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An accurate prediction model can be required for the greenhouse air temperature, such as Model Predictive Control. Long short-term memory neural networks (LSTM) have been widely used to predict time series data, such as air temperature. However, the prediction accuracy of LSTM can be reduced for the long time series data, due to data forgetting. In this study, the LSTM model was combined with the attention mechanism to construct the LSTM-AT model. The query vector, key vector, and value vector were calculated, according to attention mechanism and output states of LSTM’s hidden layer. The similarity between the query and key vector was calculated to obtain the similarity score. Softmax function was used to obtain attention distribution for the normalization processing. The larger the attention value was, the higher the relevance of input information to the task objective was. The dot product operation was carried out with the normalized weight and value vector to obtain the output of the attention mechanism. The local information integration and data dimension transformation were carried out through the full connection layer. Finally, the output data was obtained in the output layer of the LSTM-AT model. The weights were assigned to the output states of LSTM’s hidden layer, according to the degree of importance. The forgetting of long time series data was effectively solved to improve the prediction accuracy of indoor air temperature. The prediction performances were verified and compared on the LSTM-AT, LSTM, recurrent neural network (RNN), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) model in the different prediction horizons (12, 24 and 48 h). The results showed that the prediction accuracy of the five models shared a decreasing trend with the increase in prediction time. The maximum and minimum RMSE for the LSTM-AT model were 1.34 ℃ and 0.59 ℃, respectively. The maximum and minimum RMSE for the rest four models were 3.37 ℃ and 0.66 ℃, respectively. The maximum and minimum MAPE for the LSTM-AT model were 8.14% and 2.48%, respectively. The maximum and minimum MAPE for the rest four models were 38.7% and 2.90%, respectively. Therefore, the prediction accuracy of the LSTM-AT model was higher than that of rest four models. The average RMSE for LSTM-AT, LSTM, GRU, RNN, and BiLSTM were 0.89, 1.42, 1.89, 2.10, and 1.51 ℃, respectively. The average MAPE for LSTM-AT, LSTM, GRU, RNN, and BiLSTM were 4.26%, 8.96%, 13.57%, 17.70%, and 10.67%, respectively. The sort data of the prediction model was ranked in descending order of the LSTM-AT, LSTM, BiLSTM, GRU, and RNN. The prediction performances of the LSTM-AT and LSTM model were compared under different weather conditions (sunny, cloudy, and rainy), in order to further explore the universality of the LSTM-AT model. The minimum and maximum RMSE for LSTMAT were 0.26℃ and 0.70 ℃, respectively. The minimum and maximum RMSE for LSTM were 0.68 ℃ and 1.57 ℃, respectively. The minimum and maximum MAPE for LSTM-AT were 1.61% and 10.51%, respectively. The minimum and maximum MAPE for LSTM were 4.27% and 25.07%, respectively. The prediction accuracy of the LSTM-AT model was higher than LSTM in all weather conditions. The LSTM-AT model has a higher prediction accuracy to accurately predict the indoor air temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric freeze drying (AFD) has removed the vacuum-creating equipment to reduce energy consumption while maintaining the product quality, compared with traditional vacuum freeze drying. However, the increasing pressure can lead to a significant increase in the drying time. Water vapor diffusion can then be obstructed to limit the practical implementation. Therefore, it is essential to understand the controlling variables in the heat and mass transfer of the AFD process. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively investigate the effects of drying conditions on the drying time, drying rate, and heat/mass transfer resistances. Among them, the thermal/mass transfer resistances were analyzed to explore the drying mechanism during atmospheric freeze drying. The mathematical model of the lamellar product during AFD was proposed to consider the external flow. The Navier–Stokes equations were introduced for the external pressure field into the adsorption-sublimation model. The model was solved and validated using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1. The accuracy was verified by the ±10% relative deviation of drying time between the model and experimental data. Drying kinetics were calculated under different conditions (product thickness 3-11 mm, equivalent pore diameter 2.0-6.0 μm, dry air temperature 263.15-273.15 K, dry air velocity 1.0-3.0 m/s). The results showed that the drying rate and time decreased with the decrease in product thickness and the increase in air temperature. But there was no outstanding influence of equivalent pore diameter and air velocity on the drying rate and time. Unlike the three stages of standard drying, only the initial accelerating and falling rate stages were observed in the AFD procedure. The absence of the constant rate stage was attributed to the assumption of material homogeneity and low moisture of the top surface. At the same time, the post-processing was carried out to calculate the external heat and mass transfer resistances between the external flow and the product, together with the internal heat and mass transfer resistances between the top surface of the product and the sublimation interface. The external heat/mass transfer resistances decreased, while the internal heat/mass transfer resistances increased linearly from zero, with the decreasing moisture content. The internal heat/mass transfer resistances exceeded the external heat/mass transfer resistances at a critical moisture content, indicating the transition from external heat/mass transfer control to internal heat/mass transfer control during AFD. There was some effect of condition parameters on the transfer resistances. The equivalent pore diameter shared no significant effect on either internal or external resistances. While the temperature increased to bring about a slight decrease in the internal heat-transfer resistance. By contrast, there was a decrease in the external and internal heat transfer resistance, due to the increasing air velocity. Especially, the reduction of product thickness was a significant contribution to the decrease of both internal and external transfer resistance. Therefore, small thickness product was more suitable for the AFD process, according to the drying kinetics and heat/mass transfer. It was expected to simultaneously realize both the reduction in the drying time and energy consumption. The findings can provide guidance to optimize the process parameters during atmospheric freeze-drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress has posed a significant threat to the laying hens inside the poultry houses in the Northwest region of China. Significant non-uniformities can be found in the thermal distribution and temperature variations in summer. The ventilation system has been the primary measure to regulate the thermal environment in the poultry houses. Excellent airflow arrangement and ventilation strategies are essential for the ventilation efficiency. Still, the continuous operation of fans can inevitably generate the excessive local cold air, thereby wasting the electrical energy for the high cost of environmental control. Alternatively, intermittent ventilation can serve as an efficient way to improve ventilation effectiveness with energy saving. However, it is notably limited to applying to the summer poultry houses so far. In this study, a novel