treatment group had 8 replicates, and each replicate had 6 chickens; (same weight test) 96 AA broilers and 96 yellow-feathered broiler were selected respectively when the body weight of the experimental chickens reached 600 g. the experimental design group was consistent with that of the same age test. The results showed that the AME, AMEn, apparent metabolic rate of crude protein and crude fat of corn in AA broilers were significantly higher than those of yellow-feathered broiler with the same body weight (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference compared with yellow-feathered broiler of the same age; AME, AMEn, the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat of wheat in AA broilers were higher than those of the same age and in the same body weight, AME was significantly different (P<0.05), but the apparent digestibility of corn and wheat in AA Broilers and yellow-feathered broiler had no significant difference (P>0.05). In conclusion, the energy value and nutrient metabolism rate of corn in AA broilers were higher than that of yellow-feathered broiler with the same body weight, while the energy and nutrient apparent metabolic rate of wheat in AA broilers were higher than that of yellow-feathered broiler of the same age and weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henan is the main wheat and maize production province in China. Clarifying the spatial distribution pattern of straw resources from staple crops at the municipal level and evaluating the potential of replacing chemical fertilizer under straw return could offer important references for the optimization of comprehensive straw utilization policies and farmland nutrient management measures. Based on the sown area and yield of wheat and maize of 18 cities in the Henan Province from 2018 to 2020, the quantity of major crops straw resources, collectable straw per unit sown area, and chemical fertilizer reduction potential under straw return were estimated using straw/grain ratio and nutrients content of straw collected from relevant literature. The annual outputs of wheat and maize straw were 41.685 millions and 19.443 million tons in the Henan Province during 2018—2020, respectively. At the municipal level, the wheat and maize straw resources were mainly distributed in Zhoukou (6.113 million and 2.840 million tons), Zhumadian (5.792 million and 2.169 million tons), Shangqiu (4.937 million and 2.353 million tons), and Nanyang (4.706 million and 1.966 million tons). The wheat and maize straw yields of these cities accounted for 51.7% and 48.0%, respectively. However, the total proportions of wheat and maize straw outputs from Zhengzhou, Hebi, Sanmenxia, and Jiyuan were only 5.0% and 7.1%, respectively. The amounts of nutrients from wheat straw were 0.198 million tons of N, 0.073 million tons of P2O5, and 0.725 million tons of K2O in the Henan Province. The outputs of nutrients from maize straw were 0.144 million tons of N, 0.057 million tons of P2O5, and 0.316 million tons of K2O. The substituting potentials of N, P2O5, and K2O through wheat straw return in the Henan Province was 17.8, 8.3 kg·hm-2, and 118.3 kg·hm-2, respectively. Moreover, maize straw incorporation could substitute synthetic fertilizers of N 23.7, P2O5 11.0 kg·hm-2, and K2O 77.7 kg·hm-2 theoretically. The results indicate that wheat and maize straw resources are abundant in the Henan Province; however, the spatial distribution of straws is unbalanced at the city scale. The main straw-producing cities should be emphasized to promote the full quantitative utilization of straws with high quality and efficiency. Moreover, returning wheat and maize straw to the field could provide a feasible pathway for rational replacement and reduction of chemical fertilizer usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinmai26(XM) with weak resistance to late spring coldness. 4°C(T1) and -4°C(T2) low temperature stress treatment were carried out in intelligent ultra-low temperature incubator during the anther differentiation period of young wheat spike differentiation, and 15°C was used as control group(CK). High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine the bacterial community in wheat rhizosphere soil, and to analyze the effects of late spring coldness during the anther differentiation period on the diversity and community structures of wheat rhizosphere bacteria. The results showed that: (1) late spring coldness decreased the ACE index of bacteria in rhizosphere soil of the two wheat varieties, and the ACE index of the variety XM with weak resistance to late spring coldness was significantly affected (P<0.05). (2) The bacterial community in rhizosphere soil of the two wheat varieties were mainly composed of 33 phyla and 819 genera, including Proteobacteria(53.20%-57.55%), Actinobacteria (13.34%-21.69%), Bacteroidetes(10.56%-12.37%), Gemmatimonadetes(6.17%-9.19%). The relative abundance of various bacterial phyla showed differences among different degrees of late spring coldness treatment. Late spring coldness increased the relative abundance of Actinobacte by 9.79%-19.11% in YN, and decreased by 26.43% -38.47% in XM. (3) Function prediction analysis indicated that that late spring coldness during the anther differentiation period increased the gene abundance of membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, replication and repair in YN