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To solve the environmental pollution and harm to human health caused by the use of adhesives in traditional paperboard, the development of environmentally friendly mycelium paperboard has become a hot topic. Due to the high dipole moment and hydrogen bonding between macromolecules, hyphae can form clamp shaped connection structures for nutrient reproduction and transfer, and can grow on natural agricultural waste, forming a natural biocomposite material. This study determined the combination of Ganoderma weberianum/corn straw, and designed single factor cultivation conditions such as cultivation time, straw particle size, and fructose addition to explore the effects on the mechanical properties, waterproof properties, and thermal decomposition performance of the hyphal paperboard formed by hot pressing. The optimal cultivation process was obtained through orthogonal experiments. The experimental results indicate that various factors have varying degrees of influence on the edgewise strength, flexural stiffness, and static bending strength and waterproofness of paperboard. Firstly, when the cultivation time was 30 days, the flexural stiffness reached 16.63 mN/m, which was 21.2% higher than the flexural stiffness of kraft paper (13.10 mN/m). Moreover, with the increase of cultivation time, the water absorption (24 hours) had also decreased from 3.92% to 1.27%. Secondly, previous research results have shown that the addition of fructose, glucose, and sucrose increases the biomass growth rate of strains. In this study, fructose was chosen as an exogenous nutrient, and the results showed that when a mass fraction of 5% fructose was added, the mechanical properties were the best, with a flexural stiffness of 18.87 mN/m, which was 30.5% higher than that of kraft paper (13.10 mN/m). Thirdly, the particle size of the sbstrate has a significant impact on the appearance and properties of the material. The results show that, from the appearance perspective, the mycelium paperboard made of 0.165～0.250 mm particle size has the closest appearance and feel to kraft paper. At the same time, during the testing period, it was found that the mycelium paperboard made of 0.165～0.250 mm straw was the least prone to deformation and loosening, and the molding effect was significantly improved compared to other components. In terms of mechanical properties, the edgewise strength increased by 17.4%, the static bending strength increased by 14.9%, and the flexural stiffness increased by 57.3%. The experimental results show that the degree of influence of various factors on the edgewise strength, flexural stiffness, and static bending strength of paperboard is in the order of particle size, cultivation time,fructose addition amount. When the particle size is 0.165～0.250 mm, the cultivation time is 30 days, and the fructose addition of 5.0%, the edgewise strength of the prepared paperboard is 14.36 N/mm, the static bending strength is 10.89 MPa, and the flexural stiffness is 33.09 mN/m. As the particle size decreases, the water absorption rate and water thickness expansion rate of the paperboard after 24 hours of water absorption decrease to 0.86% and 0.59%. The mycelium paperboard prepared by different single factors has the same thermal decomposition process, starting at around 150 ℃ and reaching its maximum at 350 ℃. This study provides a reference basis for the development and application of mycelium composite materials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana fusarium wilt has a significant adverse effect on the banana industry. It is worth noting that fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense 4(Foc4) is one of the most devastating and widespread pathogens of banana fusarium wilt in the world. It is a catastrophic threat to the global banana industry. At present, there is still no technology that can cure bananas infected with banana fusarium wilt. Therefore, it is extremely important for banana planting industry to detect banana fusarium wilt in time and do a good job in prevention and control. In order to realize the early accurate detection of banana fusarium wilt race 4, this study proposed a detection method of double probe paper-based sensor based on colloidal gold, which increased the use of signal enhancement probes to increase the binding amount of colloidal gold, thereby reducing the detection limit. Two kinds of colloidal gold particles with different particle sizes were combined with the corresponding detection probes and signal enhancement probes to form a double gold label probe system. The large particle size colloidal gold was used with the detection probe, while the small particle size colloidal gold was paired with the signal enhancement probe. The sample being tested was mixed with this double gold-labeled probe system. The Foc4 target sequence in the sample would be paired with the double gold-labeled probe to form a ' gold-labeled probe-target sequence-T-line probe ' complex, which continued to migrate to the water-absorbing pad. The complex was captured on the test area of the sensor. Within 10 minutes, the test paper would generate a visible target product that could be observed by the naked eye at both the test line and the quality control line areas, thus achieving qualitative detection. For quantitative detection of Foc4, the light intensity of the test strip would be further analyzed using software. The light intensity peak area was obtained and substituted into the standard curve to obtain the concentration of Foc4 detected and realize quantitative detection. Experimental results demonstrate that the detection limit of the dual-probe paper-based sensor is 0.001 nmol/L, which is 100 times of that of the traditional paper-based sensor, and the detection sensitivity is improved. The sensitivity test results demonstrated a strong linear relationship between the concentration of Foc4 and the peak area of the test line light intensity