intermittent ventilation was introduced to alleviate the significant temperature fluctuations and ensure the high stability of the thermal environment in the summer poultry houses. According to the internal air temperature, the fan operations were performed on the conventional tunnel-ventilated poultry houses (control house, CH) and sidewall inlets poultry houses (experimental house, EH). Specifically, the fans were regulated, when the temperature exceeded the upper limit. Once the temperature dropped below the lower limit temperature, the fans were deactivated simultaneously, which was different from the continuous operations of fans throughout the summer. The thermal environment was monitored in the operation periods of intermittent ventilation. The environmental conditions inside the poultry houses were also evaluated. The results revealed that the average internal temperatures of experimental and control poultry houses were 25.3 and 26.5 °C, respectively, under the same external environmental temperatures; While the average relative humidity were 65.8% and 62.7%, respectively. The temperature fluctuations during the EH and CH's intermittent and continuous ventilation were 0.6 and 0.7 °C, 1.2 and 1.0 °C, respectively. The maximal difference of temperature in the horizontal direction of EH and CH were 0.3 and 5.2, 0.8 and 4.7 °C, respectively. Temperature variations were assessed in the four-hour intervals. The EH consistently demonstrated more minor temperature fluctuations than the CH when the fans were operated intermittently. The horizontal temperature difference was less than that in the continuous operation in EH. There was no difference in pressure and air velocity under the intermittent and continuous ventilation in the same number of fans. The pressure difference between the interior and the evaporative cooling pad buffer room increased from 17 to 19 Pa from the fan opposite wall to the fan. Average air velocity at the sidewall inlets and along the aisles in the EH were 3.30 and 0.49 m/s, respectively, which were higher by 1.86 and 0.12 m/s, compared with the CH. Therefore, the intermittent ventilation was suitable for the sidewall inlets, to improve the thermal environment within the poultry house significantly. There was great potential for widespread adoption in the Northwest region of China in the summer. The lifespan of the fan was extended for the maximal economic benefits. The intermittent operation times of fans should be determined according to the local climate, poultry houses’ ventilation requirements and the poultry houses’ size. This finding can provide a foundational reference for designing and adjusting the intermittent ventilation in summer poultry houses in the Northwest region of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most serious natural disasters with the widest distribution, the highest frequency, and the greatest economic losses in the world. A grave threat has been posed to agricultural production, food security, and socioeconomic development. It is of great significance to timely and accurately monitor the drought at the regional scale. In this study, the NDVI-LST feature space was constructed using the MOD11A2 surface temperature 8-d synthetic product and MOD13A1 vegetation index 16-d synthetic product. The data was collected from the land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) was captured from the Guanzhong areas in a 20-year time series from 2001 to 2020. The spatial and temporal distribution of drought was analyzed to determine the causes and future trends of natural disasters. The results show that: 1) It was feasible to carry out drought monitoring on a regional scale using the TVDI remote sensing index. The average TVDI was 0.57 over the past 20 years. The drought type was in a normal state in general. The highest annual average TVDI was found in 2013 and the lowest in 2006. The average TVDI value fluctuated greatly during the 20-year period. Drought also shared strong regional characteristics, indicating a spatial distribution pattern of wet in the southwest, dry in the center and northeast, and normal in the north. 2) The spatial and temporal trends of drought showed that 82.00% of the areas had relatively stable droughts, and only 8.05% of the areas were with improved droughts. As such, there was a relatively small variation in the drought condition; Combined with the Hurst index, the future trend of drought was characterized by a relatively small amount of change. There was an anti-sustainable trend of drought in the future; Combined Hurst index and TVDI trend, 7.71% of the study area was continuously wet in the future, and 36.24% of the area was changed from drought to wet. 3) The TVDI value was positively correlated with the air temperature, while negatively correlated with the precipitation. There was a similar spatial distribution pattern of the 20-year average TVDI and the annual average air temperature. The air temperature and precipitation shared a similar distribution in the spatial pattern. The degree of drought depended mainly on the air temperature and precipitation. Meanwhile, the degree of aridity was negatively correlated with both elevation and slope. The arid and more arid types were mainly distributed in the central plains with low elevations and small slopes. While the moist and more moist types occupied a larger area in the mountainous areas south of the Qinling Mountains with high elevation. The TVDI values varied with months in the different land use types in the study area. The cropland and construction land presented the highest TVDI values, with the annual mean values of 0.76 and 0.75, respectively, whereas, the woodland was the smallest TVDI value, with an annual mean value of 0.45. Therefore, the woodland and grassland cover can be expected to positively mitigate the drought. The TVDI can be used to quantify the drought conditions from the regional scale. Remote sensing drought monitoring can also provide a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for the formulation of drought countermeasures in Guanzhong areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automotive Digest is the property of Automotive Digest Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using methods such as dynamics and thermodynamics, the drying laws, dynamic models, moisture migration, thermodynamic parameters, etc. of citrus Gonggan slices during hot air drying at different temperatures were studied. The effects of ultrasound-microwave synergistic pretreatment on the drying efficiency of citrus Gonggan slices during hot air drying were also analyzed. The results showed that the drying process followed the Two term exponential model and the drying rate was co-related with the drying temperature. The drying rate was the fastest when the drying temperature was 80 °C. The ultrasound-microwave synergistic pretreatment effectively reduced the drying time by 0. 5 hours to 1. 5 hours. The activation energy (Ea) of moisture diffusion was significantly lowered by 1. 620 kJ/ mol. At a given hot air drying temperature, the ΔH≠, ΔS≠, and ΔG≠ of the ultrasound-microwave synergistic pretreatment group were all lower than the control group. The ultrasoundmicrowave synergistic pretreatment could increase the effective coefficient of water diffusion of citrus Gonggan slices (4.333 x 10-7 to 8. 