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In order to solve the problems in predicting the asphalt aging behavior, such as the large performance deviation between simulated aging asphalt and actual aging asphalt, the lack of scientific evaluation index easy to promote in the practical engineering, properties of natural aging SBS (Styrene Butadiene Styrene Triblock Copolymer) modified asphalt from an in-service expressway were tested by Asphalt Binder Quality Test System (ABQT) . Then, some indexes, including maximum creep deformation, elastic recovery rate, loading deformation rate coefficient and rebound deformation rate coefficient, were proposed to evaluate the changes of asphalt’s properties; meanwhile, the accuracy of evaluating asphalt aging behavior with the above indicators were also analyzed by analyzing the differences between the above indicators and conventional performance indicators in evaluating the asphalt aging properties. On this basis, the nonlinear prediction model for asphalt aging was established based on the above indicators, and the aging rate values of asphalt were obtained to analyze the degradation laws of asphalt properties under natural aging conditions, and ultimately a reasonable preventive maintenance time was proposed. Results showed that, the maximum creep deformation, loading deformation rate coefficient and rebound deformation rate coefficient can effectively characterize the decay process of asphalt aging properties under natural aging conditions. Meanwhile, the nonlinear prediction model for asphalt aging established based on the above indicators had strong applicability, which can achieve bidirectional calculation for asphalt performance and aging time. Furthermore, as the aging time prolonged, the aging rate values corresponding to the maximum creep deformation, loading deformation rate coefficient and rebound deformation rate coefficient all decayed in the form of a cubic function model； and the turning points of aging rate were 6. 67 a, 5. 56 a, and 6. 67 a, respectively. Therefore, considering the safety of asphalt mixture performance, it was suggested that 5. 56 a as the threshold for intervention in preventive maintenance measures to restore asphalt performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The propeller performance of small loitering munition is easily affected by the smaller blade size and lager hub ratio. A loitering munition encountered the problems of propeller speed is too high, and the endurance is not enough, the propeller wind tunnel test, the calculation results and flight performance are different. Aiming at the problem of inconsistent calculation results, the numerical simulation of the experimental subject was carried out. The result shows that the propeller hub produces a large negative thrust and torque, which is the most important factor leading to a significant decrease in propeller efficiency and increase in propeller speed. According to the calculation results, the formula of the hub thrust and torque correction and the propeller optimization design are given. In view of the large difference between the wind tunnel test efficiency value and flight performance, the propulsion system wind tunnel test was carried out, the problem of incoming flow interference is solved and accurate experimental results are obtained. In order to improve propeller efficiency, a propeller calculation model is derived based on propeller vortex theory, the optimization design of propeller aerodynamic profile is carried out by using genetic algorithm toolbox, with the efficiency of propeller at cruise as objective, the thrust and maximum counter torque in climb as constraints. The design results are verified by the wind tunnel test of the propulsion system. Experimental results show that the optimized design is effective, and the propeller efficiency is increased by 17.2% at cruise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Piezoelectrics & Acoustooptics is the property of Piezoelectric & Acoustooptic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To test the steering function of autonomous vehicles, a vehicle in the loop virtual simulation testing system design is designed. A rotating plate driven by a linear motor is added to the front axle drum group on the traditional drum/brake testing platform to achieve a maximum 10° steering function during vehicle driving. Combined with software simulation technology, dynamic braking force testing is carried out for the speed reduction of autonomous vehicles from 80 km/h to 20 km/h during steering operation, as well as braking friction force testing during the speed reduction to 0 km/h. The test results are analyzed and verified. The analysis results indicate that the testing system can achieve the expected braking ability of autonomous vehicles within a steering angle range of ±10°, and control the testing braking force accuracy within the range of ±5 N, whitch further verifies the effectiveness of the testing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testability design is an important cutting-edge technology to improve system reliability, safety, maintainability and supportability, which determines the failure detection and isolation rates and directly affects system maintenance (testing) cost. The testability design of the system has gone through a variety of design strategies, such as structural design, modeling design, and data driven design. Among them, data-driven based design is a rising strategic emerging strategy. They model the relationship between system tests and faults, and infer faults from test results to form diagnostic strategies. This paper firstly reviews the development process of system testability design and then focuses on the latest progress