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This research aims to compare sarcopenia and disuse muscular atrophy, two common phenomena of muscle wasting. While both sarcopenia and disuse muscular atrophy involve muscle degeneration, but the two are not the same. Sarcopenia is characterized by a reduction in muscle fibers and fast-twitch fiber atrophy caused by aging or chronic diseases, while disuse muscular atrophy is characterized by a decrease in muscle fiber cross-sectional area and slow-twitch fiber degeneration due to inadequate muscle activity. Although there are some similarities in the underlying mechanisms of these two conditions, the ultimate physiological changes are different Furthermore, there is still some controversy regarding the differentiation and definition of sarcopenia and disuse muscular atrophy. Future research needs to further explore changes in muscle fiber types and functions in order to better differentiate between the two and to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal muscular atrophy(SMA)is a rare genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by significant clinical heterogeneity among patients. According to the severity and progression rate of the condition, the disease is classified into five types. In recent years, because of the promotion of multidisciplinary management and the application of disease-modifying therapies, the prognosis of SMA patients has significantly improved, resulting in more patients entering into the stage of adolescence and adulthood. The varying conditions of different types of patients in the adolescence and adulthood make the manifestations more complex and diverse, leading to the difficulty in identification and diagnosis. Because of the vast territory and large population in China, coupled with uneven health care development among different regions of the country, the diagnosis and treatment for adolescent and adult SMA patients are very challenging. Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis remains a primary unresolved issue for many patients. The fact that patients have to visit various departments in their initial consultation highlights the importance of enhancing the recognition of high-risk adolescent and adult SMA populations among the non-neuromuscular specialists. This article attempts to explore a simple, clear, and highly operational "portrait" way of identifying the high-risk adolescent and adult SMA patients in the population, aiming at assisting the non-neuromuscular specialists to diagnose SMA patients in a way of early recognition and diagnosis and to ensure patients receiving standardized treatment as early as possible. The ultimate goal is for the higher clinical gain and a better life for patients and their families.

AIM: To investigate the effects of skeletal muscle mass on cardiac structure and function in rats subjected to abdominal aortic constriction (AAC), and to explore its potential mechanisms. METHODS: (1) Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (CON) group (n=10), muscular atrophy (MA) group (n=10), and muscular hypertrophy (MH) group (n=10). The rats in MA group underwent bilateral tibial nerve removal to induce MA, while those in MH group engaged in weight-bearing running to promote MH. Four weeks later, skeletal muscle samples were collected, and indicators of MA and MH were assessed. (2) Another rats after modeling above were divided into 4 groups: CON group (n=10), cardiac pathological remodeling group (AAC group; n=10), MA+AAC group (n=10), and MH+AAC group (n=10). All rats, except those in CON group which underwent a sham operation, received AAC surgery. Four weeks after surgery, cardiac structure and function were assessed by echocardiography, while morphological changes of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles and myocardium were evaluated by pathological staining. Serum myostatin (MSTN) level was measured using ELISA. The mRNA expression levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the myocardium, and MSTN in the skeletal muscle and myocardium were detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of either denervation or weight-bearing running, significant atrophy and hypertrophy of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were observed in MA and MH groups, respectively, compared with CON group. However, no significant differences were noted in heart weight/body weight ratio, left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness, ejection fraction, or other related indexes among these groups (P>0. 05). In comparison to AAC group, the rats in MA+AAC group showed a significant increase in heart weight/body weight ratio and left ventricular end-diastolic anterior wall thickness, a decrease in end-diastolic internal diameter, an increase in ejection fraction (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01), and exacerbated myocardial fibrosis. Conversely, in MH+AAC group, there was a significant decrease in heart weight/body weight ratio and left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness, an increase in end-diastolic internal diameter, and a lower ejection fraction (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01), with reduced myocardial fibrosis. Compared with AAC group, myocardial ANP and BNP mRNA expression significantly increased in MA+AAC group and decreased in MH+AAC group (P<0. 01). Additionally, soleus and gastrocnemius muscle MSTN mRNA expression, myocardial MSTN mRNA expression, and serum MSTN level significantly increased in MA+AAC group (P<0. 01) and significantly decreased in MH+AAC group (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Atrophic skeletal muscle exacerbated the pathological remodeling induced by AAC surgery, whereas hypertrophic skeletal muscle mitigated this remodeling. Skeletal muscle mass plays a critical role in cardiac pathological remodeling, with MSTN potentially regulating this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University is the property of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder. With the emergence of disease-modifying therapies, the prognosis of SMA has significantly improved, drawing increased attention to the importance of home rehabilitation and nursing management. Long-term, standardized home rehabilitation and nursing can delay the progression of SMA, enhance the psychological well-being, and improve the quality of life of both patients and caregivers. This article provides an overview of the goals of home rehabilitation, basic functional training methods, respiratory management, and nutritional management for SMA patients, as well as psychological health issues, emphasizing the significance of obtaining appropriate home rehabilitation and support during the care process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postural disorder is a common disabling movement complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), in which camptocormia is the most common disabling postural disorder, which further aggravates the movement disorder of PD, and seriously reduces the activities of daily living and quality of life of patients. This paper reviews the pathogenesis and treatment progress of PD with camptocormia, providing theoretical basis for further investigation of the pathogenesis of camptocormia in PD, and assisting the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is a progressive, generalized skeletal muscle disease that is closely related to the occurrence of osteoarthritis, fractures, limb disability and death in the elderly. Establishing animal models of sarcopenia is essential to understand the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and to identify effective treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: To review the evaluation criteria of mouse models of sarcopenia and the modeling methods of mouse models of sarcopenia, and to analyze and compare the advantages and disadvantages of various modeling methods, in order to provide reference for the research and diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia. METHODS: “Sarcopenia, skeletal muscle aging, mouse model, animal model” in Chinese and English were used as Chinese and English search terms, respectively. The search formula was “(sarcopenia OR skeletal muscle aging) AND (mouse model OR animal model).” CNKI, WanFang and PubMed were searched for related articles published from January 2010 and October 2022. A total of 59 articles were finally included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There is a faster modeling time in SAMP8 mice and the type of muscle atrophy is consistent with that of patients with sarcopenia. Therefore, it is an ideal model. Although the surgical method can successfully induce muscle atrophy, it requires precise surgical operation, which is difficult and time-consuming. Hindlimb suspension modeling in mice is similar to that of the elderly and can be regarded as an effective model of senile sarcopenia. Although reagent injection molding is simple to perform, both the dose and number of days of administration of reagents are not clear and need to be further research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The use of blood flow restriction training in clinical rehabilitation is becoming more common, in part due to technological advances and increased interest in research and medicine. OBJECTIVE: To explore the global trend and development prospects of clinical rehabilitation-related blood flow restriction training application, identify research gaps, and propose future research directions. METHODS: Web of Science, PubMed, and Elsevier were searched for literature related to clinical rehabilitation using blood flow restriction training published from 2001 to 2022. A total of 515 articles were included for further review. Bibliometrics, exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to reveal the emerging research fields and topics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: First of all, the overall research trend of the number of published articles shows a