967 x 10-7), resulting in more pores on their surfaces. Therefore, the ultrasound-microwave synergistic pretreatment could effectively improve the hot air drying efficiency of citrus Gonggan slices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth cycle of tellurium zinc cadmium crystals is long and the growth system is complex. When using vertical Bridgman or vertical gradient freezing methods to grow tellurium zinc cadmium (CdZnTe) crystal materials, the growth process is often difficult to observe intuitively, and there is no corresponding means to detect the temperature field inside the crystals, which brings inconvenience to improve the crystal growth process. In this paper, numerical simulation software is used to analyze the influences of furnace air convection on the temperature field of CdZnTe crystal growth. By opening holes at the top and bottom of furnace, gas exchanging occurs between the inside and outside of the furnace, thereby regulates the convection behaviors. Before opening holes, the convection rate is slow (only 10-5 m/s), forming stable convection cells; after opening holes, the convection rate significantly increases (0.25 - 0.90 m/s), and the convection state changes to laminar flow. Through controlling the aperture size (20 - 40 mm) in the model, the laminar flow rate can be effectively regulated. At the same temperature setting, when the flow rate increases from 0.25 m/s to 0.90 m/s, the temperature gradient will increase from 0.5 K/mm to 1.1 K/mm. Furthermore, experimental work is applied on real furnace, the change of temperature filed before and after opening holes were studied. The experimental results of temperature gradient is accord with the simulating results. It is also found that under laminar flow state, increasing convection rate may improve the stability of temperature field. The increase of temperature gradient and the improvement of stability in the temperature field will be beneficial for the preparation of high-quality CdZnTe crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in New & Renewable Energy is the property of Editorial Office of Advances in New & Renewable Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To analyze vertical characteristics of agricultural precipitation and heat in the mountainous aera of Huaihua, the meteorological data of nine altitudes in Huaihua from 2011 to 2021 were analyzed. The results showed that as the altitude rises, the annual average temperature decrease is 0.47 °C/100 m, the starting stable date and the ending stable date of every node air temperature are delayed or advanced by 2-4 days every 100 meters, the average decrease in active accumulated temperature of ≥0 °C is 179.9 °C d/100 m, the average decrease in effective accumulated temperature of 10 °C is 128.3 °C d/100 m, the average extreme low temperature reduction is about 0.50 °C/100 m, the annual rainfall at various altitudes is above 1 350 mm. Generally, areas with an altitude below 400 m are areas with sufficient heat, which is suitable for the growth of warm crop varieties, the extreme low temperature in winter at an altitude of >700-1000 m significantly decreases, protective measures should be taken for warm crops to overwinter. There is less heat at an altitude of more than 1000 m, so it is recommended to plant crop varieties that love cooling and have strong cold resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chinese Baijiu industry is undergoing industrial modernization. However, the key processes including Daqu processing are directly modified based on empirical knowledge, and the lack of engineering mechanisms lead to the inability of rational design. Here, this study quantitatively analyzed the heat generation and flow during Daqu solid-state fermentation, tracked and recorded the parameters during Daqu processing, simplified the biochemical reactions of the fermentation process, and built a Daqu heat balance model. Through the model, the heat generated during the whole fermentation process was transferred outside of the system through three ways: Water evaporation (54. 22% ), conduction of wall and air flow (42. 00% ), and air temperature rising ( < 1% ). The remaining heat (3. 77% ) was the cumulative heat, which was positively correlated with the temperature rise of the Daqu ( R² =0.85). It was verified that the average error of the model for the temperature change of dacquoise was 5. 05% with R² = 0. 94. Based on the model, the effect of regulating moisture parameters on the temperature of Daqu was explored, which showed the importance of moisture control for regulating the temperature during Daqu preparation. Through the preliminary exploration of the feasibility of regulating and optimizing the future production of Daqu from the perspective of mathematical modeling, the results of the study can provide theoretical support for the construction of modern fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long homogeneous meteorological data is important to study climate change. Evaluating the impact of data inhomogeneity on analyzing average temperature trends in Huai river basin is value for accurately understanding the response of agriculture, ecology and water resources to climate change. In this study, based on the homogeneous data and observation data of daily average air temperature from the National Meteorological Information Center, the trends of annual and seasonal air temperatures during 1961 to 2018 were calculated using simple linear regression at 172 meteorological stations over Huai river basin. Then the impacts of data inhomogeneity on analyzing mean air temperature trends during 1961 to 2018 were evaluated by using two terms Crop rhizosphere microorganisms is crucial for their growth, development and adaptability to stress. A field pot experiment was conducted using Yannong19(YN) with strong resistance to late spring coldness and which were inhomogeneity impacts and contribution rates. The results showed that the average air temperature series of 96 meteorological stations in Huai river basin were inhomogeneous, accounting for 55.8% of the 172 total stations. Before and after the homogenization, the regional annual average air temperature both increased significantly. But the increasing rate was underestimated due to the data heterogeneity, and the influence was -0.015°C•10y-1 with a contribution of -6.6%. For each station, 35 stations (20.3%) was positively affected and the warming rate was overestimated with an average contribution of 21.3%, while 61 stations (35.5%) were negatively affected and the warming rate was underestimated with an average contribution of -43.6%. The influences of inhomogeneity for four seasons showed little difference, which were -0.016°C•10y-1, -0.014°C•10y-1, -0.016°C•10y-1 and -0.015°C•10y-1, respectively. However, because of the slowest increasing rate, the absolute value of inhomogeneity contribution was largest in summer with a contribution of -40.0%. The contributions of spring, autumn and winter were -4.7%, -8.0% and -4.3%. Inhomogeneity mostly affected the temperature rising rate at each station in spring, autumn and winter, while led to a turning of temperature trend before and after homogenization at 20 stations (11.6%) in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme low-temperature frosts occurred in eastern Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China on April 23 and May 6, 2023 ("4.23"process and"5.6"process for short, respectively). Particularly, the latest frost in history appeared in Kuqa City during the"5.6"process. In this study, based on conventional observation data, L- band sounding data, and 6-h reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR 1°x1°, we contrastively analyze the circulation background, circulation configurations of high and low altitudes, cold air intensity, cold advection intensity, and frontogenesis during two extreme low- temperature processes using weather dynamics. Moreover, the causes of extreme low-temperature frosts are discussed. We realized both common characteristics and differences between the two processes. (1) The common characteristics are as