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Objective To investigate the mechanism of psychological capital and perceived organizational support in the influence of workplace violence on pediatric nurses’ burnout. Methods By convenience sampling method, 417 pediatric nurses in a tertiary children’s hospital in Shanxi Province were surveyed with the questionnaires from April to May 2022, including the Workplace Violence Scale, the Psychological Capital Scale, the Perceived Organizational Support Scale, and the Occupational Burnout Scale. Differences in job burnout among pediatric nurses with different demographic characteristics were compared. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlations among the scores of each scale. The Bootstrap method was used to verify the mediating effects between variables. Results The prevalence of job burnout among these pediatric nurses was 66.91% (279/417). Statistically significant differences in job burnout scores were found among pediatric nurses with different ages, marital statuses, employment types, average daily working hours, average monthly incomes, and working departments (P < 0.05). The pediatric nurses aged 31 -40 years, married, informally employed, working in the emergency department, having longer average daily working hours, and earning lower average monthly incomes had higher levels of job burnout. Workplace violence was negatively correlated with psychological capital (r = - 0.269, P < 0.01) and perceived organizational support (r = - 0.303, P < 0.01), and positively correlated with job burnout (r = 0.418, P < 0.01). Psychological capital (r = - 0.543, P < 0.01) and perceived organizational support (r = - 0.543, P < 0.01) were negatively correlated with job burnout, while psychological capital was positively correlated with perceived organizational support (r = 0.488, P < 0.01). Mediation effect analysis showed that the indirect effects of perceived organizational support and psychological capital as single mediators and as chained mediators were significant, with the mediating effect values of 0.095, 0.044, and 0.043 accounting for 22.51%, 10.42%, and 10.18% of the total effect, respectively. Conclusions Pediatric nurses had a high level of job burnout. Workplace violence affected job burnout through the mediating roles of psychological capital and perceived organizational support, as well as their chained mediating effect. Hospital administrators should improve pediatric nurses’ psychological capital and perceived organizational support to alleviate the impact of workplace violence on job burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]