steady rise. The United States is the main research area in this field, and universities contribute the most to journals. Secondly, a core group of authors, led by Loenneke JP, Abe T and Dankel SJ, has been formed, with less collaboration among highly productive authors. Finally, research on blood flow restriction training focuses on skeletal muscle rehabilitation, cognitive functional activity, and chronic disease rehabilitation in clinical rehabilitation, with particular attention to the application of blood flow restriction in the recovery of symptoms such as muscle atrophy, knee pain, and joint effusion after anterior cruciate reconstruction surgery. Theoretical research on low-pressure blood flow restriction that is effective in relieving musculoskeletal symptoms has been hot in recent years, which can systematically guide the musculoskeletal rehabilitation in clinical practice. In the future, clinicians will extend follow-up periods, register larger and more diverse sample sizes, and use randomization techniques to determine appropriate prescribing indications for rehabilitating patients, ensure clinical safety, and quantitatively analyze and develop rehabilitation protocols with the maximum effect at the minimum effective dose for different clinical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells isolated from bone marrow, fat, umbilical cord and other tissues. It can differentiate into different cell types and secrete a variety of proteins with therapeutic potential, which has a good application prospect in the repair of muscle tissue. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of mesenchymal stem cells in promoting muscle tissue repair and provide a theoretical basis for further clinical application. METHODS: Relevant articles published from inception to 2022 were retrieved from CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases. The keywords were “mesenchymal stem cells, muscle tissue, muscle injury, muscle atrophy, exosomes, scaffolds” in Chinese and English. The literature about mesenchymal stem cell migration promoting muscle fiber proliferation and repair was screened. Finally, 98 articles were included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The related mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell migration promoting muscle fiber proliferation and repair are complex, mostly by anti-inflammatory, inhibiting interstitial fibrosis, inhibiting the fat formation and other ways to promote muscle fiber proliferation and repair. (2) The related biological scaffolds and cell co-culture based on mesenchymal stem cells can significantly compensate for the low survival rate of mesenchymal stem cells after colonization. (3) At present, mesenchymal stem cell therapy still has apparent limitations. In the future, mesenchymal stem cells combined with other therapies should become the primary development trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish a PCR-based capillary electrophoresis (PCR/CE) to detect Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) and Survival Motor Neuron 2 (SMN2) genes and to evaluate its performance. Methods PCR/CE and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) for SMA gene diagnosis were used to blindly test the samples in sync. The performance of PCR/CE was assessed using MLPA results as the standard. Results A total of 336 samples were included in this study, consisting of 50 homozygous deletion types (14.9%), 65 heterozygous deletion types (19.3%), and 221 non-deletion types (65.8%). The results of PCR/CE for detecting SMN1 and SMN2 copy numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥ 4) were in complete agreement with the results of the MLPA. Conclusions PCR/CE for gene testing related to SMA could accurately detect copy numbers of exon 7 and exon 8 of the SMN1 and SMN2 genes (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥ 4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic muscular atrophy is a rare disease.There are few cases reported in the literature.Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and lacks clear clinical diagnosis basis.The diagnosis of the disease is mostly based on the clinical diagnosis of known or newly discovered diabetic patients.Because the disease is easy to be confused with other diseases, early diagnosis and treatment is difficult, which can easily lead to unnecessary examination and treatment of patients.This article reviewed the disease characteristics, pathogenesis, disease diagnosis and treatment progress of diabetic muscular atrophy, in order to improve the understanding and diagnosis and treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the changes of laboratory parameters and safety of nusinersen in the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy(SMA). Methods Retrospective analysis was made on the six SMA patients treated with nusinersen in the Department of Neurology at The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from December 2021 to December 2022. We summarized the patients' clinical data, including genetic diagnosis results, disease classification, and clinical manifestations. Intrathecal injection of 5 mL/12 mg of nusinersen administered on the 1st, 14th, 28th, and 63rd days, followed by maintenance treatment every 4 months. After each administration, we compared and evaluated the patients' cerebrospinal fluid, blood routine, liver function, kidney function, and coagulation function with baseline values. We regularly followed up the patients and recorded adverse reactions after administration to evaluate medication safety. Results A total of six patients were diagnosed with SMA, including four cases of SMA3 type and two cases of SMA4 type. The deletion of exon 7 of the survival motor neuron gene 1(SMN1)in patients led to changes in motor neuron, most of which were caused by limb weakness; in severe cases, the patients were unable to stand. The baseline abnormal test indicators of patients included the increase of cerebrospinal fluid lactate dehydrogenase(CSF-LDH), the increase of creatine kinase(CK), and the decrease of creatinine(Cr). After four times of treatment, the patients' CSF-WBC, CSF-Glu, CSF-Pro, CSF-LDH, WBC, PLT, RBC, ALT, AST, GGT, BUN, uric acid(UA), INR, aPTT, and D-dimer had no significant difference from the baseline (P>0 05). The patients had no other significant adverse reactions except headaches, dizziness, and back pain after puncture. Conclusion Nusinersen has good safety on SMA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sarcopenia may be associated with the long-term prognosis of renal transplant recipients, so it is essential to early and rapidly screening for sarcopenia in these patients. Studies suggest that calf circumference may be an effective indicator in early screening for sarcopenia. Objective To investigate the relationship between calf circumference and sarcopenia, and to explore the feasibility of using calf circumference as a predictive marker for sarcopenia in kidney transplant recipients. Methods We selected 80 kidney transplant recipients who were treated in the department of organ transplantation of Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital from October 2021 to June 2022 as the subjects. Demographic information (sex, age, educational attainment, marital status) , anthropometric indicators〔height, weight, body mass index (BMI) , calf circumference, mid-arm circumference (MAC) , triceps skin-fold thickness (TSF) , arm muscle circumference (AMC) , waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio〕, muscle strength indicators (grip strength, pinch strength) , body composition indicators〔appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) , skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) , 50 kHz phase angle (PhA) , body cell mass (BCM) , intracellular and extracellular fluids〕 were collected. Sarcopenia was diagnosed by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus. Kidney transplant recipients who meet the diagnostic criteria were included in the sarcopenia group, and those who do not meet the diagnostic criteria were included in the non-sarcopenia group. Demographic information, anthropometric indicators, muscle strength indicators, and body composition indicators between sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia patient groups were compared by sex. Pearson correlation analysis and Spearman rank correlation analysis were used to observe the correlation of calf circumference with diagnostic indicators of sarcopenia (ASM, SMI, grip strength) . Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore the influencing factors of sarcopenia. The predictive value of calf circumference for sarcopenia in kidney transplant of male and female subjects was analyzed by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the area under the curve (AUC) , sensitivity, specificity and optimal cut-off values were calculated. Results A total of 80 patients〔51 men (63.8%) and 29 women (36.2%) 〕 with an average age of (44.3±11.7) years were included, including 19 (23.75%) with sarcopenia, and 61 (76.25%) without. Sex-based analysis found that male patients with sarcopenia group had lower values of weight, BMI, calf circumference, MAC, TSF, hip circumference, grip strength, pinch strength, ASM, SMI, PhA, BCM, extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid than those without (P

In recent years, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has made progress in multidisciplinary treatment and disease-modifying therapeutic drugs, so that the progress has significantly improved the survival and quality of life of the patients. However, no clinical practice guideline has developed for the management of SMA in adults and adolescents patients. Experts of multidisciplinary from a number of tertiary medical centers in China who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of SMA have come to an agreement based on the evidence-based medicine. This guideline serves as instrumental reference for the standardized care of the Chinese SMA patients.

