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This paper, by analyzing the processes by which indigenous spirits were transformed into ritually orthodox guardians, examines on how religious life in late imperial Dali ... (Yunnan) ended up being reconstructed due to the impact of ethnic politics. During the Ming dynasty, local spirits of various origins became worshipped as guardian deities of the Buddhist religion and subsequently incorporated into the state cult. By analyzing four such cults located in the southern area of the Dali plain (a water spirit, the Blue Dragon Goddess, the ancient hero Duan Chicheng ..., and the Tang general Lee Mi ...), this paper considers the historical processes by which they were converted into Dragon Kings ("nagas") by Buddhist monks as well as state cult deities. At the same time, however, this paper also examines how different groups of Dali people (including indigenous ritual clans, native soldiers, Han military forces, and local officials) competed to have their spirits recognized as a means of legitimizing their status and influence in local society. By highlighting the processes of agency through which ritual orthodoxy could be defined, this paper demonstrates that the historical development of these four cults can help shed new light on local strategies of negotiation and social mobility, all of which contributed to the development of Dali's vibrant religious life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanities and social science have fuzzy boundaries due to the application of findings from natural science and technologies. But their core features are associated with the social and humanity aspects. And the independent value of research on humanities and social science lies in the description of objects in neutral and objective perspectives, in discoveries of relationships and predictions of tendencies, as well as in the contribution of managerial suggestions. Any kind of knowledge accumulation, proposal of analytical structures or logical constructions, methods and technologies that will facilitate the achievement of one or several of the above-mentioned fundamental goals are the important content of scientific research and innovations. Interdisciplinary research is gaining rapid popularity at home and abroad, and the number of application-orientated interdisciplinary subjects and studies is ever increasing. The interdisciplinary concept frequently occurs from various meetings to diverse policies, from project proposals to award reviews, and from curricular design to the establishment of a major. However, in contrast to discourse focus interdisciplinary research has not yet become productive. And interdisciplinary science remains no more than a lexical focus at the conceptual level, whose characteristics, regularities and ontology have drawn little attention. Moreover, the talents and supporting funding in interdisciplinary research as well as their social influence are still in a disadvantageous situation. The study of tourism is an investigation of complex phenomena that are closely related to society, nature, culture, economy and environment. With the increment of the number of tourists and the expansion of tourism economy worldwide, the development, organization, management and the social effect of tourism research is drawing increasing attention, and the targets of tourism research is becoming more and more diverse, accordingly the paradigm of tourism research exhibits a vast variety. However, at present the social influence of tourism research is relatively weak, far behind that of the tourism industry, especially in terms of the description of emerging tourism economy, tourism effects, and the development and change of tourist behaviors, which are still stuck in difficult situations of scientific research. This paper takes tourism research as an example to discuss strategies to achieve breakthroughs in interdisciplinary cross studies on humanities and social science. It suggests that emerging interdisciplinary research focus on the construction of fundamental concepts, classification and statistics, meanwhile, it pay attention to the formation of open growing frameworks of knowledge that can accommodate the development of emerging phenomena, to the extension of corpus data collection and various analytical methods, the encouragement of basic investigation and description of emerging phenomena, the guidance of scientific research towards social demands, and to the popularization of scientific research findings, in order to promote substantial innovations of scientific research on the basis of paradigmatic boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solomon, an important advocate of cognitivism in philosophy of emotions, maintains that emotions are judgments. Emotional judgments, according to Solomon, may be non-propositional; such judgments are likely to be episodic, procedural or even kinesthetic. Emotions, in consideration of their intentionality, may be seen as subjective engagements with the world. Thus, the emotions are put into various forms. This paper investigates those forms in view of their situatedness. This paper discuss Solomon's notion of evaluative judgment, on the one hand, and learn the notion of the situatedness concerning emotions from Griffiths & Scarantino (to appear), on the other. Griffiths and Scarantino suppose that the notion of situatedness does not have a position in cognitivism. This paper, however, argues that Griffiths & Scarantino's notion of situatedness is posited in Solomon's notion of evaluative judgment. This implies that the notion of situatedness can be blended into cognitivism. This paper, as a consequence, connects cognitivism in the philosophy of the emotions with situated-ness research in cognitive science and the philosophy of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Zhu Shenghao's Shakespeare translation not only enriches our national literature and culture, but also