of testability scheme design including structure-based, model-based and data-driven-based schemes. After that, research status of each approach are sorted out and summarized. Then, the construction of the test diagnostic strategy is introduced, and the construction technology of the diagnostic strategy is determined according to the modeling method of the testability scheme, and the research on each type of technology is summarized. Finally, the current challenging problems and possible future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vehicle vibration during operation in the urban rail transit aff ects the operation of the balise transmission system, resulting in the loss of beacons and the failure of the train positioning. Firstly, this paper analyzes the fundamentals of the balise fault caused by vehicle vibration theoretically. Then, a customized vibration test bench is designed and utilized to simulate vehicle vibration states during operation based on the structure of the balise transmission system and the status of vehicle movements. Finally, the simulations conducted using the vibration test system verify the reliability of the theory, enabling the provision of the corresponding preventive measures to reduce the loss of beacons and the failure of the train positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop the target object mobile platform for vehicle Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) system test, this article studied the configuration design, strength analysis, fatigue life estimation and path tracking of test scene. Through the analysis of the test scenarios stipulated in C-NCAP Management Regulation (2024 Edition), the moving path of the target was extracted, and the expected trajectory was obtained according to the boundary conditions, then the trajectory tracking results were obtained through dynamic simulation. The comparison shows that the simulation results are basically consistent with the specified requirements, indicating that the designed mobile platform can meet the needs of AEB testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A version 2.0Z testing system using the double whisker photoelectric method was developed. Twenty-five kinds of carding cashmere samples were tested by double whisker photoelectric method. The accuracy and stability of the 2.0Z test system were verified by comparing the test results of the hand row method in GB 18267-2013. The results show that there are differences among samples and the sample size of hand-row method is small, so the random error is high, while the results of the double whisker photoelectric method are relatively stable. The double whisker photoelectric method 2.0Z test system has a high consistency with the hand row method. In particular, the average deviation of the mean length index is less than 2 mm, and the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.8. The double whisker photoelectric method 2.0Z test system has a high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The landing error scoring system test is a standard for assessing the risk of non-contact injuries and has not yet been developed for Chinese college soccer programs. OBJECTIVE: To establish a test evaluation standard for the landing error scoring system to provide a basis for evaluating the risk of non-contact injuries in college soccer students. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was designed in which 219 athletes from 10 college soccer teams were tested with the standard landing error scoring system, and the subjects were followed up by questionnaires and medical examinations for non-contact injuries of the lower extremities and trunk for 1 year after testing to determine sex differences and assessment criteria for the landing error scoring system test indicators. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The total score of the landing error scoring system was (8.22±1.65) points for 219 subjects, (8.29±1.74) for males and (8.07±1.44) for females, with no significant difference between males and females (P > 0.05). Within 1 year after the test, the overall injury rate of 219 subjects was 10.05% and the morbidity rate was 15.98%; the injury rate of male subjects with non-contact injury of the lower limbs and trunk was 12.75% and the morbidity rate was 20.13%; the injury rate of female subjects with non-contact injury of the lower limbs and trunk was 4.29% and the morbidity rate was 7.14%. There were no significant differences in the injury rate between men and women (P < 0.05). The total score of the landing error scoring system was higher in the injury group than in the non-injury group [(9.50±1.14) vs. (8.08±1.64), P < 0.01]; for male subjects, the total score of the landing error scoring system was higher in the injury group than in the non-injury group [(9.63±1.12) vs. (8.09 ± 1.73), P < 0.01]. The area under the curve for the total score of the landing error scoring system was 0.773 (P=0.000), which had a diagnostic value for the risk of non-contact injury of the lower extremities and trunk in male subjects, with a best cut-off point of 8.5, sensitivity of 0.842, specificity of 0.623, positive likelihood ratio of 2.233, negative likelihood ratio of 0.254, relative risk factor of 8.400, and odds ratio of 8.816; the total score of the landing error scoring system was not applicable for assessing the risk of non-contact injury of the lower extremities and trunk in female subjects. To conclude, the landing error scoring system test can be used as a criterion to assess the risk of non-contact injury to the lower extremity and trunk in Chinese college male soccer players, with an optimal cut-off point of 8.5. The risk of non-contact injury to the lower extremity and trunk is 8.40 times higher in male athletes with a landing error scoring system test score of ≥ 8.5 than in male athletes with a score of < 8.