Background: Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and sarcopenia often exhibit resilience, frailty, disability, and depression, highlighting the complex and interrelated nature of these conditions. Objective: Despite the presence of clinical manifestations of muscle atrophy in both PD and sarcopenia, accurately discerning the coexistence of sarcopenia in PD patients remains a challenging task with significant implications for treatment strategies and prognostic assessments. This study aims to elucidate the specific ultrasonic diagnostic parameters associated with PD accompanied by sarcopenia through a comparative analysis of muscle ultrasound parameters in patients with PD, thereby presenting a novel approach for rapid identification of this condition. Methods: A total of 110 participants were enrolled in this study, including patients with PD and control subjects. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, physical performance tests, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), bioelectrical impedance analysis and muscle ultrasound measurements were collected from all participants. The muscle ultrasound measurements encompassed assessments of muscle thickness, pennation angle and shear wave elastography at various anatomical sites. Results: Parkinson’s disease patients exhibited decreased muscle strength and physical performance, and increased shear wave elastography value. In PD patients with sarcopenia, body circumference, including calf circumference, midarm circumference, Waist-to-Hip Ratio and body mass index (BMI) were all significantly decreased. Biceps brachii muscle thickness (MT) and gastrocnemius MT decreased in PD patients with sarcopenia and low ASMI. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that male PD patients, BMI and gastrocnemius MT were predictive factors for ASMI in PD patients. Conclusion: Biceps brachii MT and gastrocnemius MT are important indicators for distinguishing whether PD patients have sarcopenia. Male patients, low BMI and gastrocnemius MT were identified as valid predictors of low ASMI in PD patients. The findings of this study provide important insights into the use of muscle ultrasound in the diagnosis of PD with sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is a common hip disease affecting children and adolescents, causing hip pain and lameness. The incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis varies widely, and the etiology is related to gender, mechanical, endocrine, obesity, and genetic factors. OBJECTIVE: To review the core mechanism of slipped capital femoral epiphysis, to discuss the imaging manifestations and quantitative index evaluation based on the pathophysiological mechanism, the progress of treatment methods and unresolved problems. METHODS: The first author used “slipped epiphysis of femoral head, complications, AVN, FAI, hip chondrolysis, SCFE imaging diagnose, X-ray, CT, MRI” as English search terms, and “slipped epiphysis of femoral head, complications, AVN, FAI, chondrolysis, X-ray, CT, MRI” as Chinese search terms. Relevant articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases were searched by computer, and screened and evaluated, summed up, and finally 63 related articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The current international mainstream views on the pathogenesis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis tend to be the combined effects of mechanical injury factors, endocrine factors and obesity genetic factors. (2) Imaging methods play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. X-ray and three-dimensional CT are more commonly used in the diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. MRI can be used to observe changes in epiphyseal plate edema other than bone changes. (3) Different diagnostic methods and measurement parameters can comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate the condition of slipped capital femoral epiphysis patients from the aspects of bone changes, softening injuries and muscle atrophy. (4) Complications of slipped capital femoral epiphysis include avascular necrosis of the femoral head, femoroacetabular impingement sign, chondrolysis, and degenerative arthritis, resulting in long-term and devastating clinical outcomes. (5) Based on the main pathological mechanism, the treatment methods mainly include surgery, endocrine and rehabilitation, and certain results have been achieved. (6) Clinically, patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis mostly go to the doctor because of pain and claudication in the affected hip and knee. The imaging manifestations are mainly epiphyseal plate widening and relative displacement of femoral head epiphysis and metaphysis. (7) Therefore, in view of the clinicopathological features and complications of patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis, doctors need to correctly understand the role of imaging in the auxiliary diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and they need to do a good job in the diagnosis and disease assessment on admission, evaluation of surgical effects, and postoperative follow-up, as well as the prediction of contralateral slipped epiphysis in patients with unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis, in order to provide an accurate and objective basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of TRB3 gene knockout on skeletal muscle atrophy and fibrosis in diabetic mice.Methods: Thirty TRB3 knockout(TRB3-/-) mice and 30 C57/BL6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including TRB3 knockout diabetes model group(group A), normal TRB3 knockout control group(group B), normal control group(group C) and diabetes model group(group D). Normal control group mice were fed standard rat feed, and diabetic mice were injected intraperitoneally with low dose of streptozotocin to establish diabetic mice model. The forelimb grip strength test, suspension grid test and muscle function test were performed. Meanwhile, the levels of bone microstructure, anti-type I collagen and anti-type III collagen, atrophy gene MuRF1 and atrophy gene atrophy 1 were determined. Results: The hand grip strength of group A, B and D was significantly lower than that of group C, and the hand grip strength of group D was the lowest(P＜0.05). The inverted hanging time of mice in groups A, B and D was significantly lower than that in group C, and the inverted hanging time of mice in group D was the shortest(P＜0.05). CSA value of muscle function in groups A, B and D was significantly lower than that in group C, and CSA value of muscle function in group D was the lowest(P＜0.05). The bone microstructure indexes BMD, BV/TV, Tb.N and Tb.Th in groups A, B and D were significantly lower than those in group C, and the lowest values were in group D(P＜0.05). The values of Tb.Sp and SMI in group C were significantly higher than those in group C, and the values in group D were the highest(P＜0.05). The levels of anti-type I collagen and anti-type III collagen in groups A, B and D were significantly higher than those in group C, and the levels of anti-type I collagen and anti-type III collagen in group D were the highest(P＜0.05).The levels of atrophy gene MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 in groups A, B and D were significantly higher than those in group C, and the levels of Mu RF1 and Atrogin-1 in group D were the highest(P＜0.05). Conclusion: TRB3 gene knockout significantly reduced skeletal muscle atrophy and fibrosis and increased bone strength in diabetic mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） is a prevalent metabolic disorder that can lead to muscle atrophy. The characteristics of T2DM with sarcopenia including a loss of muscle mass, decrease of muscle strength, and function dampened with progress. This debilitating condition decrease the quality of life of patients. Therefore, exploring the pathogenesis of T2DM with sarcopenia is crucial for its prevention and treatment. Recently, it has been found that exosomes（ EXs） are involves in the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle but also mediates the exchange of information between skeletal muscle and other tissue organs. Exercise is also known to be an effective way to regulate blood glucose levels and improve muscle mass and strength. Exercise stimulate the release of EXs and their accompanying microRNA（ miRNA）, which may help to slow down the progression of T2DM with sarcopenia. The purpose of this article is to review the pathogenesis of T2DM with sarcopenia by the potential ways in which exercise-induced EXs miRNA would have beneficial on this condition. This review may provide references for the exercise in preventing and treating T2DM with sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To report a family of hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) with muscle atrophy due to SCN4A gene R672G mutation. The clinical, pathological and MRI characteristics of HypoPP were summarized combining literatures review. Methods and Results The proband was a 27⁃year⁃old male patient who firstly presented periodic muscle weakness from 7 years old. The episode frequency increased with age, and gradually accompanied with muscle atrophy and permanent weakness. His mother has the similar episode but lower frequency. Serum potassium level decreased at the episode. The long⁃term EMG showed the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) on ulnar nerve gradually decreased from 0-45 min. The CMAP in abductor digiti minimi was decreased by 75.8% after long⁃time exercise test. Muscle MRI showed edema in vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, soleus, et al. Muscle pathology showed eosinophilic light⁃stained sediment under the sarcolemma. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the sediment under the sarcolemma were primitive myofilaments with disordered arrangement. Gene test showed heterozygous mutation on exon 12 c.2014C＞G (Arg672Gly) in SCN4A gene in proband and his mother. Finally, the proband was diagnosed HypoPP, and the family was confirmed HypoPP due to SCN4A gene R672G mutation. Conclusions HypoPP due to SCN4A gene R672G mutation can have pathological feature of muscle atrophy and sediment of primitive myofilament. The nature of the sediment needs further study.