expresses a unique interpretation of the Shakespearean studies in the world literature. This paper, with the perspective shifted from literary translation to translated literature in Shakespearean studies, will inspect Zhu's translated literature in a particular era of culture to investigate the relationship between translated literature and national literature. It's more significant and valuable to make the focus of the language skills of translation extended to translated literary and cultural level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1950s, under a prevailing atmosphere of National Security Crisis, American public and private organizations reached, to a large extent, a consensus on what is the Cold War, and how to win the Cold War. The so-called Cold War consensus contributed to the later close and extensive cooperation and coordination, especially in the field of anti-Communism, between the government agencies and the private foundations. Taking the Educational Aid Program for Asia planned and implemented by the Eisenhower Administration as an example, this paper examines the deep involvement of the Ford Foundation and the Asia Foundation into this official program, and reveals their significant influence on it. The author believes that the Cold War has secured certain kind of target convergence and long-term cooperation in a struggle of anti-Communism, that the roles and functions played by American foundations in foreign aid program and cultural exchange program were indispensable, and that an "ideological turn" has occured in terms of the objective of overseas educational aid program within both the government agencies and private organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Marxist philosophy since 1949 is not only a phase of the history of Marxist philosophy, but also an important phase or a part of the Chinese modem philosophy. Therefore, its writing can put the frame of both the history of Marxist philosophy and the sinicization of Marxist philosophy. In the frame of the history of Marxist philosophy, the Chinese Marxist philosophy since 1949 protrudes its contents about the tradition of Marxist philosophy and its form; in the frame of the sinicization of Marxist philosophy, the Chinese Marxist philosophy since 1949 protrudes its contents about the Chinese philosophy and Chinese issues. This paper chooses the latter and tries to explain the principles and methods in writing the history of Chinese Marxist philosophy since 1949 by analyzing the writing method in the frame of the sinicization of Marxist philosophy, the academic structure of Chinese Marxist philosophy since 1949 and its historical phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid and strong development of brain research in the recent decades necessitates a re-thinking or re-awaking of some classical questions in the humanities, which may have significant effects on our society. As neuroscientists we would like to share with our colleagues from the humanities our points of view concerning these questions. Our points presented in this paper concern three important issues: (i) essence of the human mind, (ii) consciousness and unconsciousness of the brain, and (iii) free will. Ad (i) Our fundamental point of view is that the classical body-mind dualism has disappeared with the new development of neuroscience and should be replaced by a brain-monism. The mind is the result of our 100 billion brain cells working together, and is thus a product of the brain. The mind is produced by the brain by action potentials, neurotransmitters and synaptic changes, resulting in changes in the activities of the brain cells, and interactions of the brain areas. The results of brain work are objective since they are solely the consequences of the changes in transmitter release and activity of nerve cells in particular brain areas. There are also good neuroscientific explanations for the so-called "subjective" properties of one's personality or character. It is the genetic background, early brain development, and remodeling of the brain caused by later developmental experiences playing together to make each brain unique. These mind-differences can be explained on the basis of differences in brain structures and functions and they are purely objective. Ad (ii) Most of our brain work is unconscious and it can very well carry out complex tasks this way. Such unconscious processing of the brain is also one of its objective properties. In addition, the brain (= I) does have the unconscious wish to survive, which has developed during evolution and that during evolution the wish for food and reproduction are strongly coupled to our brain reward systems has proven to be an extremely efficient mechanism. These basic wishes are sublimated in the human being into products of work, science and art. Ad (iii) Scientific experiments have shown that our brain makes decisions before we are conscious of them. These observations seriously question whether we have any degree of free will. The unconscious will takes split-second decisions on the basis of what is going on in our surroundings, a process that is importantly determined by the way our brains were formed during development and by what we have learned since then (= memories). That the feeling of "free will" is an illusion has gained support of many experimental data, although the final answer to this important question should come from future experiments. Our current knowledge of neurobiology shows that many inherited factors and environmental influences during early development affect the structure and functioning of our brains for the rest of our lives. This means that along with all kinds of potentials and talents, we have many built-in limitations, including a given level of aggression, our gender identity and our sexual orientation, and a greater or lesser tendency to develop brain disorders such as ADHD, borderline personality disorder, depression or schizophrenia. Finally, we