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(1) Background Promoting scale management has become an inevitable way to solve the problem of forestland fragmentation, which is of great significance to realize the modernization of forestry. However, due to the increase of labor cost and forestry production risk and the high transaction cost, the implementation effect of both land scale management and service scale management is not satisfactory. Nowadays, most scholars have paid attention to the coexistence of land scale management and service scale management, and carried out relevant studies with traditional small-scale farmers as an example, but few studies have discussed the implementation effect of "dual-scale" management mode with the new-type forestry management entities as an example. (2)Methods The research data came from the research group' s survey and interview of the new-type forestry management entities in 20 key forestry counties (cities and districts) in Fujian Province in August 2021 and July 2023, and a total of 299 valid questionnaires were obtained. This paper selected the family income of the new-type forestry management entities as the explained variable, the dual-scale management mode as the core explanatory variable, and the characteristics of the persons in charge of the management entities, the management entities and the external environment as the control variables. The coupling coordination model and propensity score matching method were used to empirically analyze the impacts of dual-scale management on the total family income and the heterogeneity of income structure of the management entities. (3) Results First, in the OLS model, the coefficient of the total family income of the management entities is 2.299, and p<0.01. The dual-scale management has a significant promotion effect on the total family income of the management entities, and the higher the coupling coordination degree of the dual-scale management, the stronger the effect of income increase. Second, the dual-scale management has a significant promotion effect on the forestry management income of the management entities, but at the same time it will significantly reduce their wage income. Third, the regression results of dividing the new-type forestry management entities into family forest farms and forestry cooperatives show that the promotion effect of dual-scale management on the income of the forestry cooperatives is much greater than that of family forest farms. Fourth, the regression results on the degree of employment diversification of the new-type forestry management entities show that dual-scale management has a significant promotion effect on the total family income of pure farmers or low-diversified employment households, but has no significant effect on the total family income of highly-diversified employment households. (4) Conclusions and Discussions Based on the above research conclusions, the following policy recommendations are put forward: First, encourage the development of various forms of scale management and support the promotion and development of dual-scale management models. Second, strengthen the guidance and service of forestry technology, and enhance the level of specialized management of the forest farmers. Third, implement different measures to promote the development of various new-types of forestry management entities, and then give full play to the potential and role of different types of management entities in promoting the development of forestry economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematically understanding the theoretical implications of the planetary boundaries (PB) framework and expanding its application in the theoretical system of sustainable development is strategic for tracking the frontiers of international sustainable development research and extending the paths of China's sustainable development practice. Based on the implications and characteristics of the planetary boundaries framework, this study explores its value contribution in the field of sustainable development research from three aspects: thinking paradigm, evaluation methodology, and global governance. This framework deepens the understanding of the shift of the relationships between economy, society, and the environment from a growth model to an inclusive one through the quantifica-tion of the ' safe operating space' for human activities, exhibiting the characteristic of ' strong constraints.' The integration of quantifi-able boundaries with environmental sustainability assessment methods such as life cycle assessment, footprint family, and input-output analysis further develops the toolkits for sustainable development assessment. Moreover, the integration and application of the framework with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) system enhances the global influence of this theory. The concept of ecological civilization is a new paradigm and manifestation based on the crystallization of local experience, containing solid theoretical and practical foundations. It is an important point of departure for the localization of the PB framework and practice to dialectically understand its logical relationship with the idea of ecological civilization from the concepts, such as only one earth and rational growth, and the differences in the logical action. Based on these, the study puts forward new thoughts to further promote the implementation of China's sustainable development strategy. With the help of the PB framework, we can explore the modernization direction of the harmo-nious coexistence of human beings and nature, improve the basic cognition of this coexistence, and deepen its beneficial collision with China's environmental governance capabilities and modernization of governance system. Multi-dimensional explorations, such as expanding the research scale of SDGs-PB, heterogeneity adjustments, and strengthening data support, are conducive to promoting the organic integration of the PB framework with China's SDGs. We can give full play to the function of this framework as a methodological tool to support the realization of China's 'dual carbon' goals, focusing on the boundary constraints in the economic system of green, low-carbon, and recycling development and the setting of thresholds in the tasks of achieving the ' dual carbon' goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]