within the concentration range of 0.001-1 000.000 nmol/L. This finding suggests that the sensor can be effectively employed for quantitative detection. To assess specificity, a high concentration of non-complementary probe was utilized as the target sequence for detection and compared with the detection results of samples containing Foc4. The experiment revealed the absence of a red band at the test line when the test paper was detected by the noncomplementary sequence. Importantly, this observation indicated that the presence of the non-complementary sequence had minimal impact on the detection effect, thus affirming the sensor's excellent specificity. Finally, the paper-based sensor was used to detect Foc4 in banana leaves. The average recovery rate was 77.6%-102.3%, and the relative standard deviation was 7.4%-7.7%, indicating that it can be used for on-site detection of Foc4. The detection technology possesses the characteristics of being low-cost and easy to operate. In comparison to traditional detection methods, it enables timely, rapid and accurately determination of the presence of Foc4. Compared with the existing molecular detection technology, the detection can be completed without the need of expensive equipment or specialized personnel. This feature makes it highly suitable for widespread use. The dual-probe paper-based sensor realizes the combination of nucleic acid lateral chromatography detection technology and banana fusarium wilt detection. Its potential for widespread adoption in the early disease warning system of the banana industry is substantial. Furthermore, this technology can be combined with traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other techniques to facilitate on-site detection of Foc4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-precision mechanized seeding can greatly contribute to the vegetable production at present. In this study, a spotting glue-paper tape precision seeder was designed for the small seed vegetables, particularly combining the seed rope and printing seeding. Three components were also divided in the seeder, including the peristaltic pump glue, ratchet spotting glue, and seed metering device. Among them, the glue was a mixture of pregelatinized starch and water. Specifically, the glue volume and viscosity were the main factors affecting the number of adhered seeds. The glue point volume depended mainly on the rotation angle of the peristaltic pump during the movement. A pretest of seed adhesion was carried out to preliminarily determine the mass ratio of pregelatinized starch to water (less than 1:5), representing the glue viscosity. Furthermore, the frequency of pump and dispensing were analyzed to clarify the relationship between the peristaltic pump and ratchet speed, where the number of ratchet teeth was determined to be 4. As such, the matching was realized between the peristaltic pump and ratchet spotting glue. The ratchet profile was also designed, according to the spotting glue motion. A theoretical analysis was made on the movement of seeds in the seed guiding tube. It was found that the aggregation effect of seeds on the paper tape relied on the length and cross-sectional angle of the seed guiding tube, as well as the rotation speed of the socket wheel. The seed guiding tube was then optimized for the optimal structural parameters. A Box_Behnken test was also carried out, where the length and cross-sectional angle of the seed guiding tube, while the rotation speed of the socket wheel was taken as the test factors, whereas, the percentage of seeds in the effective area on the paper tape was taken as the test index. The results showed that the percentage of seeds in the effective area on the paper tape was 57.23%, when the length of the seed guiding tube was 56 mm, the section angle was 35°, and the rotation speed of the seed metering wheel was 30 r/min. An adhesion test was also performed on the Shanghai Qing 605 seeds with a diameter of 1.5-2.0 mm. The test factors were then selected as the roller angle of the peristaltic pump and the mass ratio of pregelatinized starch to water. An optimal combination of parameters was achieved, including the size of the glue point, and the mass ratio of pregelatinized starch to water. Once the roller rotation angle was 10° and the mass ratio of pre-gelatinized starch to water was 1:6, the single seed rate of glue point adhesion to seeds reached 97.4%. The adaptability test was also carried out on the whole machine on the working performance of different varieties of small seed vegetables. It was found that the single seed rates of Shanghai Qing 605 and Siji Chinese cabbage seeds were greater than 95% under the working speed of 0.5-1.5 m/s, whereas, the coefficient of variation of plant spacing was less than 10%, fully meeting the requirements of precision sowing indicators that specified in the standard NY/T1143-2006. Therefore, the single seed rate and the working efficiency of the improved seeder increased by 3.53%, and 50% than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heat exchangers serve as pivotal components in heat exchange systems. Compared with the straight channels, spiral channels have better performance due to the curvature of the centrifugal force generated by the secondary flow. Consequently, heat exchangers employing spiral channels find widespread application in agricultural engineering, including greenhouse air conditioning, water circulation systems, and agricultural product processing and storage for effective heat management. In this paper, we propose enhancing the heat transfer efficiency of spiral channels by introducing corrugations with longitudinal fins on the outer channel wall. To elucidate the impact of corrugation, we establish three-dimensional models of smooth spiral channels, corrugated spiral channels, and corrugated spiral channels with longitudinal fins. Initially, we investigate the influence of corrugated number on flow and heat transfer performance