follows: The temperature of eastern Aksu at 500 hPa is affected by northwest flow with cold air at the back of the low trough (low vortex), with a great temperature gradient and strong frontal zone during the two processes. Deep cold advection flows from the upper level of western Aksu to the lower level of eastern Aksu along the northern flow. Temperature inversion and obvious frontogenesis occur in the near-surface layer during the low-temperature period. Frontogenesis corresponds to the path of cold air entering the southern Xinjiang basin and the low- temperature duration. In addition, the upper- level energy frontal zone is stronger, and the mid-low-level energy frontal zone gradually strengthens with baroclinic instability. The cold advection intensity increases to a maximum of 6 h before frost. The cold advection can significantly decrease the temperature of the Aksu area from above 8 °C to 3-4 °C at 850 hPa, indicating strong frost. (2) The differences are as follows: The cold air invades the Aksu Prefecture from the northwest path in the"4.23"process. The air temperature in the Aksu Prefecture is affected by both"Xifan (flowing over the mountains from west)" and "Dongguan (injecting from east)"cold air. The temperature inversion in the near-surface layer is enhanced by radiation and advection cooling. However, the cold air passes over Tianshan Mountains with a strongly cold high pressure and then invades the southern Xinjiang basin from the northern path in the"5.6"process, accompanied by"Dongguan"cold air. The influence range is large, and the temperature inversion is weak. Howev- er, the temperature of the entire layer is significantly reduced, mainly via radiation cooling. (3) The low vortex of the"5.6"process lasts for a long time in Xinjiang. The cold air and frontal zone intensity, potential pseudo-equivalent temperature gradient, and influence time are stronger than those of the"4.23"process, resulting in a more severe disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni / Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao is the property of Sun-Yat-Sen University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is the largest artificial water resources regulation and storage center in China. Thereby the evaporation in the reservoir area has profound impact on the regional eco- hydrological process. Analysis on the differences of pan evaporation characteristics between water surface and land surface is of great importance for understanding regional hydrological circulation and climate change. This work applied observations from both floating site and land site in Badong hydrometeorological station and the radiation data from ERA5 dataset, found the difference of seasonality characteristic of pan evaporation and energy budget between water surface and land surface, and preliminarily analyzed the reasons on the differences. The main results are as follows: ① Significant difference of seasonal pan evaporation characteristics was detected between water surface and land surface, with high peak appeared in August over land surface while appeared in December over water surface; ② The energy budget analysis indicating TGR area generally accumulated heat during summer season while released heat and significantly increased available energy in water during winter season, which resulted peak value appeared four months later in water site than that of the land site; ③ The controlling factors analysis indicated that the difference of evaporation and thermal characteristics was controlled by nonlinear comprehensive influences from multi micrometeorological factors, which was dominated by air temperature and saturated water pressure deficit during accumulating heat period (March to September), while by water temperature and temperature difference between air temperature and water temperature during releasing heat period (October to February of next year). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the traditional black tea processing technology, the hot air withering process was used to replace the traditional indoor natural withering process on the basis of the traditional black tea processing technology. The effects of four hot air withering processes of 35 °, 45 °, 55 ° and 65 ° on the quality of summer and autumn black tea were studied and analyzed from three aspects of sensory quality, taste quality and aroma quality. The results show that compared with 25 ° traditional indoor natural withering black tea, the comprehensive sensory quality of black tea processed by 45 ° hot air withering process was better. The color of dry tea was dark brown and moist, the soup color was red and bright, the taste was mellow and refreshing, and the quality characteristics was sweet aroma. At the same time, the contents of tea polyphenols, gallic acid, EGCG, theaflavins, thearubigins and the ratio of the sum contents of theaflavins and thearubigins to the content of theabrownins (TFRB) significantly increased (P<0.05), while the content of soluble sugar decreased significantly (P<0.05). The types of aroma quality components increased, among which alcohols accounted for the highest proportion (70.47%), and the relative contents of alcohols, ketones and esters increased significantly (P<0.05), while pyrroles and aldehydes decreased significantly (P < 0.05). And the aroma components with flower and fruit aroma such as trans-3-hexenol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde and α-ionone were detected. This shows that hot air withering with appropriate temperature is conducive to improving the quality of black tea, which can be applied to the production practice of improving the quality of black tea in summer and autumn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from national meteorological stations in 90 counties of Jiangxi province during 2012-2021 and 8 microclimate stations in rice fields during 2017-2021 were used to analyze the differences in temperature between rice fields and stations, and the statistical results based on H1 (NS)(daily max temperature of national stations ≥35 °C), H1 (RS)(daily max temperature of rice fields ≥35 °C), H2 (NS)(daily max temperature of national stations ≥37°C) and H2 (RS) (daily max temperature of rice fields ≥ 37 °C ) were compared. Furthermore, proposing high-temperature damage indicators more suitable for early rice in Jiangxi, which would promoting capabilities of high-temperature monitoring and defense. The results showed that: (1) compared with the national stations, the rice fields had a cooling effect, and the Tmax(daily maximum temperature), T(daily average temperature), and Tmin(daily minimum temperature) were 0.6 °C, 0.4 °C, and 0.3 °C lower than national stations. What's more, the cooling effect increased with the growth of early rice, which showed as heading-maturity period>transplanting-booting period>sowing-transplanting period. (2) The cooling effect was higher in sunny days than in cloudy and rainy days during the high temperature period, and T, Tmax and Tmin of early rice field were 0.7 °C, 0.8 °C and 0.6 °C lower than that of the national stations. On cloudy and rainy days, the decrease in temperature of rice fields was similar. (3) There were significant differences in daily and hourly air temperature between 6 rice fields and the corresponding national stations during H1 (NS) heat damage occurred, and the cooling intensity of the rice field was greater at night than in the daytime. The Tmax, T and Tmin of the 6 fields were generally about 1.2 °C lower, which was strongest in Jinxi filed with T, Tmax and Tmin was 1.5 °C, 1.1 °C and 2.6 °C lower. (4) H1 (NS) was the largest and H2 (RS) was the smallest in terms of the number of counties affected by heat damage, the average