rhizosphere soil, and decreased their gene abundances in XM rhizosphere soil. In conclusion, late spring coldness during the anther differentiation period reduced the richness of the bacterial community in the wheat rhizosphere soil, changed the bacterial community structure, and affected the membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and replication and repair functions of the bacterial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-yield and superior-quality wheat varieties can greatly contribute to the escalating demand for food security. Artificial intelligence (AI) can be integrated into efficient breeding programs. AI-driven information exchange platforms can also facilitate the collection, analysis, and dissemination of breeding data in the genetic improvement of breeding. However, such platforms have hinged on the accurate identification and classification of core data. There are often some challenges, due to the complex and diverse nature of breeding information. In this study, a Naive Bayes-AdaBoost strategy was introduced to construct the wheat breeding interaction system. Naive Bayes, a probabilistic machine learning served as the foundation. The AdaBoost was then integrated to enhance the classification performance of the datasets. AdaBoost functions as a meta-learning iteratively boosted the performance of weak classifiers (in this case, Naive Bayes), where the misclassified data points were focused. As such, the strong classifier significantly improved the accuracy. Additionally, the vocabulary optimization was incorporated. The core vocabulary was then filtered and refined for the data classification. The noise and irrelevant information were reduced to further enhance the recognition accuracy. The efficacy of the Naive Bayes-AdaBoost strategy was evaluated to compare with traditional machine learning, including standalone Naive Bayes, decision tree, and support vector machine. The results demonstrated that the superior performance of the strategy was achieved in a remarkable 99.2% accuracy, in order to classify and recognize the wheat breeding information. There was a substantial 12.2 percentage point improvement over the conventional Naive Bayes. The highly accurate data classification and recognition were realized to construct efficient and reliable wheat breeding information platforms. The valuable tools were potential benefit to the data-driven decision-making in the development of superior wheat varieties for global food security. Meanwhile, a real-world case study was conducted to verify the practical applications of this strategy in a wheat breeding project. New wheat varieties were developed with enhanced disease resistance and yield potential. A dataset was also collected with the genotypic, phenotypic, environmental, and historical breeding records. The naive Bayes-AdaBoost strategy was efficiently classified to reveal the key genes and genomic regions with the targeted traits. The optimal parent selection and breeding strategies promoted the superior wheat varieties. Furthermore, user-friendly software was developed to integrate the strategy into an intuitive interface. The breeding data was easily uploaded, managed, and analyzed without specialized knowledge in machine learning. Data visualization and analysis features were facilitated to identify the potential breeding targets for the better optimization of breeding strategies. The strategy performed better than the immediate application in wheat breeding, indicating the potential applicability to the classification of complex data. For example, the accurate identification and classification of plant diseases were selected for effective disease management. The naive Bayes-AdaBoost strategy was employed to analyze the images of diseased plants in the automated diagnosis of diseases using visual symptoms. Similarly, the improved strategy can be utilized to classify the soil types in satellite imagery for crop health monitoring and resource allocation using real-time data analysis in precision agriculture. In conclusion, the Naive Bayes-AdaBoost strategy can provide a robust solution to the efficient classification and recognition of wheat breeding information. The high accuracy, adaptability, and user-friendliness can be expected to serve as the data-driven breeding programs. Moreover, the versatility can also be extended to diverse domains with complex data classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wheat ground to different degrees was fermented in high-temperature Daqu (HT-Daqu) to evaluate the effects of grinding on fermentation and the maturity ratio. After fermentation, the microbial community structures and functional characteristics of three categories (black, yellow, and white) of HT-Daqu were analyzed via metagenomic sequencing. The temperature of the low-grinding-degree group reached 60 °C in the shortest time, with time gaps observed in three temperature rises with no prolonged overheating. Yellow Daqu accounted for 82.37% of the mature Daqu in this group, which was the highest ratio among the three groups with different grinding degrees. The total relative abundance of major bacteria in black and yellow Daqu of the high-grinding-degree group was more than 28.95%, which was higher than that in the other two groups. Aspergillus, Rasamsonia, Paecilomyces, and Talaromyces dominated the microbial community