BACKGROUND: With the aging of population, sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus has gradually emerged in front of people. Increasing physical activity is an important approach to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related sarcopenia. However, current intervention plan, effect evaluation and mechanism of different physical activities in type 2 diabetes-related sarcopenia are still not detailed. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the intervention program, effect evaluation and mechanism of physical activity in type 2 diabetes-related sarcopenia, thereby providing theoretical basis and practical suggestions for physical activity to improve the disease. METHODS: Search terms included “Diabetes Mellitus; T2DM; Sarcopenia; Muscular Atrophy; Exercise; Training; physical activity” in English and Chinese. PubMed and CNKI were searched for relevant literature published from January 1986 to February 2022, including review papers, research papers and meta-analysis. Finally, 53 literatures were included for the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Appropriate increase in non-leisure physical activity (daily steps above 5 401 per day) can reduce the probability of sarcopenia and maintain physical exercise function in elderly type 2 diabetes patients. Increasing leisure physical activity can prevent the incidence of sarcopenia in elderly type 2 diabetes patients, and any regular physical exercise can be effective. Resistance exercise is significantly superior to aerobic exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes-related sarcopenia. A resistance exercise of moderate intensity and above (3 times a week, 70%-85% 1RM) can effectively increase muscle mass and strength performance in type 2 diabetes patients with sarcopenia, while aerobic exercise mainly delays skeletal muscle loss. Combining resistance exercise with aerobic exercise, nutritional intervention and health education can increase patient compliance and improve treatment efficacy. Resistance exercise mainly improves protein synthesis by activating IRS-PI3K-Akt, mTORC1, p70S6K and 4EBP1 signaling pathways, and improve muscle mass and functions by stimulating muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Aerobic exercise mainly delays muscle loss by inhibiting ubiquitin protein ligases Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 and skeletal muscle autophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: There is no effective treatment for denervated skeletal muscle atrophy with poor prognosis, and moreover, the expression profiles of microRNA in vivo are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the microRNA expression profiles and the changes of transforming growth factor-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway in denervated skeletal muscle atrophy rats using high-throughput sequencing technology and to explore the role and mechanism of microRNA in skeletal muscle atrophy. METHODS: Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into two groups: experimental group and control group. Animal models of denervated muscle atrophy were established using truncation of the sciatic nerve in the experimental group. In the control group, only the sciatic nerve was exposed followed by suturing. The bilateral gastrocnemius muscles were completely removed to calculate the muscle wet weight ratio. Atrophy and fibrosis were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and the cross-sectional area of the muscle was determined. Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing technology was used to identify the microRNA expression profiles in skeletal muscle tissue. In combination with volcano plot, hierarchical clustering map, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, differentially expressed genes involved in skeletal muscle metabolism were analyzed. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to verify the differential expression of candidate genes in muscle tissue and western blot was used to detect the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and p-Smad3 proteins. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the muscle wet weight ratio and cross-sectional area were significantly lower in the experimental group (P < 0.05), and the modeling results were in line with expectations. A total of 1 249 differentially expressed microRNAs were identified in the two groups (P < 0.05; | log2 Fold Change | > 0.0). There were 14 microRNAs with significant differential expression, of which 2 were up-regulated and 12 were down-regulated. The results of biological function and pathway analysis indicated that miR-1247-3p, miR-132-5p, miR-21-3p, miR-363-3p, and miR-451-5p with significant differential expression were significantly enriched in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and other biological processes as well as transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway. The results of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR showed that the expression of miR-21-3p in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of the experimental group was significantly lower (P < 0.001), which was consistent with the trend of the high-throughput sequencing results. Western blot results showed that the protein expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 and p-Smad3 were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.05). To conclude, microRNA plays a key role in the physiological and pathological processes of skeletal muscle atrophy. miR-21-3p may play a role in skeletal muscle cell metabolism by activating the biological activity of transforming growth factor-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Imaging Science & Photochemistry is the property of Imaging Science & Photochemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective* To investigate the morphologic and functional changes of the diaphragm of children during early mechanical ventilation under synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) mode. Methods • Children were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and received mechanical ventilation for at least 96 h from October 2020 to December 2021. Bedside ultrasonic testing was conducted to inspect the changes in the diaphragm at three different time points (0, 48, and 96 h, respectively). Kruskal-Wallis H test was conducted for examining the abdominal fat thickness, atrophy rate, diaphragm thickness and DE between the groups. The diaphragm thickness was further compared by Bonferroni's test for ex-post hoc comparisons. Univariate ANOVA was performed for analyzing the diaphragm contraction velocity, diaphragm thickening fraction and diaphragmatic atrophy rate between the groups. Results • Forty-six children in PICU with complete measurement data were included. Their average age was 2.94 (1.35, 7.00) years, including 23 males and 23 females. The main disease leading to perform mechanical ventilation was pneumonia (52.17%). There was no significant difference between the choice of ventilator parameters and oxygenation status during the observation period (P>0.05). In the early stage of mechanical ventilation (within 96 h), 50% of children showed atrophy of abdominal subcutaneous fat, 36.96% showed nutritional disorders (fasting and need parenteral nutrition support), and 93.5% of children received glucocorticoid therapy. However, there was no significant difference in the atrophy degree of abdominal subcutaneous fat between the three time points (all P>0.05). Bedside ultrasonography detected significant atrophy of bilateral diaphragm thickness at three different time points (all P=0.000). After 48 h of mechanical ventilation, the atrophy rate of the right diaphragm was 4.27%±7.36%, and the left diaphragm was 3.88%±6.85%. After 96 h of ventilation, the atrophy rate of the right diaphragm was 7.69%±7.74%, and the atrophy rate of the left diaphragm came to 7.55%±7.69%. The atrophy rate of the bilateral diaphragm was significantly higher in the first 48 h of mechanical ventilation than in the 48 h to 96 h (all P =0.000). However, there were no statistically significant differences in changes of diaphragm function-related indicators (diaphragm excursion, diaphragm contraction velocity, and diaphragm thickening fraction). Conclusion • The bedside ultrasound is a proven tool to detect diaphragmatic atrophy in mechanically ventilated children. Mechanical ventilation can induce structural atrophy of the diaphragm in children during early mechanical ventilation under SIMV mode, which is more pronounced in the first 48 h. However, the early morphological changes of the diaphragm have not affected its function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve injury is very common in clinic, but its regeneration rate is very slow. During nerve recovery, muscle atrophy has already occurred irreversibly, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is particularly important to find an effective method for the treatment of denervated muscle atrophy. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the biological characteristics of exosomes and their mechanisms of involvement in skeletal muscle formation and atrophy, focus on the process of denervated muscle atrophy and the role of exosomes in the treatment of denervated muscle atrophy, providing a new method for the treatment of denervated muscle atrophy. METHODS: Relevant articles were searched on PubMed database with English search words “exosome, skeletal muscle, muscle atrophy, muscle regenerate, peripheral nerve injury, denervation muscle atrophy”. Related articles were searched on Wanfang and CNKI databases, and the Chinese search words were “exosome, skeletal muscle, peripheral nerve injury, muscle atrophy, muscle regeneration, nerve repair, denervated muscle atrophy”, and some articles were searched with literature retrospective method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Exosomes are widely distributed in all kinds of body fluids. They act on recipient cells through paracrine or autocrine and affect the phenotype of recipient cells. (2) The main function of exosomes in muscle may be related to the delivery of RNA. Exosomal miRNAs secreted or ingested by muscle cells are involved in muscle development, growth, adaptation and regeneration. (3) After peripheral nerve injury, muscle loses its motor control and nutritional support, and then apoptosis and proteolysis increase, leading to muscle atrophy. (4) Exosomes from different cell sources repair injured nerves directly or indirectly, thereby alleviating muscle atrophy. It has been preliminarily confirmed that exosomes may also mediate the expression regulation of related regenerative genes in a miRNA-dependent manner to promote neural regeneration. Therefore, exosomes can act on nerve cells and delay denervated muscle atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the occurrence of gasdermin D protein (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis and muscle atrophy in mice under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in order to elucidate the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW). Methods The mouse skeletal muscle myoblasts (C2C12) were induced to differentiate into myotubes, and then divided into groups as follows: control group (sterile PBS solution), LPS groups (1, 10 and 100 μg/mL), and LPS+ATP groups (5 mmol/L ATP was added to the corresponding LPS gradient groups). The changes inside and outside the myotubes were detected and compared among groups at the time points of 6 or 12 h after LPS intervention. The morphological changes of myotubes were observed under light microscope; Western blotting was used to determine the myotube formation marker proteins MHC, myogenin and HDAC1, as well as pyroptosis-related protein, GSDMD, in each group; RT-qPCR was employed to test the mRNA expression of atrophic genes Atrogin-1, MuRF-1 and pyroptosis-related proinflammatory cytokine IL-18 in the myotubes of each group; and the IL-18 concentration in the supernatant of myotube culture was detected by ELISA. Results Myotubes formation was observed on day 5 of differentiation. Under the stimulation of LPS/LPS+ATP, the mRNA levels of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05), and the expression of IL-18 presented a same trend (P < 0.05). ELISA results showed that after LPS intervention for 12 h, the concentration of IL-18 in the myotube culture supernatant was significantly higher in the intervention groups than the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the levels of MHC, Myogenin and HDAC1 proteins were stably expressed in the intervention groups, and the expression of GSDMD protein in the LPS/LPS+ATP groups were significantly increased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion LPS induces cell pyroptosis in the myotubes of mouse skeletal muscle, which is correlated with the occurrence of muscle atrophy.

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Treatments for cervical spondylotic amyotrophy are still controversial. For cervical spondylotic amyotrophy patients, conservative treatment can generally stabilize or improve symptoms, but there is no cure. Surgical treatment is recommended for cervical spondylotic amyotrophy with progressive or severe neurological deterioration; however, most clinicians choose surgical methods based on their own clinical experience, and there is no unified standard or industry consensus. The prognosis of different types of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy is significantly different, which may influence the selection of surgical options. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, types, treatments, and prognosis of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy by reviewing the related researches of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy, in order to provide reference for the selection of clinical treatment and surgical options. METHODS: Articles related to cervical spondylotic amyotrophy published from 1952 to 2020 were retrieved by computer in PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, CNKI, and WanFang databases. Finally 44 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The clinical manifestations of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy are asymmetry, segmental and other characteristics of upper limb motor weakness accompanied by obvious muscle atrophy, while the lower limbs are not characterized by obvious sensory disturbance or spastic paralysis Clinically, according to the position of muscle atrophy, it is classified into proximal type, distal type and mixed type. This disease needs to be distinguished from motor neuron disease and muscular dystrophy to avoid misdiagnosis and erroneous treatment. The pathogenesis of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy is yet unclear. There are two views on ventral nerve root and spinal anterior horn injury. The latter is recognized by most scholars. The diagnosis of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy is mainly based on clinical symptoms, imaging examinations, and neuroelectrophysiological examinations. Some diseases, such as motor neuron disease, should be excluded in differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment is mainly used for cervical spondylotic amyotrophy. Anterior cervical spine anterior surgery is the first choice, and posterior surgery is preferred for patients with multi-segment cervical posterior longitudinal ligament ossification, anterior decompression impossible or high risk of decompression. Different types of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy patients have different prognostic results after surgery. Prognosis of the proximal type is better than that of the distal type, and prognosis of the mixed type is the worst. Surgery via the anterior cervical approach has better results than that via the posterior cervical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Massage vibration therapy has definite effects on peripheral nerve injury. However, less is reported on its mechanism of action. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of massage vibration on peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. METHODS: Twenty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n=8) and model group (n=20). Animal models of sciatic nerve injury were established in the model group by sciatic nerve clamping. Four rats in the model group were then randomly selected for model identification, and the remaining rats in the model group were randomly divided into sham intervention group (n=8) and massage vibration method group (n=8). In the sham operation group the skin was opened and sutured with no injury. The rats were intervened on the 7th day after modeling. In the massage vibration group, massage vibration was given using a vibrator by touching the skin of the right lower extremity at a frequency of 8 Hz, once a day, 2 min per time, for 4 consecutive weeks. In the sham intervention group, the vibrator only touched the skin but with no massage treatment. No treatment was given in the sham operation group. Incline plane test and behavioral indexes of sciatic function index were performed and measured after 7, 14, and 28 days of treatment, and muscle satellite cells, insulin-like growth factor 1, and MyoD biochemical index were detected after 28 days of treatment. The study protocol was approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the inclined plane test, the inclination angle of the sham intervention group and the massage vibration group was significantly smaller than that in the sham operation group after 7, 14, and 28 days of treatment (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the sham intervention group and the massage vibration group (P > 0.05). The sciatic function index value in the massage vibration group was significantly better than that in the sham intervention group after 14 and 28 days of treatment. The positive expression of muscle satellite cells, insulin-like growth factor 1, and MyoD in the massage vibration group was highest after 28 days of treatment, followed by the sham intervention group and sham operation group (P < 0.05). To conclude, massage vibration method can effectively promote the recovery of motor function, accelerate the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and MyoD, expedite the proliferation and differentiation of muscle satellite cells, alleviate skeletal muscle atrophy, and accelerate sciatic nerve regeneration after injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is defined as a syndrome of progressive reduction in age-related skeletal muscle mass, accompanied by declines in muscle strength and/or function, triggering a series of undesirable consequences such as accidental fractures. OBJECTIVE: To review the progress in the definition, measurement methods, correlation with fractures, prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. METHODS: PubMed and CNKI were searched for literatures related to sarcopenia using the keywords of “sarcopenia/muscular atrophy/muscle/fracture/ treatment/prevention.” Keywords were searched alone and in combination, followed by full-text reading. