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A total of 2,750 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci was isolated from 10, 510 throat swabs collected from school children in the Taipei area. Most of them were classified as group A (61%) and group G (34%), and about 5% belonged to other groups or unclassified strains. 1, 772 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from healthy school children, and 69 strains from sick school children were grouped by the Lancefield precipitin test, fluorescent antibody technique and/or bacitracin paper disk method. A satisfactory correlation (over 90%) was obtained by the latter 2 methods, when compared with the results of the Lancefield technique. The occurrance of false negative or false positive was only 1 or 5%, respectively.

A cellulose-decomposing bacterium has been isolated from soil and identified as a member of the genus Cellulomonas. Rice straw which was delignified with 1% (w/w) sodium hydroxide, then treated with 60% (v/v) phosphoric acid to increase the swelling capacity, could be used effectively by cellulase of Cellulomonas. The effects of other conditions such as pH, nitrogen source, substrate concentration and incubation time on the production of filter paper and endoglucanase activity were studied. Maximum production of endoglucanase and filter paper activity occurred at 28 degrees C in 7 days, in the presence of 1% treated rice straw as substrate at an initial pH of 3.0 when NaNO3 was used as source of nitrogen. Under these conditions, cellulolytic activity of culture filtrates appears to be very close to that for Trichoderma reesei grown in the same substrate.

The Ancient Chinese initial ɤ -... occurs only before the finals of divisions I, II, and IV, while the initials g-...and j-... both only occur before division III finals. Theoretically speaking, the initials ɤ - and g- or j- are in complementary distribution. It is equally reasonable to reconstruct ɤ - with either g- or j- as one phoneme in Archaic Chinese. In 1971, Dr. Li Fang Kuei discovered that Anc. j- mostly occurred before ho-k'ou finals while g- occurred before k'ai-k'ou finals. He relegated Ancientɤ -, g- and j- to one Archaic phoneme *g-, and set up the following rules of change: Arch. *g + -j- finals > Anc. gj-... Arch. *g + non -j- finals > Anc. ɤ -... Arch. *gw + -j- finals > Anc. jw-... Arch. *gw + j + i > Anc. gjw-... Arch. *gw + non -j- finals > Anc. ɤ w-... For reasons stated elsewhere, I (Ting 1977-78) revised the rules as follows: *g +j > gj-... (...) *gw +j > gju-... (...) *ɤ +j> j-... (... ) *ɤw +j > ju-... (...) *ɤ + non-j finals > ɤ -...- (...) *ɤ w + non-j finals > ɤ u- ... (... ) One problem with this scheme would be why the common initials g- and gw- only occur before -j- finals. In the present paper I will present evidence from the Min dialects to support this proposal. There is a group of Ancient ɤ -words pronounced with initial k- which co-occur with tones in the Yang category in Colloquial Min. (Cf. p.3). This group differs from the other initial k- words which have tones in Yin category. It is natural to reconstruct voiced initials *g and *gw for this group in Colloquial Min as well as in Archaic Chinese. This reconstruction would make Archaic Chinese *g and *gw become well distributed phonemes. Therefore, the following two rules may be added to those I proposed before: *g + non-j finals >ɤ - (...) *gw + non-j finals >ɤ u- (...) I have checked the Hsieh-sheng relations of these *g- and *gw- words, and discovered nothing special. (Cf. p.4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social economic transitions during the Ming and Ch'ing dynasties helped to increase the activities of secret societies or underground organizations of the lower classes. With regard to the diversities of their living environments, patterns of organizations, and leading doctrines, these societies can be divided into secret religions and secret sects. The Red Gang has long been believed to be one of the secret sects in southern China, a by-name of the Tien-ti Sect, and the orthodox of Ko-lao Sect. Nevertheless, the extant files of the Ch'ing dynasty show that the Red Gang was a secret gect developing from the Lo Sect, a secret religion in northern China. Most of the dockers working on the barges transporting grain among the provinces crossed by the Great Canal were converted to Lo Sect. The Grain-Barge Gang was the predecessor of the Red Gang, which was named as "Gang" after the former. Localism of the dockers who came from different places as well as incompatibility among those who were converted at different times resulted in conflicts between the old gang and the new gang which sometimes led to catastrophic fighting with arms. This paper consists of six sections. The introduction briefly surveys the extant files of the Ch'ing dynasty, touching the history of the Red Gang. The following sections are discussions on different legends of the Red Gang's origin, the relationship between the Red Gang and Lo Sect, the formation of the Red Gang, and regulations of the Ch'ing government made to guard against the dockers. No anti-Manchurian ideology is emphasized in this study because the Red Gang was nothing more than a fighting group of the dockers who believed in Lo Sect. The leader of the gang passed his orders with red chopsticks in the assembly during which all the members stood together. For the sake of identification, their waists were tied with red bands and their faces painted red. As the emblem of this gang, red also gave it its name. A knowledge of the origin and development of the Red Gang would help reestablish the authentic history of secret societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to compare the clinical efficacy of 4 types China made IUDs, this paper reported the study of a total of 1227 cases who, from January 1973 to June 1975, had used 1 of the 4 types of IUDs -- the stainless steel ring, metallic plastic mixed ring, metallic and silastic copper-shaped devices. The study was not a random allocation but was done, 1 type by 1, during the period. Life table method and logrank test were used to calculate and analyze the different events among these 4 types. 1147 cases were followed up for more than 5 years. The 5-year followup rate was 93.48%. Patients using these 4 types were comparable among themselves since the distribution of their age, gravida, para, and time of insertion were the same or quite similar. Study results were as follows: the cumulative pregnancy rates of the 2 copper V-shaped IUDs were significantly lower than that of the steel and mixed ring (p0.01); the cumulative expulsion rate of the steel ring was comparatively high, but there was no statistical difference compared with the others; bleeding was the main cause of medical removals; there was a higher cumulative medical removal rate of the V-shaped than that of the ring-shaped and also a significant difference between them (p0.01). However, at every year, the year-cumulative continuation rates were similar despite the difference of the events of discontinuation rates. The fact that 51.72-62.29% of the subjects continued to wear these IUDs indicated that the efficacy of the 4 types of IUDs was satisfactory even after a 5-year course.