in the medium- and low-grinding-degree groups, accounting for more than 73.95% of the total, significantly higher than the high-grinding-degree group. The genes of glycoside hydrolases in black and yellow Daqu were mainly contributed by Eurotiales including Rasamsonia, Aspergillus, and Paecilomyces (46.78%~62.33%), while those in white Daqu were found to be mainly derived from Saccharopolyspora. These results demonstrate the importance of the grinding degree of wheat on the quality of Daqu and identifies the microbial sources of genes encoding different carbohydrate-active enzymes. The findings have a practical significance for understanding the fermentation of HT-Daqu comprehensively and guiding the production of HT-Daqu scientifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Jilin University (Science Edition) / Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Lixue Ban) is the property of Zhongguo Xue shu qi Kan (Guang Pan Ban) Dian zi Za zhi She and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, 19 gluten protein traits of 44 wheat varieties were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis (CA), membership function (MF) and stepwise regression (SR) were used for comprehensive evaluation of wheat gluten protein. The results showed that the variations of disulfide bond content ranged from 3.28 to 6.78 μmol/g, and the variations of sulfhydryl group content ranged from 13.30 to 16.66 μmol/g. The variation range of gluten protein traits was 4.74% to 89.46%, with larger variation coefficients being observed for stabilization time and farinograph quality index, indicating huge variation potential for protein quality traits. Three comprehensive factors were converted from the 19 protein traits by PCA, with contribution rates of 40.80%, 19.86% and 15.88%, respectively, and a cumulative contribution rate of 76.54%. PCA classified gluten proteins into three categories including gluten quality traits, aggregation traits and quantitative traits. The comprehensive evaluation value (D-value) of gluten was calculated using the MF method, and the average of the 12 traits with higher PCA loadings were found to be significantly correlated with D-values. Regression equations with seven traits including disulfide bond content, glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content, protein content, dry gluten content, gluten index, tensile area and peak maximum time (PMT) as independent variables were established using SR. There was a good linear relationship between bread quality indexes and D-value, with determination coefficient (R2) between 0.561 4 and 0.771 3, which verified the accuracy and feasibility of D-value. It could be concluded that wheat gluten protein with different gluten strengths exhibited abundant variation potential. It is feasible to comprehensively evaluate gluten protein quality by multivariate statistical analysis. The quantity and quality of gluten protein as well as the content of disulfide bonds in the gluten network could be used as key indexes for the evaluation and improvement of wheat quality.

[ Objective ] Cadmium pollution in farmland soil poses a serious threat to the quality and safety of agricultural products. To explore the characteristics of cadmium accumulation , distribution , and transport in various organs of wheat and oat under different conditions of reduced chemical fertilizer and organic fer- tilizer application is of great importance in guiding appropriate fertilizer application on crops and ensuring the safety of agricultural products. [ Methods ] Based on a 20% reduction in fertilizer application , four fer- tilization treatments were set up : Stable fertilizer 30 000 kg / hm 2 ( AM ), bioorganic fertilizer 600 kg / hm 2 ( BF ), stable fertilizer 30 000 kg / hm 2 +bioorganic fertilizer 600 kg / hm 2 ( AM+BF ), and normal fertilizer application ( CK ) . The effects of the above four different organic fertilizer treatments on cadmium accumu- lation , distribution , and transport in wheat and oat were studied. [ Results ] ( 1 ) Compared with CK , dif- ferent organic fertilizer combinations increased the biomass of wheat and oat by 6.78%-11.00%. At the same time , it reduced the overall cadmium content in various organs , with a decrease of 11.76%-47.06% in grain cadmium content. ( 2 ) The combined application of various organic fertilizers resulted in an overall decrease in the cadmium enrichment coefficient of various organs , with a decrease of 0-38.46% in the grain enrichment coefficient. The transport coefficients of cadmium from roots , stems , leaves , and pani- cles to grains were decreased by 16.67%-42.86% , 15.79%-42.03% , 0-56.10% , and 6.82% - 22.06% , respectively in BF and AM+BF treatments. ( 3 ) The decrease in stem cadmium content after oat filling period was accompanied by an increase in grain cadmium content. The transfer amount , transfer rate , and contribution rate of cadmium from various organs to grains in oats after heading stage were the highest in the stem. [ Conclusion ] Reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertil- izers could reduce cadmium content , enrichment coefficient , and transport coefficient in crop grains , and the cadmium reduction effect on oat grains was better than that on wheat. The cadmium transported from the stem after the heading stage of oats was the main source of grain cadmium accumulation.