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: EWGSOP, IWGS, AWGS and other working groups have developed a standardized definition and diagnosis of sarcopenia. However, the criteria for defining sarcopenia vary slightly in literatures included in PubMed. Risk of fractures is increased in older adults with sarcopenia, and sarcopenia will have a worse effect in patients with osteoporosis. Animal experiments have verified that sarcopenia and osteoporotic fractures coexist in animal models, and sarcopenia can lead to delayed fracture healing. Exercise and nutrition intervention are currently used prevention and treatment programs. Osteocalcin, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, soluble activin IIB receptor and stem cell transplantation have great potential in the treatment of sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy and safety of nusinersen sodium in the treatment of children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 50 children with 5q SMA who received nusinersen sodium treatment and multidisciplinary treatment management in Shanxi Children's Hospital from February 2022 to February 2024., Results: Compared with the baseline data, 67% (8/12), 74% (35/47), and 74% (35/47) of the SMA children had a clinically significant improvement in the scores of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders, Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded, and Revised Upper Limb Module, respectively, and the distance of 6-minute walking test increased from 207.00 (179.00, 281.50) meters to 233.00 (205.25, 287.50) meters ( P <0.05) after nusinersen sodium treatment. Of all 50 children with SMA, 24 (48%) showed good tolerability after administration, with no significant or persistent abnormalities observed in 2 034 laboratory test results, and furthermore, there were no serious or immunological adverse events related to the treatment. After treatment, there was a significant change in forced vital capacity as a percentage of the predicted value in 27 children with restrictive ventilatory dysfunction, as well as a significant change in the level of 25-(OH) vitamin D in 15 children with vitamin D deficiency ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: For children with SMA, treatment with nusinersen sodium can continuously improve the response rates of motor function scales, with good tolerability and safety.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle is the main tissue to maintain human health, and sarcopenia affects people’s health and quality of life. Muscle satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells activated to proliferate and differentiate when stimulated by exercise, promote muscle hypertrophy, and delay the occurrence of sarcopenia. OBJECTIVE: To provide exercise prevention and treatment guidance for age-related sarcopenia, muscle atrophy, and muscle injury repair, and provide theoretical support for subsequent research. METHODS: CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for relevant documents published from 2010 to 2020 with the keywords of “skeletal muscle, satellite cells, proliferation, differentiation, muscle repair, scrcopenia” in Chinese and English, respectively. After initial screening of titles and abstracts, 100 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are many studies on the proliferation and differentiation of exercise-activated muscle satellite cells. Compared with endurance exercise (aerobic), resistance exercise has a significant effect. Different types of exercises can activate the proliferation and differentiation of different types of muscle satellite cells. Factors such as exercise intensity, load threshold, exercise time and frequency all influence the degree of satellite cell activation, proliferation and differentiation. Research on the interaction between exercise-activated muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation signaling pathways is insufficient, and it is found that exercise can regulate muscle extracellular matrix, oxidative stress levels, and autophagy to improve sarcopenia. How exercise activates the signal pathways of muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation to effectively promote synergy requires more in-depth research and exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that reduced diameter and number of muscle fibers are related to muscle atrophy, especially type II muscle fibers. OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between the distribution characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with hip fractures. METHODS: The clinical data of 60 female postmenopausal patients undergoing surgical treatment for hip fractures were included. Bone mineral density and muscle content were measured by dual energy X-ray, and the Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (ASMI) was calculated. According to the diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis, the included patients were divided into four groups with normal bone mass, reduced bone mass, osteoporosis, and severe osteoporosis, with 15 cases in each group. During operation, the patient’s gluteus medius muscle fibers were taken, and their diameter and distribution characteristics were observed under a microscope after slicing, fixing, and staining. Muscle content and femoral neck bone density at the healthy side were tested. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between muscle fiber diameter and skeletal muscle content at the affected side and the bone mineral density of the contralateral femoral neck. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The body muscle content and trunk muscle content of the severe osteoporosis group were significantly lower than those of the other three groups (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the other three groups (P > 0.05). The muscle content of the limbs in the normal bone mass group was significantly higher than that in the osteoporosis group and severe osteoporosis group (P < 0.05), and the muscle content of the limbs in the reduced bone mass group was higher than that in the severe osteoporosis group (P < 0.05). The ASMI value of the limbs in the severe osteoporosis group was significantly lower than that in the normal bone mass group and reduced bone mass group (P < 0.05). The femoral neck bone mineral density of postmenopausal women with hip fractures had a certain correlation with age, body mass, and type II muscle fiber diameter. The linear fitting R2 of femoral neck bone density with type II muscle fiber diameter and muscle content of the limbs was 0.103 and 0.243, respectively. To conclude, the bone mineral density of female patients with hip fractures is closely related to age, body mass index, muscle content of different body parts (body, limbs, trunk), and ASMI. Type II muscle fiber diameter and muscle content of the limbs have a positive correlation with femoral neck bone mineral density, suggesting that in the prevention of hip fractures in postmenopausal elderly women, we should adopt a comprehensive program of exercise, nutrition and drug treatment to increase bone mass and improve muscle quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that neurotrophin 3 (NT3)-chitosan can induce endogenous neurogenesis and axon regeneration in rats with spinal cord injury, and promote recovery of motor and sensory functions in rats. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of rehabilitation training combined with NT3-chitosan biomaterial scaffold on skeletal muscle morphological changes and functional recovery in rats with complete spinal cord injury. METHODS: Fifty adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, 10 in each group. The sham group was not modeled; the remaining four groups were prepared with T7-T8 complete 5-mm spinal cord injury model, and the lesion control was not performed any intervention after modeling. The other three groups were given rehabilitation training, NT3-chitosan active biomaterial scaffold, NT3- chitosan active biomaterial scaffold combined with rehabilitation training intervention. Rehabilitation training started 2 weeks after modeling. Before operation, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after operation, all of rats were subjected to double-blind open-field BBB scores. After 12 weeks, the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs (tibialis anterior muscle, gastrocnemius muscle, and soleus muscle) were taken for hematoxylin-eosin staining and acetylcholinesterase staining. The changes in muscle atrophy and motor endplates were assessed in each group. The experimental plan was approved by the Animal Experiment Committee of Capital Medical University (approval No. AEEI2018-105). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The BBB score at each time point in the sham group was higher than that in the other four groups (P < 0.05); and the scores at 8, 10, and 12 weeks after the NT3-chitosan combined rehabilitation training group were higher than the lesion control group, the lesion control combined rehabilitation training group, and NT3-chitosan group (P < 0.05). (2) At 12 weeks after operation, hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the cross-sectional area and diameter of muscle fibers of each skeletal muscle were smaller in the other four groups than that in the sham group (P < 0.05). The cross-sectional area and diameter of muscle fibers of each skeletal muscle in the NT3-chitosan combined rehabilitation training group were higher than the lesion control group, the lesion control combined rehabilitation training group, and NT3-chitosan group (P < 0.05). (3) At 12 weeks after operation, the acetylcholinesterase staining showed that the average optical density of the acetylcholinesterase on motor endplate of the muscle was lower in the other four groups than that in the sham group (P < 0.05); the average optical density of the acetylcholinesterase of the motor endplate in the NT3-chitosan combined rehabilitation training was significantly higher than that in the lesion control, lesion control combined rehabilitation training, and NT3-chitosan groups (P < 0.05). (4) The results show that NT3-chitosan combined with rehabilitation training can effectively prevent muscular atrophy of hind limb skeletal muscles in rats with complete spinal cord injury, improve the average optical density of the acetylcholinesterase of the motor endplate, reduce neuromuscular joint degeneration, and improve rat hindlimb motor function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder. With the emergence of disease-modifying therapies, the prognosis of SMA has significantly improved, drawing increased attention to the importance of home rehabilitation and nursing management. Long-term, standardized home rehabilitation and nursing can delay the progression of SMA, enhance the psychological well-being, and improve the quality of life of both patients and caregivers. This article provides an overview of the goals of home rehabilitation, basic functional training methods, respiratory management, and nutritional management for SMA patients, as well as psychological health issues, emphasizing the significance of obtaining appropriate home rehabilitation and support during the care process.