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to establish a method for the simultaneous determination of matrine and oxymatrine in Sanwei Quanshen Koufuye by HPLC. The test compares the detection effects of three amino-chromatographic columns (Agilent ZORBAX NH2, SHISEIDO CAPCELL PAK NH2, Waters SPHERSORB NH2). For separation effect, Agilent ZORBAX NH2 is preferred, but its running time is long. In order to save time and flow equivalent reagents, it was recommended to use SHISEIDO CAPCELL PAK NH2 column first and subselect Waters SPHERSORB NH2 column. After the absolute ethanol extraction, the amino chromatography column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) was used as the separation column, column temperature was 35 °C, and detection wavelength was 220 nm. Diode array detector was used for analysis, and external standard method was used for quantitative determination. The results showed that matrine and oxymatrine showed a good linear relationship ranging between 30 and 300 mg/L (R>0.999 0), and the average sample recovery rate was 97.64% with RSD 1.63%. The system adaptation test and the chromatography column tolerance was good, which fully meet the detection requirements. The study indicates that the method is easy to operate, with good repeatability, stability and accuracy, and can be used for the detection of matrine and oxymatrine contents in Sanwei Quanshen Koufuye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Interspinous distraction fusion device BacFuse was used for the management of lumbar degenerative disease and obtained good clinical efficacy in recent years. However, the related biomechanical study was lacking. OBJECTIVE: To explore the related biomechanical characteristics of BacFuse, a novel interspinous distraction fusion device, which was used in lumbar degenerative disease. METHODS: After constructing the goat spinal models (L1-L6), they were grouped into four groups based on different simulated surgeries: the control group, the BacFuse group (L3/4), the screw-rod fixation group (L3/4) and the Topping-off group (L3/4 screw-rod fixation + L2/3 BacFuse fixation). The goat lumbar spine surgical model was assembled into a biomechanical testing system. A biomechanical machine was used for mechanical loading, simulating lumbar spine movement of flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation with a 4 Nm moment. A visual tracking system was used for positioning and capturing. Finally, mechanical and optical calibration was completed to calculate the range of motion of the L2/3, L3/4 and L4/5 segments. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, the range of motion of the L3/4 segment in the BacFuse group decreased 27.27%, 70%, 38.1% and 23.08% in the flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation directions, respectively (P < 0.05). The range of motion of L3/4 segment in the screwrod fixation group decreased 72.73%, 80%, 71.43% and 73.08% in the flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation directions, respectively (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the control group, the range of motion of the adjacent segment L2/3 increased by 33.33%, 25% and 23.81% in the extension, lateral bending and rotation directions, respectively in the BacFuse group (P < 0.05), with no significant change in flexion. In the screw-rod fixation group, there was a 50%, 44.44%, 50% and 58.96% increase in the adjacent segment L2/3 in the flexion, extension, lateral calibration and rotation directions, respectively (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with the control group, the BacFuse group showed an increase in range of motion in proximal segment L4/5 in the extension and rotation directions by 27.3% and 17.39% (P < 0.05) respectively, with no significant change in flexion or lateral bending. In the screw-rob fixation group, the proximal segment L4/5 demonstrated 38.89%, 22.73% and 26.09% (P < 0.05) increases in range of motion in the flexion, extension and rotation directions, respectively, with no significant change in lateral bending. (4) In the Topping-off group, the range of motion of L2/3 was reduced by 37.04%, 73.08%, 56.67% and 38.46% in flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation, respectively, compared to the screw-rob fixation group (P < 0.05). Compared with the screw-rob fixation group, the Topping-off group showed a 20% reduction in the range of motion of the L4/5 in the flexion direction (P < 0.05), with no significant differences seen in extension, lateral bending and rotation. (5) It is concluded that the interspinous distraction fusion device BacFuse significantly reduces the range of motion of the implanted segment and provides some stability. It still retains more mobility and reduces the impact on the adjacent segment compared to screw-rob fixation, while the Topping-off tip, which can be used for intervertebral fusion fixation, significantly reduces the range of motion of the adjacent segment and reduces the risk of adjacent segment degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the system composition of the heavy haul railway train control system based on Beidou, the key equipment of the system is taken as the tested equipment. A semi-physical simulation testing system architecture is designed, and key technologies and solutions such as the simulation of the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, block system simulation, and heavy haul train simulation are analyzed. Through system implementation, it has been verified that the design scheme of this simulation testing system is feasible, capable of