The decline in mortality in Taiwan since World War II is analyzed using life tables. "Special features of the research include (1) a phase-of-life-specific, rather than an age-specific, analysis of mortality, and (2) the use of measures based upon person-years of life in phase intervals, rather than survival rates or expectation of life at given ages. The empirical results suggest that the mortality decline can be described as a two-stage process: an initial stage of substantial improvement in life expectancy between 1950 and 1965, and a final stage of slow gain in life expectancy since 1965." Age and sex variations in mortality and differing rates of mortality decline are noted. Implications of increased longevity for economic and social programs are also considered. (summary in ENG), (excerpt)

This paper applies the notion of reciprocity to the analysis of Chinese literary kin terms. The data used here are derived from Feng's (1937) list of 369 modern standard terms. In the analysis, the modified Romney's notation system (Liu 1972) is helpful in finding the reciprocal relation between these terms. Yet, some of the terms in the set of 369 terms do not find their corresponding reciprocal terms in the set. It is found that the reciprocity between terms has a root in the reciprocity between morphemes. In other words, the reciprocal term of a given kin term can be predicted by the reciprocity rules of kinship morphemes. With the aid of all such rules, we are able to construct a symmetric and complete system of Chinese kinship terminology. The implication of this analysis lies in two aspects of the structure of Chinese kin terms. First, the meaning of Chinese kin terms have a morphological basis. Since every term in composed of morphemes which each makes contribution to the whole meaning of the term, its reciprocal term can also be constructed morphologically by the morphemes whose meanings are reciprocal with the morphemes of the original term. Second, the inner structure of Chinese kin terms is generative. This study has illustrated such a generative nature by finding all the reciprocal terms which are morpho-syntactically well-formed, but not chosen by the culture in the ordinary usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a very early time the Chinese economy had been characterized by a high man-arable land ratio as compared with the European history. Chinese rulers had not been pressed by severe labor shortages to institute tight control over labor. Consequently, local labor markets for hiring developed very early in China and, with a few exceptional periods, remained fairly free. This paper attempts to trace the development of labor markets and determine the extent to which waged workers were employed in the Chinese history. From scattered quantitative data, an increasing trend of labor employment over time seems discernible. Wage data have been compiled, too. When converted into real terms, i.e. the amount of grain that could be purchased with the cash wage at the price prevailing then, the wage data display a clear trend of decline in the long history. The level of real wages in the 19th century was more than ten times the level in the 19th century. It is believed that the decline reflects the enormous multiplication of population and labor, which depressed the marginal product of workers. Moreover, the decline in real wages was accompanied by a sharp deterioration of employment conditions. It is emphatically pointed out, however, that in most cases employment contracts were made on a voluntary basis. As long as this was true, the inferior status of workers should be interpreted as part of the worsening terms of employment rather than a symbol of slavery. In a basically uncontrolled labor market, the worker had the freedom to reject a job offer if he considered any of the employment terms unacceptable. The fact that the near-slave status of hired hands appeared after the 12th century suggests that the pressure of excess supply of labor forced workers to accept both the falling wage and the debased status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1957, the late well-known economist Alexander Eckstein who was sent from the United States to Taiwan to investigate academic conditions there, reported that Taiwan was a "cultural desert". Eckstein's view was shared by many Chinese scholars. But Eckstein's report was made 27 years ago. Taiwan is no longer a cultural desert. The United States and the Republic of China have had a history of more than 20 years of fruitful academic cooperation. In this paper we treat a number of themes which contributed to Taiwan's evolving from that cultural desert: 1) The establishment of the Chinese National Science Council under the support of the American Agency for International Development. 2) The financial assistance of U. S. private foundations to R.O.C. academic circles. 3) Sino-American cooperation which helped scientific and technological development in Taiwan. 