duration, the average yield reduction simulation value of affected counties and the simulation value of the whole in recent 10 years based on different heat damage index. There was no significant difference in the result of average duration, the simulated average yield reduction rate of affected counties, and the simulated yield reduction rate of the whole based on H2 (NS) and H1 (RS), while they were all different with the result based on H1 (NS) or H2 (RS). And the simulated value of the reduction rate of the whole calculated by H2 (NS) was closer to the actual value. Therefore, national stations Tmax ≥37°C was more suitable as an index of heat damage for early rice in Jiangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal temperature forecasting models in greenhouse based on multiple regression (MR), BP artificial neural networks (BPANN), random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) were constructed using meteorological observations inside and outside the Venlo-type glass greenhouses from 27th February 2021 to 4th March 2023 at Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, and then to validate all the models. The results showed that the fitting accuracy of the seasonal forecasting models for daily average and minimum air temperatures in the greenhouse was significantly higher than that of the seasonal forecasting models for daily maximum air temperature; the fitting accuracy of each model for air temperature inside the greenhouse in spring, summer and autumn was higher than that for winter. For the seasonal forecasting models of daily average air temperature and minimum air temperature, the fitting accuracy of the spring, summer and autumn forecasting models constructed by the four algorithms was higher, but the simulation effect of the RF model was more stable, and the coefficient of determination (R²) of the simulated values and the actual observed values were above 0.94, and the root mean square error (RMSE) and absolute error (MAE) were within 1.5 °C. For the seasonal forecast models of daily maximum temperature, the fitting accuracy of RF model for spring, summer and autumn was higher than other models in general, and its R² value was above 0.75. The MR model had higher accuracy for winter indoor air temperature and was more suitable for predicting winter greenhouse air temperature. The study concluded that it is feasible to choose the RF model to forecast the air temperature inside the glass greenhouse in spring, summer and autumn and the MR model to forecast the air temperature inside the glass greenhouse in winter, and this study can provide an important reference for the seasonal forecast of air temperature in Venlo-type glass greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain temperature is one of the most important factors that affect the safety of grain storage. In order to reveal the distribution rule of grain storage temperature field in semi-underground double-storey squat silos(SUDSSS), the mathematical analysis models of the grain piles of the ground squat silo and the underground silo are established respectively in this paper, and the validity of the models is verified by the field test results. A numerical model of the SUDSSS was established. Through numerical analysis, the temperature field variation rule of the grain pile during the 1-year static storage of the SUDSSS after low-temperature grain storage was acquired by numerical analysis. The research demonstrates that the grain temperature within 2 m of the above-ground part of the SUDSSS close to the silo wall varies significantly because of the influence of the outside air temperature, and the temperature from 10.62 to 27.37 °C. The grain temperature in the underground part is in a quasi-low temperature state all the year round, and the average temperature does not exceed 17 &#176C of the temperature in the underground constant temperature zone. At the beginning of the winter, a heat accumulation area will be formed in the upper storey of the ground between 1 - 3 m from the warehouse wall in a short period of time, leading to a large temperature difference in the grain pile near the warehouse wall, and then the temperature in the peripheral area will slowly decrease, forming a 'hot core and cold skin', and the thermal insulation measures of the silo wall can effectively reduce the influence of temperature on the grain temperature. The highest grain temperature in the upper storey in summer is about 3.86 °, lower than that of the shallow silo without thermal insulation. The research results can provide technical support for the popularization and application of the SUDSSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Grain storage is an extremely complex process that is easily affected by the external environment. A temperature gradient is formed between the inside and outside of the grain pile, making the pile prone to rot and mildew. [Methods] To reduce the loss of grain and the occurrence of pests and mildew, this study uses a self-made test chamber and detection system to detect the grain temperature at different locations of corn grain storage and analyze the temperature change and the heat transfer process across the entire grain pile. Next, the prediction of corn grain storage temperature based on the LSTM algorithm is investigated by analyzing the corn grain storage test data. Based on the attributes and characteristics of the data, linear algebra, probability theory, and algorithm principles are applied to form a comprehensive decision and predict the corn grain storage temperature. [Results] The test results show that the atmospheric temperature outside the bin greatly influences the grain temperature, and the grain temperature in the bin falls behind that outside the bin as well as the ambient temperature. The temperature in the bottom No. 2 position always remain slow during the detection period, while the highest temperature occurs in the top No. 12 position. [Conclusions] Based on the analysis of grain pile temperature change, this study investigates the prediction of grain storage temperature based on the LSTM algorithm. Compared with the experimental values, the accuracy of the test sets of the first, second, third, and fourth layers is 0.62, 0.89, 0.83, and 0.79, respectively. Thus, the prediction results of the second and third layers of the grain pile have higher accuracy. The bottom and top layers of the grain pile in the test bin are easily affected by the ambient temperature, the heat exchange rate of the grain pile is fast, and the temperature changes rapidly, yielding less accurate prediction results for these layers. The research presented in this study provides new insights into the prediction of grain storage temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal infrared imaging can be expected to rapidly and cost-saving monitor the soil moisture content in the largescale farmland. But it is still unclear on the impact of lighting conditions on thermal infrared images. This study aims to explore the impact of direct sunlight or shadow occlusion of the crop canopy and soil on the UAV thermal infrared remote sensing, in order to diagnose the crop water stress and monitor soil moisture content. Summer corn with different irrigation treatments was taken as the research object. The thermal infrared images were divided into four parts: illuminated canopy, shaded canopy, illuminated soil, and shaded soil. The light temperature was extracted from the higher temperature, whereas, the shadow temperature was assumed as the lower temperature. Temperature extraction was used to calculate the 11:00, 13:00, and 15:00 canopy temperature difference (difference between canopy temperature and atmospheric temperature, ΔT), crop