Objective: To investigate the impact of lumbar paraspinal muscle degeneration and postoperative failure to restore ideal Roussouly classification on the occurrence of mechanical complications (MC) following long-segment spinal correction surgery in female patients with degenerative scoliosis (DS). Methods: The clinical data of 72 female DS patients who underwent long-segment spinal correction surgery in Gulou Hospital from June 2017 to November 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether restoring the ideal Roussouly classification after surgery, the patients were divided into R group(recovery group) ( n =51) and N group(non-recovery group) ( n =21). According to whether mechanical complications occurred after operation within two years, the patients were divided into MC (mechanical complications)group ( n =24) and NMC(non-mechanical complications) group ( n =48). The RM group ( n =14) experienced mechanical complications in the R group, while the RN group ( n =37) did not. The NM group ( n =10) experienced mechanical complications in the N group, while the NN group ( n =11) did not.Radiographic assessment included Sagittal parameters of spine and pelvis, standardized cross-sectional area (SCSA) and fat infiltration rate (FI%) of paraspinal muscle at each lumbar disc level. Results: The age of DS patients in this study was (61.4±6.2) years.The incidence of MC was 33.33%( n =24)in all patients. The incidence of MC was 27.45%( n =14)in group R and 47.62%( n =10) in group N. The correction amount of pelvic tilt angle (PT) (-11.62°±10.06° vs -7.04°±8.45°, P =0.046) and T1 pelvic angle(TPA)(-12.88°±11.23° vs -7.31°±9.55°, P =0.031)during surgery were significantly higher in MC group compared to the NMC group. In group R, the FI% of paraspinal muscles in each lumbar segment of patients with postoperative MC was higher than that in patients without MC ( P <0.05). In the R and N groups, there was no significant difference inthe SCSA of the lumbar paravertebral muscles between patients with postoperative MC and those without MC at each level (all P >0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the average FI% of lumbar PSM was correlated with the occurrence of MC after spinal fusion in DS patients.The average FI% of lumbar PSM≥22.63% was a risk factors for MC after spinal fusion ( P =0.010, OR =1.088, 95% CI :1.020-1.160). Conclusions: Female DS patients with higher degree of preoperative paraspinal muscle degeneration have a higher incidence of postoperative mechanical complications. For these patients,.there is still a higher risk of mechanical complications after surgery even if the ideal Roussouly classification is restored after surgery.

Copyright of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) / Huanan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) is the property of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: The regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism by adenylate activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important cause of fat accumulation in obese and type 2 diabetic patients. Chronic inflammation will further induce skeletal muscle atrophy. Aerobic exercise can increase the activity of AMPK and regulate energy metabolism, but the mechanism of aerobic exercise in improving skeletal muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetes by increasing AMPK is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetic rats and the role of AMPK. METHODS: The model of type 2 diabetic rats was established by high fat feeding and streptozotocin injection, and the rats were divided into four groups: control group (n=6), exercise group (n=9), diabetic control group (n=8) and diabetic exercise group (n=12). The control group and the diabetic control group were kept for 4 weeks, and the exercise group and the diabetic exercise group were given aerobic exercise intervention for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of aerobicexercise (running speed 16 m/min, 60 min/d, 5 days/week), the muscle atrophy of soleus was observed by immunohislochemicsl staining. The expression levels of AMPK, PGC-1α, MAFbx and MuRF1 were detected by western blot assay. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University in China on June 25, 2016, with approval No. 2016014. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Blood glucose of type 2 diabetes rats was significantly increased, and body weight and insulin levels of type 2 diabetes rats were significantly decreased (P < 0.01). The mean cross sectional area of sole us fiber in the diabetic group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01), and the cross sectional area of soleus muscle fiber in the diabetic exercise group was significantly higher than that in the diabetic group (P < 0.01). The expression levels of AMPK and PGC-1α in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats were significantly lower than those in the control group, and the expression levels of MAFbx and MuRF1 were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The expression levels of AMPK, MAFbx and Mu RF! in the diabetic exercise group were significantly higher than those in the diabetic group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that aerobic exercise can improve milochondrial function, inhibit the expression of MAFbx and MuRF1, improve skeletal muscle atrophy and restore the metabolic balance of type 2 diabetes mellitus to some extent by activating AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: There are a large number of patients with brachial plexus injury in clinical practice, and surgical methods are various. The concerning reviews are few.OBJECTIVE: To review the anatomy, surgical methods and surgical history of brachial plexus injury, so as to provide clinical guidance for orthopedic surgeons.METHODS: The first author searched relevant articles in PubMed and CNKI databases from January 1972 to October 2018. The keywords were "brachial plexus, injury, diagnosis, treatment, classification" in English and Chinese, respectively. A total of 478 related articles were retrieved, and 73 articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Through the continuous basic researches and clinical practice of domestic and foreign scholars and doctors, the surgical treatment of brachial plexus injury surgery gradually becomes rich and mature, and has achieved great progress.(2)Great progress has been made in the treatment of brachial plexus injury. Due to the complexity of mechanism and anatomical structure of brachial plexus injury, there are still many problems. Although the changes after nerve injury have been described in terms of morphology,electrophysiology and histochemical changes, the essence of muscular atrophy has not been elucidated. The ultimate goal of brachial plexus injury treatment is to reconstruct the internal muscle of the hand, which determines the recovery effect of hand function.(3) Brachial plexus injury is still a worldwide problem in the field of medicine, and is an issue of concern. There are various methods, which have achieved good clinical outcomes, but the irreversible muscle atrophy is difficult to avoid.(4) How to accurately diagnose brachial plexus injury, improve and innovate the nerve displacement method, accelerate the nerve regeneration, and restore hand muscle function is the research focus and direction in the field of hand surgery. A further exploration is needed to provide foundation for further research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.04.012