4)The returned students who helped to build up academic standard in Taiwan; and. 5) Finally, an overview of American academic influence in Taiwan. This paper was originally delivered at the Conference on US-ROC Relations: From the White Paper to the Taiwan Relations Act (Sept. 23-24, 1983) held by St. John's University in New York, and published by the American Asian Review to which those who are interested may refer to for the original English text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a series of experiments attempting to determine the methods of selection, preparation and use of turtle-shells and cattle-scapulas for divination during the late Shang dynasty. These experiments cover a range of topics, including shell and bone selection and preparation, the making of burning-pits, the source and application of heat to produce the divinatory cracks, the court diviners' interpretation of the cracks, why the court historians first wrote the divination-inscription texts on the bone or shell before they were carved, why the divinatory cracks and inscriptions were carved and pigmented, whether or not the bones and shells were softened before preparation and carving, and the use of bronze and jade knives in carving the inscriptions. I have compared the results of my experiments with archaeological data and with the work of other scholars in the field, and have finally established what the complete process of late-Shang oracle-bone divination was. The major conclusions obtained from these experiments include the following: 1) The primary selection criterion for live turtles to be used in divination was that they be good-looking, unscarred individuals with flat, high-quality plastrons. 2) The fifty-eight closely-joined bony plates making up the complete turtle-shell will loosen or fall apart if boiled too long, and are not suited for a softening process before preparation and carving. 3) The backs of the scapulas were flattened in order to facilitate the making of a greater number of burning-pits on the back and the turning of the bone during inscription-carving on the front; this also made them stable for carving and easier to stack. 4) During the making of the burning-pits, the long-oval pits had to be cut deep and straight, as they provided the guide-line for the initial crack during heating. 5) The cracking of the bones and shells required the use of hardwood burning in the form of a hot coal. This was lightly applied to the shallow burning-pit and slowly blown upon to keep it alight for as long as possible, until the crack was produced. 6) Auspicious or inauspicious crack-interpretations were determined by variations in the shape of the horizontal branch of the crack, but these variations were quite likely controlled by the diviners themselves. 7) The cracks and inscriptions were carved and pigmented for the practical purpose of facilitating later reference and confirmation of divinations, and not for aesthetic purposes. 8) The divination-inscription texts were most likely first written on the bone or shell by the historian, then given to specialized artisans for carving. 9) Shell and bone can be softened with vinegar for carving, but this method has its drawbacks. The proper proportions of copper and tin can definitely be used to make a bronze alloy for saws, knives and other tools capable of cutting bone and shell without pre-softening; such tools could especially have been used to make the wide variety of finely-carved late- Shang bone artifacts. This paper represents the first comprehensive inquiry into the actual physical process of oracle-bone divination that has been undertaken in the past eighty-five years of late-Shang research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ch'ing dynasty was established by the Manchus, a national minority in China. There were many suspicious circumstances surrounding the accession of the third emperor of the dynasty, Shih-tsung (Emperor Yung-cheng), and this has been a topic of considerable controversy amongst scholars. Over the past ten years, the author of the present article has published several papers on Shih-tsung and the fourteenth son of Emperor K'ang-hsi the Fu-yuan Ta Chiang-chun Yin-chen, which have supported the view that when Shih-tsung succeeded Emperor K'ang-hsi, he usurped the throne from his younger brother. The present article approaches the problem from another angle. Did K'ang-hsi's fourteenth son receive an instruction from K'ang-hsi, prior to his death, to the effect that he should inherit the throne, and did he return to Peking with the understanding that he would become Emperor? Or was the reason he returned to Peking to take part in the funeral ceremonies for his father, after he had been informed by Shih-tsung of his death? This article investigates the question of the usurpation of Shih-tsung from this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

無String functions are the key points of computer programming for library automation. In this paper the primary string functions, compute string length, extract some characters from a string, search specific characters in a string and concatenate two or more strings or characters are introduced in BASIC language first, then the application of these functions in KWIC. KWOC, OCLC's title search key and MARC record are explained. Finally the programming command of aforementioned string functions in COBOL, PL / l are described .

In order to determine the geographical distribution of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus in Taiwan, 2,759 fresh stool samples were collected from 5th-grade school children of both sexes among 43 preliminary schools in 16 counties, and then examined by means of the modified test-tube filter-paper cultivation method for identification of the filariform larvae of hookworm. Both species of A. duodenale and N. americanus are widespread in Taiwan. The overall infection rate was 20.00%. The rate of A. duodenale, N. americanaus and mixed infection of both species was 9.85%, and 7.75% and 2.39% respectively. Geographically, N. americanus (12.64%) predominated over A. duodenale (5.43%) in the north (Ilan, Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Miaoli) and the east (Taitung) areas. On the contrary, A. duodenale (13.40%) predominated over N. americanus (5.63%) in the central (Nantou, Taichung, Changhua and Yunlin), the south (Chiayi, Tainan, Kaohsiung and Pingtung) and the east (Hualien) areas. On the other hand, the rate of infection on the offshore island (Penghu) was much lower (1.19%) than the others (21.10-21.29%).