water stress index (CWSI), and evaporative fraction (ratio of latent heat flux to effective energy, EF). A comparison was made on three changes in the monitoring effect of the index on soil moisture content after using light temperature (ΔTL, CWSIL, EFL) and shadow temperature (ΔTS, CWSIS, EFS ) at different times. The results show that: 1) There was the variation in the monitoring effects of the three indices over time. The EF monitoring effect was better at 11:00 and 15:00, the crop water stress index monitoring effect was better at 13:00. There was the less change in the ΔT monitoring over time. The temperature index should be selected for monitoring soil moisture content using field conditions and the time of flying the drone; 2) The monitoring effect was improved the most at 11:00 in the jointing period, after distinguishing light temperature and shadow temperature. The R² of EF, EFS, and EFL were 0.54, 0.65, and 0.78, respectively. The R² of CWSI, CWSIS, and CWSIL were 0.47, 0.64, and 0.70, respectively. There was no significant light temperature in the period of tasseling and filling, whereas, the index monitoring effect was significantly reduced using shadow temperature. There was the largest decrease in the CWSIS at 13:00, compared with the CWSI, where the R² decreases were 0.11 and 0.06, respectively. Therefore, it was very necessary to choose the clear and cloudless weather and avoid cloudy days, when shooting thermal infrared images. Furthermore, the impact of lighting conditions on thermal infrared images was also change with the growth period; 3) The best monitoring soil moisture content was obtained using EFL at 11:00 in the jointing and tasseling period, and CWSI at 13:00 in the filling period, where the R² of predicting soil moisture content were 0.75, 0.75, and 0.89, respectively. In addition, the soil moisture content was also dominated the monitoring effect. When the soil volumetric moisture content was around 0.23, both EFL and CWSI shared the more accurate prediction. Different time points, light temperature and shade temperature were utilized to analyze the monitoring effect of three temperature indexes on soil moisture content. The better monitoring time and index were determined in the three growth periods of summer corn. The finding can provide a strong reference for the UAV thermal infrared monitoring of soil moisture content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inversion data of the microwave radiometer atmospheric temperature profile were systematically analyzed with the temperature observation data of the microwave radiometer in coastal areas of Fujian. By comparing the microwave radiometer temperature inversion data with sounding and ERA5 temperatures, the ability of microwave radiometer to detect atmospheric temperature and the quality of the inversion data were analyzed, and the microwave radiometer inversion data were further applied to analyze the daily variation of atmospheric temperature in the boundary layer. The results show that the microwave radiometer temperature is in good agreement with the sounding temperature, with a correlation coefficient of 0.971, a mean deviation of 2.716 °C, and a root mean square error of 5.131 °C; the greater the intensity of rainfall, the more significant the effect of rainfall on the accuracy of the microwave radiometer in detecting atmospheric temperature. The correlation coefficients, mean deviations and root mean square errors of ERA5 and microwave radiometer are consistent from month to month; the temperature deviations between ERA5 and microwave radiometer in the middle atmosphere are smaller than those in the near-surface and upper atmosphere in each month; above 2 km in height, the temperature profiles of ERA5 and microwave radiometer are consistent. Above 2 km in altitude, the trend of ERA5 and microwave radiometer temperature profiles are basically the same. Below 3 km altitude, the daily variation of summer temperature is smaller than that of winter temperature at the same altitude. With the increase of altitude, the variation of atmospheric temperature in summer is large and that in winter is small [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass-based porous activated carbon is a carbon-based material with well-developed pore structure, good adsorption, and capacitive properties. To achieve the goals of peak carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality, biomass-based porous activated carbon is widely used in the fields of electrochemical energy storage, capacitive deionization, and wastewater treatment owing to its low cost, environmental friendliness, and cleanness. Biomass-based porous activated carbon is one of the commonly used electrode materials for supercapacitors, whose electrochemical performance is mainly influenced by its physicochemical structure. To address the problems of high energy consumption and difficult regulation of the performance of porous activated carbon electrode materials, some research has proposed the activation and oxidation gradient heat treatment technology. This technology adopts a chemical-physical co-activation synergistic control process and utilizes the waste heat of pyrolysis activation, which can reduce the consumption of chemical activator and reaction energy and alleviate environmental pollution. This technology can attain the dual objectives of efficient and clean conversion of agricultural and forestry waste and high-value utilization of porous activated carbon. In this study, porous activated carbon was prepared by using waste bamboo as the carbon source and KHCO3 as the activator for medium- to high-temperature (500-800 ℃) activation and low-temperature (200-350 ℃) air oxidation using air for synergistic regulation. The study also investigated the physicochemical structure and electrochemical properties of porous activated carbon under the synergistic effect of different activation and oxidation temperatures. The results showed that porous activated carbon activated at 600 ℃ was oxidized by low-temperature air at 350 ℃ (PAC-600-350), and the specific surface area was increased from 154.361 m²·g−1 to 264.235 m²·g−1, indicating that O2 in the air activates the expansion of pores. An increase of oxidation temperature from 200 ℃ to 350 ℃ elevated the elemental oxygen content in the porous activated carbon and the content of surface oxygen-containing groups (such as -C=O-O and -C-OH), enhanced the wettability, and improved the defect structure and pore structure. Moreover, the porous activated carbon after activation at medium to low temperatures (600 ℃ and 700 ℃) is more sensitive and susceptible to oxidation by low temperature air. Among different activation temperatures from 500 to 800 ℃, the PAC-600-350 porous activated carbon had the highest oxygen content (25.54%) and degree of defects (2.53) at the activation temperature of 600 ℃; while the pore structure of PAC-800-350 is the most developed at the activation temperature of 800 ℃, with a specific surface area as high as 1096.18 m²·g−1. In addition, PAC-800-350 is less affected by the oxidation of low temperature air and its surface oxygen-containing groups change to a lesser extent. In the three-electrode test, the specific capacitance of PAC-600-350 at a current density of 1 A·g−1 was 215.29 F·g−1, which is 1.47 times that of non-air oxidized porous activated carbon. At the current density of 5 A·g−1, PAC-600-350 exhibited higher cycling stability with a capacitance retention rate of 93.51% after 5000 cycles of charging and discharging. In the two-electrode test, the symmetrical supercapacitor with PAC-600-350 as the working electrode showed good electrochemical performance, with an energy density of 9.06 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 