Objective: To optimize the operating parameters of wheat milling in roller mill I skin mill to reduce the energy consumption of milling. Methods: Using EDEM discrete element simulation software, Box-Behnken test was designed for key milling factors such as roll pitch, feeding amount, rotational speed and rotational speed ratio to investigate the relationship between operating parameters and milling power. Results: The significance rankings of the effects on the toothed roll crushing power were, in order, speed ratio, roll pitch, feed volume, speed ratio quadratic term, roll pitch quadratic term, interaction of roll pitch and speed ratio, interaction of feed volume and speed ratio, and interaction of roll pitch and feed volume. According to the different requirements of the I-skin mill, the optimal parameter combinations were obtained: the finer powder output with a rolling pitch of 0.67 mm, a feeding amount of 803.60 kg/（cm·d）, a fast roller speed of 537.68 r/min, and a rotational speed ratio of 2.64, and the coarser powder output with the optimal low-power consumption of 0.79 mm, a feeding amount of 803.83 kg/（cm·d）, a fast roller speed of 576.08 r/min, and a rotational speed ratio of 2.23. Conclusion: The error between the simulation results and the measured results is within a reasonable range, and the established discrete element milling model can be used for power prediction in wheat milling.

In order to realize agricultural modernization, to promote the structural reform of the agricultural supply side, and to ensure highquality and efficient wheat production, we collected and analyzed the data of soil moisture, seedling growth, photosynthesis, insects and meteorology in wheat planting process, so as to provide data and planting options for decision making of agricultural technicians and producers. Taking wheat production of Ningjin County as an example, we used the Internet of Things, UAV remote sensing and big data platform processing to design a big data platform system for wheat growth monitoring. This system could be divided to 3 modules, including 1 big data platform and 5 field monitoring point. The system collected insect pest situation, soil moisture and meteorological data every 30 min, provided monitoring picture of wheat growth at the site all through 24 h. The data were transferred to the database of the big data platform through the internet. The platform summarized the data to form images and reports, so as to provide more suitable planting schemes for agricultural experts and agricultural producers and operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective tiller number (ETN) directly affects panicle number and is closely related to wheat grain yield. Mining quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with wheat tiller number and analyzing the correlation between tiller number and other important agronomic traits can provide the theoretical basis for molecular breeding. In this study, we first proposed and established a novel genetic analysis framework of "multiple environmental assessments-depth analysis of individual traits-comprehensive evaluation of various traits-friendly marker development-verification in different backgrounds". Using this approach, low-tillering QTLs were identified and validated base on an F6 recombinant inbred line population (MC population) derived from the low-tillering plant msf and Chuannong 16 (CN16), phenotypic data of effective tillers from multiple environments, and a 16K chip-based constructed genetic linkage map. QTL mapping results showed that there were four QTLs controlling tillering on chromosomes 1A, 5A, and 6D, respectively. Qltn.sau-MC-1A was a stable and major low-tillering QTL explaining 13.39%--60.40% of the phenotypic variation rate, and its positive allele was from msf. Phenotypic analysis showed that ETN of the lines carrying the positive allele of Qltn.sau-MC-1A was significantly less than those with the negative alleles. Correlation analysis showed that ETN had a significantly positive correlation with plant height (PH), and a significantly negative correlation with thousand kernel weight (TKW), kernel number per spike (KNPS), kernel weight per spike (KWPS), and flag leaf width (FLW), but no significantly correlation with flag leaf length (FLL) and anthesis date (AD). Genetic analysis showed that positive allele of Qltn.sau-MC-1A had a significant effect on increasing KNPS, KWPS, and TKW, but delaying AD. Validation results in different backgrounds suggested that the ETN of lines carrying positive alleles from Qltn.sau-MC-1A could be significantly decreased. Collectively, we established a new genetic mapping approach and further used it to identify and validate a major QTL controlling low-tiller number, Qltn.sau-MC-1A, which laid a foundation for further fine mapping and understanding the mechanism of tiller formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology is the property of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to improve the quality of whole wheat steamed bread, in this paper, stone-ground whole wheat flour with low-temperature and low-speed milling was selected, and the natural pigment of pumpkin flour was utilized to study the effect of the addition of pumpkin flour on the whole wheat flour-wheat flour mixture, and the effects of the addition of whole wheat flour, the addition of pumpkin flour, the addition of yeast, and the fermentation time on the sensory, specific volume, and chromaticity of the whole wheat steamed bread. On this basis, the sensory score was used as the response