Objectives: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of salbutamol in the treatment of children with later-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)., Methods: This study is a prospective single-arm phase Ⅲ clinical study. Pediatric patients with SMA type Ⅱ and Ⅲ who visited Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from December 2020 to June 2022 were enrolled. All patients were evaluated with motor function scales, pulmonary function test and drug safety before study. Patients were treated with salbutamol tablets orally, with an initial dose of 1 mg (tid). If tolerable, the dose was increased to 1.5 mg (tid) in the second week, then increased to 2 mg (tid) from the third week and maintained for 6 months. Patients were followed up at 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment., Results: Twenty-six patients were enrolled, including 10 boys and 16 girls. There were 16 cases of SMA type Ⅱ and 10 cases of type Ⅲ with age at treatment initiation of 5.67 (3.13, 7.02) years and disease duration of 2.54 (1.31, 4.71) years. The Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expanded (HFMSE) scores were increased from 14.0 (6.5, 43.0) before treatment to 26.0 (15.0, 46.5) after treatment ( Z =－4.144, P <0.01) in 25 cases. The Revised Upper Limb Module Scale scores were increased from 33.0 (25.5, 36.0) before treatment to 35.0 (31.0, 36.5) after treatment ( Z =－2.214, P <0.05) in 9 cases. In 7 ambulant children with SMA type Ⅲ, the six minutes walking distance was increased by 30 (15, 52) m after a 6-month treatment ( Z =－2.366, P <0.05). Compared with the baseline pulmonary functions the patients showed a significant increase in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in 15 cases after treatment (all P <0.05). According to patients and caregivers subjective reporting, there were various degrees of improvement in coughing, sputum production ability and exercise endurance. No serious adverse events were observed during the study., Conclusions: Short-term oral administration of salbutamol may improve motor and pulmonary functions in later-onset SMA children with good safety.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness and atrophy caused by degeneration of brain stem and spinal cord motor neurons. SMA is common genetic neuromuscular disorder that causes infant death. The pathogenesis is survival motor neuron (SMN) protein deletion caused by homozygous disruption of SMN1 gene. Greater knowledge of the molecular basis of SMA pathogenesis has fuelled the development of potential therapeutic approaches, reduced mortality and improved the life quality of SMA patients. The therapeutic strategies include a modified antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), adeno - associated virus (AAV) mediated SMN1 gene replacement therapy, oral small molecular drugs which upregulated SMN protein expression, muscle activating drugs, and neuroprotective drugs, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the common hereditary muscular disease caused by the deficiency of cytoskeletal protein dystrophin on the sarcolemma. It is characterized by progessive muscle weakness and atrophy and dying of heart or respiratory failure. Currently the gene therapy strategies of DMD can be catagorized into two groups: restoring dystrophin expression and compensating for the lack of dystrophin. Therapies restoring dystrophin include nonsense mutation readthrough, exon skipping, adeno - associated virus (AAV) mediated micro - dystrophin therapy and gene editing. Here we summarize the latest advance of gene therapy for DMD, focusing on strategies that restore dystrophin, hoping to benefit the choosing of optimal gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:By conducting screening studies on the deletion mutations in exon 7 and exon 8 (E7, E8) of SMN1 gene in pregnant women, an accurate, rapid, simple, and high-throughput prenatal screening and diagnosis of this gene locus was established. SMA patients can be prevented. Methods:QF-PCR was used to screen the deletion of SMN1 gene E7 and E8 in 162 cases of women in mid-pregnancy. When the spouses were carriers of SMA pathogenic genes, fetal DNA was extracted to detect SMN1 gene deletion. The high-risk fetal MLPA genetic diagnosis was performed at the same time. Results:A total of 162 pregnant women were screened and the presence of SMN1 E7 heterozygous carriers were found in 6 cases. As for the QF -PCR test results of the carriers' spouses,4 cases showed that E7 and E8 were all normal and 2 cases showed loss of heterogeneity. As to the two high-risk fetus whose both parents were SMA carriers,amniotic fluid DNA testing suggested that 1 fetus had E7 and E8 homozygous deletion, and the other one showed loss of heterogeneity. The results of MLPA were same with QF -PCR. Conclusions:QF-PCR can be used in the screening and diagnosis of SMA patients in large pregnant population. It has great clinical value to prevent the birth of SMA children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To report and summarize clinical phenotype and genotype characteristics in a patient with GNE myopathy, and to extend mutation spectrum of GNE gene. Methods and Results A male patient, 33 years, characterized by symmetric weakness of bilateral distal lower limbs, especially in anterior group of calf muscles, which was progressive slowly. His parents were consanguineous. The level of serum creatine kinase (CK) was elevated (1139 U/L); electromyography (EMG) presented with myogenic injury; CT results of bilateral lower limbs showed mild muscle atrophy; muscle histology showed dramatically varied sizes of myofibers, centralization of myonuclei, rimmed vacuoles in about 2% of myofibers; genetic testing exhibited homozygous mutation [GNE gene, exon 9, c.1624C > T (p.Pro542Ser)] in the proband and heterozygous mutation [GNE gene, exon 9, c.1624C > T (p.Pro542Ser)] in the proband's mother, son and daughter. This mutation had not been reported and was malignant according to bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, the mutation was likely pathogenic ( II) on the basis of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guideline. Thus, the patient was diagnosed as GNE myopathy, and the family was a pedigree with GNE myopathy. Conclusions This study systematically reports genotype and phenotype information of a patient with GNE myopathy, which extends mutation spectrum of GNE gene and improves the understandings of clinic practitioner for GNE myopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common fatal neurogenetic disease in infant period. Clinical manifestations of SMA include symmetrical and progressive weakness and atrophy of proximal limbs. Based on age of incidence, it is divided into child-onset SMA and adult-onset SMA. Child- onset SMA has the highest incidence rate. This article summarizes the research progress of SMA therapy in recent years to provide new thoughts for the treatment of SMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article described a nursing experience of a major burn patient who was at risk for disuse syndrome. The nursing period was from November 22th to December 20th, 2013. Data was collected by means of observation, interview, medical records, and physical assessments. Using Gordon's 11 functional health patterns as framework for holistic assessment, the result revealed that the patient had impaired tissue integrity, acute pain, anxiety, and risk for disuse syndrome. As tracking patient recovery after discharge was impossible, we recommended the inclusion of post-hospital follow-up in the discharge planning that allows outpatient nurses to track the patient's recovery; or the planning of a long-term holistic rehabilitation, and home and social adaptation assessment in collaboration with NGOs like Sunshine Social Welfare Foundation to ensure the patient's life quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]