executing typical operating scenarios of the heavy haul railway train control system based on Beidou, supporting feasibility verification of system technical solutions, facilitating equipment debugging and testing, providing environmental support for equipment research & development and engineering implementation, and offering strong technical support for laboratory system integration testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a research method for locomotive-assisted driving systems based on simulation platform. Locomotive-assisted driving systems have become a key technology in improving driving safety and efficiency. However, conducting system testing directly on actual locomotives may pose risks and incur high costs. Therefore, the development of a simulation platform suitable for locomotive-assisted driving systems is necessary. This paper provides an overview of existing simulation platforms, analyzes their advantages and limitations, and proposes a design scheme for a simulation platform based on virtual reality technology. This platform can simulate various driving scenarios and traffic conditions, allowing researchers to conduct accurate performance evaluations and functional tests of locomotive-assisted driving systems. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed simulation platform are validated through tests, providing strong support for the development of locomotive-assisted driving systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to actually test whether the onboard relay can meet the requirements of the service life and improve the stability and reliability of the onboard relay products, an embedded onboard relay life test system is designed to test the mechanical and electrical life of the on-board relay. In terms of system structure, it is divided into two parts: the lower computer and the upper computer. Based on the embedded system, the lower computer completes the drive of the onboard relay and the construction of the peripheral logic circuit by way of the main control module, collects the contact state of the relay to be measured in the process of action and codes the fault information, and transmits the coded fault information to the upper computer through RS-232 communication. The upper computer is designed with C# programming language, and has the functions of storing, analyzing and displaying the coded fault information. Finally, the feasibility and practicability of the system in information acquisition, data communication and fault diagnosis are verified through system joint debugging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new train control system, it is necessary to conduct strict indoor tests on the logical channel and application layer connection status between TSRS and external systems in order to ensure their normal communication connection in the case of partial logical channel failure. This paper proposes an automatic test method and device of the communication status between TSRS and its external systems. The device obtains the IP addresses of TSRS and the external system under test by reading the original input data, and then uses the decision table method to arrange and combine multiple situations to generate a full-traversal test sequence of the logical channel status and application layer connection status of each external system, and then automatically executes the test and records the test results through the IP automatic modification function of the device, and then judges them according to the communication principle of TSRS and the external systems, automatically outputs the expected results, and finally compares the automatic test results with the expected results to generate a final test result table. This method can avoid the omission of test scenarios, ensure the correctness of test results, and quickly improve the test efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the test requirements of specified path coverage of fully automatic operation (FAO) system test, this paper proposes an algorithm for automatic generation of test cases for FAO based on the modeling theory of timed automata to meet the specified path coverage and edge coverage. Firstly, the modeling theory of timed automata is studied, and the FAO timed automata model is established. Then, a modeling method to add marker variables to the d automata model is proposed to characterize the FAO test requirements of specified path coverage. Thirdly, combined with the test case generation mechanism of Yggdrasil, a test case generation method of FAO is proposed, which satisfies both the specified path coverage and edge coverage criteria of FAO. Finally, taking the mode conversion function of FAO as an example, the timed automata model is established and test cases are generated. The results show that the test cases cover 100 % of the test requirements specified by the tester and all the edges of the timed automata model, which can meet the test requirements of the specified path coverage of FAO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of operation system capability testing and evaluation, this paper studies the data resource system of operation system capability testing and evaluation from operation, business and engineering aspects. A 3-View Data resource framework is presented. And some suggestions on data resource construction are given. The research can help to clarify the data needs, improve the consistent understanding of joint operation system capability evaluation data, and promote the development of the data resource and data integrated service platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an analysis of the existing test scenarios of the onboard system, this paper proposes an implementation scheme of the vehicle