numerically. Through comparative analysis involving the development and variation of velocity and vorticity fields, average Nusselt number Nu, fanning friction factor f, average Dean number Dnm, secondary flow intensity Se under different corrugated numbers, and the Performance Evaluation factor of heat exchanger based on Comprehensive (PEC0), insights are drawn. Subsequently, longitudinal fins are integrated into the corrugated spiral channel, and a numerical study is conducted to assess the effect of varying geometric parameters of the longitudinal fin on the fluid flow and heat transfer performance inside the channel. Analysis of different longitudinal fin widths and heights on velocity and temperature fields, Nu, f, and Performance Evaluation factor of heat exchanger based on Comprehensive (PECw) of the channel is performed. The findings indicate that corrugated spiral channels outperform smooth spiral channels in heat transfer and flow performance. With increasing corrugated number n, secondary flow intensity within the corrugated spiral channel intensifies. Notably, at a Reynolds number of 550, a multi-vortex structure emerges in the corrugated spiral channel with a corrugated number of 21. At Reynolds number 750 and corrugated number 21, the Nusselt number of corrugated spiral channel increases by 47.08% compared to the smooth spiral channel. At the same time, the resistance loss in the channel also increases, and the Fanning friction factor of the corrugated spiral channel increases by 59.20%. When the Reynolds number is 750, the PEC0 of the corrugated spiral channel with 18 corrugations is the highest, which increases by 27.66% compared to the smooth spiral channel. On this basis, longitudinal fins are added to the corrugated spiral channel, and it is observed by numerical simulation that symmetrical longitudinal vortices are induced by the fins. Further, the longitudinal fins induce symmetrical longitudinal vortices, enhancing flow and heat transfer in the channel's middle section. Under the condition of constant fin width and increasing fin height, the comprehensive heat transfer performance of the channel has a maximum value, that is, when fin width w=1/3W, fin height h=1/6H and Reynolds number Re=250, the highest PECw is 1.157. When the fin height is fixed, increasing the fin width w will also make the PECw of the channel first increase and then decrease. The correlation formulas for Nusselt number Nu, Fanning friction factor f and secondary flow intensity Se in corrugated spiral channel are fitted, with deviations within ±14.0%, ±10.2% and ±4.4%, respectively. This provides a certain reference for the application of corrugated spiral channels with longitudinal fins in the thermal design and usage of heat exchangers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Flow pattern is an important factor affecting fish collective behavior. In the reproductive season, schizothorax prenati will choose suitable flow area for migration, but the water conservancy project caused serious damage to its migration channel. The purpose of this study was to study the response of the collective behavior of Schizothorax prenati to the flow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, to optimize the flow pattern and water management of the fish crossing facilities. In this paper, the Nearest Neighbor Distance (NND) and collective area were used to evaluate the cohesion of fish, and the Separation Swimming Index (SSI) was used to evaluate the repulsion of fish. In the experiment, 10 Schizothorax prenati with an average age of 3 years were selected from each group, a total of two groups, and each group was tested for 6 times. Each time allowed the fish to swim in a 3 m×14 m rectangular flume physical model (flow velocity decreased from 0.17 m/s on the left to 2.5 m/s on the right, and the turbulent energy was 0-0.225 m² /s2 ) and (16±1) ℃ water temperature. After shooting with the camera, the graph was collected to extract and analyze the swimming trajectory of the fish, at the same time, we observed the formation of fish in moving water and all collective indicators were calculated at 10-second intervals during the analysis of the fish. All coordinates recorded in a total of 12 tests were plotted as heat map, the darker the color, the more likely the fish were to cluster in that area, meanwhile, we calculated the NND, collective area and SSI of fish at all recorded times. Finally, by coupling the above three collective indexes with flow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, the collective indexes under different hydraulics conditions were analyzed to evaluate the collective behavior of fish. The results showed that Schizothorax prenati had obvious collective behavior under specific hydraulic conditions, and its collective behavior was closely related to hydraulic factors. In this experiment, the fish mainly swam in the formation of “schooling” mode, and fish usually swam in a single partition in the experimental flume, showing a neatly arranged polar structure, and all individuals tended to swim in the same direction when the flow velocity was 0.27-0.70 m/s and the turbulent kinetic energy was 0.004-0.018 m² /s², the NND, collective area and SSI of the fish were 0-0.80 m, 0-5.00 m² and 0-1.20, and the collective behavior was the most compact and close, with better cohesion and repulsion. In the two typical swimming upstream routes, the average flow velocity and turbulence kinetic energy were basically consistent with the compact collective behavior hydraulic conditions of the Schizothorax prenati summarized in this paper, which verified the accuracy of this study. Therefore, it is recommended that engineering measures be taken to create a flow velocity of 0.27-0.70 m/s and a kinetic energy of 0.004-0.018 m² /s² in order to make the Schizothorax prenati mass migration, which allowed for a smaller flow velocity range than traditional fishway design methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]