value, and the Box-Behnken experiment was used to optimize to obtain the optimal formulation of whole wheat steamed bread and the nutritional characteristics of whole wheat steamed bread were analyzed. The results showed that the influence of each factor on the sensory scores of whole wheat steamed bread was in descending order: the amount of whole wheat flour added, the amount of yeast added, and the amount of pumpkin flour added. The optimal formulation of whole wheat steamed bread was 55% wheat flour, 45% whole wheat flour, 10% pumpkin flour, 2% yeast, and fermentation time 40 min. The sensory score of whole wheat steamed bread prepared under this formulation was 97.23, which was similar to the predicted value of 97.81. The moisture content of pumpkin whole wheat steamed bread under the optimal formulation was 44.86%, the polyphenol content was 5.47 mg/g, and the flavonoid content was 2.57 mg/g. The steamed bread under the formulation had a golden color, and prominent aroma, fluffy and tasty, and possessed the unique flavors of pumpkin and whole wheat. It provides a useful reference for the deep processing and comprehensive utilization of pumpkins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective]The objective of this study is to identify the genes(TaENO2s)encoding the enolase family member ENO2 in the important crop plant of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and to determine the alternative translation feature and protein enolase activity of TaENO2s.[Method]Wheat TaENO2s were identified by bioinformatics. One of the identified TaENO2s was selected as a representative for protoplast-based exogenous expression and characterization of alternative translation products. This selected TaENO2 was also subjected to prokaryotic expression for purification of recombinant protein. The enolase activity of the purified recombinant protein was determined with in vitro assays.[Result]The hexaploid wheat genome had three homeologous TaENO2s which sequences encoded a conserved enolase catalytic center and had a putative alternative translation start site at the internal ATG codon encoding the residue M94(ATGM94) of the enolase sequence. When exogenously expressed in protoplasts, the representative TaENO2 encoded two proteins, one full-length form of cytoplasmic and nuclear enolase protein and one N-terminal truncated form of nuclear transcriptional repressor TaMBP-1, while the variant of the same gene containing mutated ATGM94 only encoded the full-length form of enolase protein. Soluble recombinant GST-TaENO2 protein expressed in Escherichia coli was successfully purified and verified to have an in vitro enzymatic activity to catalyze the conversion from 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA)to phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)[Conclusion]The wheat genome has three TaENO2 genes encoding the enolase protein ENO2. Under the condition of exogenous expression, TaENO2 encodes two protein products via mRNA alternative translation, one enolase protein translated from the first start codon and one TaMBP-1 protein translated from the internal start codon(2-PGA)to phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP).[Conclusion[The wheat genome has three TaENO2 genes encoding the enolase protein ENO2. Under the condition of exogenous expression, TaENO2 encodes two protein products via mRNA alternative translation, one enolase protein translated from the first start codon and one TaMBP-1 protein translated from the internal start codon ATGM94. The prokaryotically expressed recombinant protein GST-TaENO2 possesses in vitro enolase activity.. The prokaryotically expressed recombinant protein GST-TaENO2 possesses in vitro enolase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and nitrogen are the two main limiting factors on wheat growth. How to optimize the water and fertilizer management practices of irrigated spring wheat, so as to retain high and stable yield, maintain highly use efficiency of agricultural resources and to be environmentally friendly, is an urgent production problem need to be solved. The promotion of controlled experiment results is limited by experiment sites, experiment duration or the number of experiment designs, while the process-based crop models can effectively solve this difficulty. In recent years, the crop model has become a powerful and technical tool for exploring better crop planting management practices and for evaluating how agriculture production adapts to climate change. In this study authors collected experimental observation data (meteorological, crop, soil, and management data) of spring wheat (Yongliang 4) from 2010 to 2018 at the agricultural meteorological experimental station in Linhe district, Bayannur city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to determine the key genetic parameters of wheat growth and development in the APSIM-wheat model. Based on the calibrated model and meteorological data from1986 to 2020, we designed multiple intelligent management scenarios under different drought levels, and then explored the final optimal water and nitrogen management modes of spring wheat based on several key selection indicators (yield, water/fertilizer application rate, and water/fertilizer utilization efficiency). The results showed that: (1) the APSIM-wheat model can effectively reproduce the spring wheat development and growth with the RMSE of 1.96d to 3.21d for the spring wheat developmental stages (emergence, jointing, flowering and maturity). As for the wheat growth process (leaf area index (LAI), aboveground dry matter mass, and yield), the RMSE values were 1.65, 292.44g·m-2, and 588.96 kg·ha-1, respectively. (2) Based on the key selection indicators (yield, irrigation amount, water utilization efficiency (WUE), nitrogen fertilizer application amount, and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE)), the research concluded that the two management modes, that auto irrigation be applied when soil root layer (60cm) water deficit reached 40% (S3P40) and when soil root layer water deficit reached 50% (S3P50), were superior to other management modes. (3) Compared with the conventional management mode, the S3P40 management mode was preferred with the production goal to significantly improve yield, in which lead to a 14.4% increase in yield production. With the production goal to stabilize yield and reduce water and fertilizer application amount simultaneously, the S3P50 management mode was favored, which resulted in a 23.2% reduction in irrigation amount and 32.4% reduction in nitrogen application rate compared with traditional management mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was to investigate the effects of bacterial-enzyme complex on the production performance, egg quality, egg composition, and nutrient apparent metabolic rate in wheat-based laying hens. A total of 360 Jinghong laying hens were randomly divided into three groups with 10 replicates in each group and 12 laying hens in each replicate. The control group was fed with corn-soybean meal diet. The wheat group used 10% wheat to replace the same proportion of corn in the control group diet. The bacterial-enzyme complex group was supplemented with 0.02% bacterial-enzyme complex on the basis of wheat group diet. The pre-test period was three days, and the formal test period was 28 days. The results showed that there was no significant difference in production performance, egg quality, and egg composition among the control group, wheat group, and bacterial-enzyme complex group (P>0.05). The lutein content of egg yolk in wheat group decreased gradually with the increase of experiment time. On the 22nd, 25th, and 28th day, the lutein content of egg yolk in wheat group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05), and the lutein content of egg yolk in bacterial-enzyme complex group was significantly higher than that in wheat group (P<0.05). The apparent metabolic rates of dry matter, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus in wheat group were lower than those in control group (P>0.05), while the apparent metabolic rates of crude protein and phosphorus in bacterial-enzyme complex group laying hens were significantly higher than those in the control group and wheat group (P<0.05). The study indicates that using 10% wheat instead of corn can not affect egg quality and egg composition, but can reduce yolk color and lutein content. Bacterial-enzyme complex can increase yolk lutein content of wheat group, improve yolk color and improve nutrient apparent metabolic rate of laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) has often formed in the emission of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides from human activities. The elevated O3 concentration can seriously reduce the photosynthetic rate of wheat in the late grain-filling stage. The resulting loss of wheat yield can then threaten the food security and the carbon-water cycle of farmland ecosystems. Particularly, there is a closely coupled relationship between grain yield and field water use of wheat. Taking the Nongmai 88 variety as the research object, this study aims to investigate the impacts of elevated O3 on farmland water and heat flux in the wheat field. The response of wheat field transpiration to elevated O3 concentrations was also determined using free air ozone concentration enrichment system (O3 -FACE) simulation. The field microclimate was continuously monitored on AA (ambient air) and E-O3 (1.5 × ambient O3 concentration) in O3 -FACE. There was a great variation in the water and heat flux at different stages of wheat growth under elevated O3, according to the residual energy balance. The results show that latent heat flux was an important energy consumption item of wheat farmland ecosystem, accounting for 61.65%(AA) and 63.77%(E-O3 ) of energy expenditure, respectively. Sensible heat flux and soil heat flux accounted for 24.50%(AA), 21.07%(E-O3 ) and 13.95% (AA), 15.20%(E-O3 ), respectively.In terms of diurnal variation, net radiation, soil heat flux, both sensible and latent heat flux shared the "n" type unimodal trends, reaching the maximum at noon. The net radiation increased gradually during the wheat growing season. Whereas, the latent heat flux showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The sensible heat flux was opposite to the latent one, indicating the trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The latent heat flux decreased in the senescent leaf, while the sensible heat flux increased rapidly. There was no significant effect of elevated O3 on the net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux, as well as their energy distribution from the wheat jointing to the milk maturity stage. The elevated O3 also accelerated the senescence of wheat leaf in the period from milk ripening to ripening, leading to a reduction in the chlorophyll content. There was a great decrease in the mean and peak value of latent heat flux and evapotranspiration. However, the elevated O3 had no significant effect on evapotranspiration, grain yield and water use efficiency. As such, excellent