interface simulation system. The scheme divides the vehicle interface simulation system into three layers, i.e. information management layer, operation logic layer, and interface execution layer. The functions of each layer feature high cohesion and low coupling, which improves the adaptability of the test system and reduces the costs of building the test environment. This paper also elaborates on the structure and implementation of the vehicle interface simulation system from three aspects, i.e. system architecture, system composition and service process. Thus, it provides a new solution for establishing a general-purpose vehicle simulation test environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: The methods for testing the bacterial barrier properties of medical wound dressings are available; however, the ability of medical wound dressings to resist penetration of bloodborne pathogens still needs further study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ability of four kinds of wound dressings to resist penetration of bloodborne pathogens by simulating clinical conditions. METHODS: The abilities of four kinds of wet-to-dry wound dressings (nonwoven, film, polyurethane foam, and hydrocolloid dressings) to resist penetration of bloodborne pathogens were tested using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration Test System. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The nonwoven dressing had plaques formed by the penetration of phage Phi-X174, however, the film, polyurethane foam, and hydrocolloid dressings did not have plaques formed by the penetration of phage Phi-X174. (2) These results suggest that the film, polyurethane foam, and hydrocolloid dressings, but not the nonwoven dressing have the ability to resist penetration of bloodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain the temperature distribution difference between the thermoelectric modules (TEMs) of automotive thermoelectric generator (ATEG) system along the exhaust flow direction, a flow-thermoelectric multi-physics field model was established with considering the exhaust flow and the temperature dependence of thermoelectric material properties. The influence of exhaust temperature and flowrate on the temperature distribution difference was analyzed, and the bench test of ATEG system was performed. The results show that the increasing of exhaust temperature can aggravate the temperature distribution difference between TEMs along exhaust flow direction. When the exhaust temperature is increased from 450 K to 600 K, the relative temperature distribution difference is increased by 105%. The increasing of exhaust flowrate is beneficial to reduce the temperature distribution difference, while the exhaust temperature is the main influence factor on the temperature distribution difference. The accuracy of the multi-physics field mathematical model can reach 97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic economic emission dispatch（DEED） problem in power system is a kind of high-dimensional multiobjective optimization problem with large-scale constraints. The traditional evolutionary algorithm is easy to fall into local optimization, and the distribution and convergence of the obtained Pareto frontier are poor. In this paper, it fully explore the clonal selection principle of immune system, and propose a hybrid immune multi-objective optimization algorithm（HIMOA）. The proposed algorithm takes the traditional evolutionary algorithm as the basic framework.Since the deficiency of falling local optimization for the high-dimensional decision variables optimization, the external archive update mechanism is improved to preserve the excellent individuals from previous generations, and the cloning and Gaussian mutation strategy is adopted to strengthen the local exploitation ability, forcing effectively the HIMOA to jump out of the stagnant search state. In order to cope with the large-scale constraints, designing the fine-turning output power step by step to improve the feasibility of the evolutionary population. In the numerical simulation experiment, taking a 10-unit system as a test example, and compares HIMOA with the famous algorithms MODE,NSGAII, IMOEA/D-CH, ADEA, MOHDE＿SAT, MONNDE. The results show that HIMOA can provide a better Pareto solution to the 10-unit system of the DEED problem, and the convergence and distribution of the Pareto frontier obtained are better than other algorithms. The box diagram of each evaluation metric shows that HIMOA has better statistical characteristics than other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the continuous improvement of 5G standards, 5G network equipment of global mobile operators has become mature. China's railways take 5G as a new generation of mobile communication technology for railway dedicated network, the R&D of railway application equipment is under way, and the 5G-R equipment interoperation test needs to be started urgently to provide conditions for the deployment of future 5G-R system. Based on the system architecture of 5G-R network and the theory of interoperation test, this paper presents the test architecture of 5G-R interoperation, innovatively puts forward one test method named the building block to set up processes for the verified 5G-R system described in the test architecture. According to the building process of the building block method, this paper lists the interoperation test interface and key test content of the test interface for the equipment to be tested, offers the design process of the interoperation test specification and the test framework of interoperation static and dynamic test environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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