think that developments in neuroscience not only promote our penetration into the essence of human beings, but also significantly inspire the improvement in our social ethics and mechanism, as for example, in the case of how we should fairly and efficiently punish the offenders who have psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should the basic rights terms in the constitution come into force and realize its intrinsic value, the first step is to specify the legislation. Taking the basic rights terms in the constitution as examples, this paper briefly analyzes the present situation for the specification of legislation, then elaborates the necessity for the legislation of constitutional basic rights from the perspective of the type, the effectiveness, the safeguard, and the remedy of basic rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1980s, discussions on philosophy of information were heated in the Chinese academics circles, which brought a large number of papers and monographs associated with this issue into being. The publication of article "Outline of philosophy Information Theory" (1985) and the book "Introduction of Philosophy Information Theory" (1987) by Mr. Wu Kun marked the establishment for philosophy of information in China. Mr. Wu Kun stressed in particular that as the philosophy of information built a whole new existence area split mode, which essentially changed the concrete way to express basic philosophical issues, therefore, philosophy of Information was a type of meta--philosophy or a ultimate philosophy. Philosophy of Information achieved the first fundamental turn in human philosophy, and leaded fundamental changes for human philosophy in all directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhu xi's li theory treats Li as the ultimate doctrine, and considers Li ontology as its core idea, forming a sophisticated philosophy system. Concepts of equaling Taiji as Li, Dao as Li, Ren (Benevolence) as Li and Xin (Nature) as Li lay the foundation for Zhu xi's peculiar theory. However, those main concepts are confusions themselves. From the perspective of religious denomination, the thinking source of Zhu xi's Li theory is the mixture of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism; From the relationship with masters and, it is mainly relevant to ZHOU DUN-- yi, the Cheng brothers (Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi), and ZHANG Zai. In essence, ethic and morality are primary principles for Zhu Xi's Theory. Therefore, the main errors are as follows: the confusion over concepts exposure the fundamental mistakes in Li ontology; treating Li as Dao is unnecessary and redundant. Without concrete meaning, it is hard for Li to serve as the subject of ontology. Ethic and morality couldn't be the subject of ontology either. This paper concludes that Zhu xi's Li is not only the confusion about philosophy concepts, but also inappropriate to be the subject of ontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Hemingway's Principle of Iceberg, this paper falls to explore such four aspects in The Old Man and the Sea as Manolin's physical, force, Cuban customs, Hemingway's written style and many details described in the book, and draws the conclusion that the "so-called boy" Manolin is actually an adult about twenty years old. This "corner of iceberg" surely will provide a new perspective for the reader to get a renewed appreciation and a richer understanding of this masterpiece and to avoid doubts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though De Munck (1996) argues that "love" may have a place in arranged marriages, the richness and complexity of sentiment in prescriptive marriage has long frustrated anthropological understanding. Is there a place for romantic sentiment or personal emotion in a restricted marriage system? This paper aims to understand the intersection of prescriptive marriage and individual sentiment through an ethnography of Miao elopement in eastern Guizhou. Today, much like before 1949, marriages occur after a brief courtship; they may or may not involve romantic love and divide more-or-less evenly between public marriages and elopements. Public marriages revolve around, and must come to terms with, the positive rule of prescriptive cross-cousin marriage within village endogamy. Elopements violate village endogamy, are finalized when the bride crosses the doorsill with her groom in the middle of the night, and occur without her family's prior consent or knowledge. This essay considers elopement from the perspective of a bride's weighing the uncertainties and special ambivalence of an alternative cognatic marriage against the certainties and general ambivalence of a restricted marriage. Moreover, elopements make intelligible Miao ambivalence about the collective marital ideal and individuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes and discusses the narrative space in Harry Potter and its cultural significance by the mathematical criticism, and presents thoughts over the scope of Mr. Du Gui-chen's literary and mathematical criticism. The third space in Harry Porter is composed of the first space Muggle world which focuses on material and secular world and the second space magical world which Iocuses on Spirit and the sacred, but health issued the three cultural significances beyond Muggle and magical world--fairy tales, culture, growth of roots and heroes, and health issued the three central themes at the level of the heroes growth--death, love and growth. The phenomenon using " three" more in Harry Potter shows that Rowling's respect for the number "three" had closed to the original thinking of the number of worship beyond the general sense of the number of modern worship. So, Mr. Du's vision that the mathematical criticism can be used for all literatures is feasible. The Third space; The Mathematical Criticism; Harry Porter ; Number "three" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]