215 W·kg−1. Overall, PAC-600-350 porous activated carbon is considered to have potential for practical application, this study can provide a reference for high value utilization of agroforestry wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Oilfield Chemistry is the property of Sichuan University, Oilfield Chemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study the airflow organization in the data center and quickly predict the outlet air temperature of the rack, a rapid prediction method that combines the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and the surrogate model was proposed. Taking a data center as an example, the temperature field data under a large number of operating conditions were calculated via using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The effects of air conditioning on the temperature field of the micro-module was analyzed. Then, the reduced order model of the cabinet outlet air temperature was established via using the POD method. The calculated temperature field data was divided into training set and test set, and the prediction accuracy of regression tree, boosted tree, support vector regression, neural network, Gaussian process regression, cubic spline interpolation, and piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation as surrogate model was compared. The consuming time of calculating the temperature field via using surrogate model and CFD software was compared. It is found that the computational speed of surrogate model composed of POD, machine learning method, and interpolation method was more than 100 times that of CFD software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize the high-energy-efficiency operation of the gas pump heat pipe composite air conditioner in areas with large dry/wet bulb temperature differences, an evaporative condensation (spray/spray) device is added on the condensation side of the system, so that the system can extend the utilization time of natural cooling sources in summer high temperature seasons, reduce unit energy consumption. In the enthalpy difference laboratory, the indoor return air temperature is set to three working conditions of 24, 30, 35℃, and the outdoor temperature is adjusted every 5℃ from-10℃ to 45℃ under each indoor working condition, and record the cooling capacity, power consumption and other data of 100% load and 75% load. The results show that the evaporative condensation technology can reduce the condensing temperature, broaden the operating temperature range of the gas pump heat pipe mode, and reduce the operating energy consumption; the evaporation temperature of the system increases with the increase of the indoor return air condition. Under the indoor conditions of 24, 30, 35℃, PUE≤ 1. 33, 1.28, 1.25 were achieved respectively. Under 75% load rate, the composite air conditioner prototype can achieve PUE ≤1. 3, 1. 27, 1. 24, which has good energy-saving benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the microclimate around of garden tree species in summer, we chose 5 garden trees including Ficus macrocarpa, Khaya senegalensis, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Terminlia catappa as the research object in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province. Through the observation and comparative analysis of air temperature and relative humidity, the differences in summer cooling and humidification of different garden tree species were obtained. And the discomfort index (DI) was introduced to evaluate the effects of different garden trees on human body’s comfortable degree. The results indicated that the cooling and humidification effects of different garden trees were significantly different. The order of cooling rate was Ficus macrocarpa > Dracontomelon duperreanum > Khaya senegalensis > Lagerstroemia speciosa > Terminlia catappa. The order of humidification rate was Ficus macrocarpa > Dracontomelon duperreanum ≈ Khaya senegalensis > Lagerstroemia speciosa > Terminlia catappa. The effect of reducing discomfort was also consistent with changes in cooling and humidification. Compared with lawn, trees could reduce people's discomfort in the hot summer. The research could provide certain reference and theoretical guidance for the application selection and landscape design of landscaping tree species in tropical and subtropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic odor of Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus has been found to have the potential to improve physical and mental health of people in indoor environment, but its effectivess is reduced for that the release of volatile organic compounds from plants is susceptible to indoor environmental changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of volatile organic compounds released by P. hadiensis var. tomentosus to common indoor environmental changes, and to provide a scientific basis for its efficient and sustainable application in building a comfortable pro-biotic environment to improve the physical and mental health of indoor personnel. Thus, the effects of four typical indoor environmental factors, such as air temperature, air relative humidity, CO2 concentration and light variation, on the release of volatile organic compounds from P. hadiensis var. tomentosus were investigated in this study. And the dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques were used to analyze the volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments with an environmental control device based on mixed-level orthogonal array design. The results were as follows:(1)Among the four typical indoor environmental factors of air temperature, air relative humidity, CO2 concentration and light condition, CO2 concentration and air temperature had greater effects on the release of volatile organic compounds from P. hadiensis var. tomentosus, while the effects of air relative humidity and light were weak.(2)For P. hadiensis var. tomentosus cultivated under normal photoperiod, an environmental condition with CO2 concentration of 500 μmol·mol-1, air temperature of 25 ℃ and air relative humidity of 60% was the most suitable for releasing volatile organic compounds from P. hadiensis var. tomentosus in the absence of light. Under this environmental condition, the total amount of volatile organic compounds released by P. hadiensis var. tomentosus was 86.23 μg·L-1·kg-1, and the content of biological active components with potentials for the positive intervention of physical and mental health was 78.03 μg·L-1·kg-1. In summary, the results suggest that when the aroma plant P. hadiensis var. tomentosus is used to build an indoor pro-biotic environment to maintain or improve the physical and mental health of people in indoor, the environmental conditions should be controlled properly, especially CO2 concentration and air temperature, so as to fully and efficiently produce the positive health benefits from P. hadiensis var. tomentosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper briefly compares the source, application scope, development history and respective characteristics of the commonly used classical models of microporous adsorption. In order to facilitate the systematic understanding and mastery of classical microporous analysis methods in physical adsorption, the methods are divided into three categories: (1) methods developed from standard isotherms, including t-method, αs-method, n-method and MP method; (2) methods based on micropore filling theory, including D-R method, D-A method and D-R-S method; (3) the currently commonly used methods include the original HK method (slit pore), HK-SF method (cylindrical pore), HK-CY method (spherical pore) and the improved HK method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the