O3 resistance was achieved to cultivate this variety under the elevated O3, especially for the high grain yield and water use efficiency in the wheat field. This finding can provide new evidence to evaluate the water and heat flux of winter wheat farmland, in order to simulate the farmland water use and grain yield under elevated O3 and variety replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To detect wheat regional trail lines with molecular markers and clarify favorable allele composition is conducive to the further precise improvement and utilization. Analyzing the problems in KASP marker detection will promote application in molecular breeding. In this study, using twenty-four advanced lines participated the 2021-2022 wheat dryland regional trial of Shandong province as materials, a total of 32 KASP markers associated with drought resistance and high yield were used to analyze the abnormal results in KASP marker detection and utilization of the favorable allele. The results indicated that the main reason for unknown genotypes was KASP reaction failure or non-specific amplification. The main reason for heterozygous results of mixed DNA samples was genotypic inconsistency among individuals, and the secondary reason was genotyping error. Among the 32 markers detected，the favorable allele detection rate of 14 KASP markers was above 83%, indicating that they were already efficiently applied in breeding programs, and the detection rate of the favorable alleles of 17 markers was below 50%. Among the 17 markers, the favorable alleles of the five markers including WRKY51-2B, AX-95025477-7B, SnRK2.4A3, TaMoc-2433, and NCED1 were not detected, indicating that the genes were applied less in breeding. Those less applied genes could be utilized through marker assisted selection for future genetic improvement. Among the 24 tested lines, HQ04 carried 20 favorable alleles which was the most and it could be used as a gene donor for breeding. There is still room for accurate and directive improvement of utilization rate of favorable alleles in wheat breeding through KASP marker-assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To clarify the appropriate rate of phosphorus application and physiological mechanism for promoting wheat tillering and efficient utilization of phosphorus fertilizer with supplementary irrigation, we used 'Jimai 22' wheat variety as the test material, to set up three phosphorus application treatments, including low (90 kg P2O5 • hm-2, P1), medium (135 kg P2O5 • hm-2, P2), and high (180 kg P2O5 • hm-2, P3) application rates, with no phosphorus application as the control (P0). We increased the relative soil water content of each treatment at jointing stage and anthesis stage to 70%, and measured the area of tiller node, the content of endogenous hormones, the number of tillers in each tiller position, photosynthetic parameters, the distribution of 13C assimilates in each stem and tiller, as well as the grain yield and partial productivity of phosphate fertilizer. The results showed that compared with P0 and P1 treatments, P2 significantly increased the area of tiller node and the trans-zeatin (tZ), the photosynthetic parameters of the uppermost expanded leaves of the main stem, the total tillers per plant, and the distribution of 13C assimilates in each tiller. The number of ears per plant was increased by 0.51 and 0.36, and grain yield was increased by 40.3% and 13.2%, respectively. In P3 treatment, the number of tillers increased, but the panicles per plant, and the grain yield and phosphate fertilizer partial productivity decreased. Our results suggested that the moderate phosphorus treatment (135 kg • hm-2) under supplementary irrigation was suitable for high yield and high efficiency of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the appropriate application rates of N, P, and K fertilizers and the physiological mechanisms of wheat under water-saving recharge irrigation in the North China Plain would provide a theoretical basis for formulating reasonable fertilization plans for high-yield and high-efficiency wheat production. We established four treatments with different amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), and potassium (K2O) application: 0,0, and 0 kg • hm2(F0), 180, 75, and 60 kg • hm-2(F2), 225, 120, and 105 kg • hm-2(F2), and 270, 165, and 150 kg • hm2(F3). During the jointing and anthesis stages of wheat, the relative water content of each treatment in the 0-40 cm soil layer was replenished to 70%, to investigate the differences in wheat flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics, distribution of 13C assimilates, grain starch accumulation, and fertilizer utilization. The results showed that the relative chlorophyll content of flag leaves, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, 13C assimilate allocation in each organ, enzyme activities involved in starch synthesis, and starch accumulation in the F, treatment were significantly higher than that in F0 treatment, which was an important physiological basis for the 20.9% increase in grain yield. The above parameters and yield in the F2 and F3 treatments showed no significant increase compared to F (treatment, while fertilizer productivity and agronomic efficiency of N, P, and K decreased by 17.5%-58.4% and 12.7%-50.7%, respectively. Therefore, F (could promote flag leaf photosynthetic assimilate production and grain starch accumulation under water-saving supplementary irrigation conditions, resulting in higher grain yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)