arrangement of thermoelectric cooler （TEC） on the natural convection characteristics of air in the cooling chamber of airborne avionics is studied by experimental research and numerical simulation. The results show that when the air is cooled, its temperature decreases while its density increases, and it begins to sink at a slow speed. Its motion form gradually transitions from deformation to rotation. It is more beneficial to the development of flow field to arrange all the TECs at the top of the chamber. However, when the air sinks to the bottom of the cooling chamber, it is easy to produce oscillation solutions, fork flow and secondary flow, and the flow enters the chaotic state. Through comparative analysis of six design cases, the best arrangement of TEC in the cooling chamber of the airborne avionics with the minimum temperature inhomogeneity coefficient and the lowest average air temperature is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T-FACE (temperature-free air carbon dioxide enrichment）experimental platform was adopted. Four field treatments of winter wheat were set: field conventional temperature and CO2 concentration (CK), field conventional temperature and increase CO2 concentration to 575μmol·L−1 (C), field increase temperature (i.e., 2℃ above atmospheric temperature) and field conventional CO2 concentration (T), and field increase temperature (i.e., 2℃ above atmospheric temperature) and increase CO2 concentration to 575μmol·L−1 (CT) . Soil samples were collected at different soil layers (plough layer 0−14cm, plough bottom 14−33cm, pond layer 33−59cm and glebe layer 59−80cm) at sowing stage, overwintering stage, tillering stage and maturity stage of winter wheat, respectively, to analyze the effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on N and P content and availability in the soil. The results were as follows: (1)under the condition that CO2 concentration increased in the overwintering stage of winter wheat, the nitrate nitrogen content in pond layer of soil showed a tendency to decrease by increasing temperature. In the overwintering stage of winter wheat, except for T treatment, the nitrate nitrogen content of CK, C and CT treatment was lower than that of tilling layer during sowing stage. In the overwintering stage of winter wheat, the nitrate nitrogen content increased most obviously in CK treatment. (2) Under the condition of increasing CO2 concentration and temperature, the content of ammonium nitrogen in the soil at tillering stage and overwintering stage of winter wheat was significantly lower than that under normal CO2 concentration and temperature treatment. There was no obvious upward or downward trend in different soil layers. The content of ammonium nitrogen was relatively stable during the whole growing stage of winter wheat. However, under CT, C and T treatments, the content of ammonium nitrogen increased significantly at maturity stage of winter wheat, and the increasing trend of nitrate nitrogen was more significant under increasing temperature (P<0.05). During the whole growth stage of winter wheat, the ammonium nitrogen showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing under C treatment, while CK, CT and T treatments showed a trend of increasing, decreasing and increasing. (3) The content of available P in CK treatment was significantly higher than other treatments in the whole growth stage of winter wheat. There was a significant difference in available P content between CK treatment and CT and T treatments at sowing stage, overwintering stage and tillering stage of winter wheat (P<0.05). The results can provide some scientific basis for rational application of N and P fertilizer, reducing unnecessary nutrient loss and preventing non-point source pollution under the condition of CO2 concentration and temperature increase caused by climate change in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Objective] In order to optimize the transportation of juvenile Paphia textzle Gmelin, the effects of air exposure conditions on respiration metabolism and burrowing behavior of juvenile P.textzle were analyzed. [Method] The actual transportation environment was simulated, juvenile P.textzle with body length of (3.89±0.33) mm were selected, and the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of juvenile P.textzle under different air exposure temperatures (10, 15 and 20 ℃) and durations (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours) were examined.The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and regression analysis, and the burrowing rate after re-entering water were observed, to analyze the air exposure tolerance and the differences of respiration metabolism and burrowing behavior of juvenile P.textzle. [Result] Different air exposure durations and temperatures had certain effects on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of juvenile P.textzle.When the air exposure temperature was the same, the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of juvenile P.textzle increased with the duration.When the air exposure duration was the same, the oxygen consumption rate increased with the increase of temperature, but the ammonia excretion rate decreased.Regression analysis showed that the direct effect of air exposure duration on oxygen consumption rate of juvenile P. textzle was greater than that of air exposure temperature.There was extremely significant positive correlation between air exposure duration and oxygen consumption rate (P＜0.01,the same as below),but extremely significant negative correlation between air exposure temperature and oxygen consumption rate.The direct effect of air exposure duration on ammonia excretion rate of juvenile P.textzle was greater than that of temperature.There was extremely significant positive correlation between air exposure duration and ammonia excretion rate, and also between air exposure temperature and ammonia excretion rate.At the air exposure temperature of 10 ℃,the burrowing rate of juvenile P.textzle with different durations was about 10% in 1 hours after re-entering water, which was greatly lower than that of 15 and 20 ℃ groups.With the increase of observation time, the maximum burrowing rates of 10,15 and 20 ℃ groups were 48.3%,85.0% and 88.3% respectively. [Conclusion] Compared with 10 ℃, 15 and 20 ℃ are the suitable transportation temperatures for juvenile P.textzle,and the shorter the transportation duration, the better, should be less than 9 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Time-lag effect of vegetation refers to the growth and distribution patterns out of sync with the varying climate. Vegetation cannot adapt immediately the climate change, leading to adjustment time. Previous research has focused mainly on the overall growth of vegetation under climate monitor or changes in a single type of vegetation. It is still lacking in the timelag effect of vegetation types and their response to the climate. Therefore, this study aims to determine the vegetation activity and its response to climate change. The lag time of different vegetation types was also clarified in response to the hydrothermal changes. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and meteorological grid data were monthly collected from 1982 to 2015. The GIMMS NDVI dataset was also selected, together with the CRU precipitation and air temperature dataset. Sen + Mann-Kendall trend analysis was then conducted to obtain the interannual change rate of vegetation NDVI in over the past 34 years. At the same time, a significance test was carried out on the NDVI change trend, in order to distinguish the significant improvement and degradation areas. The growth and degradation of different vegetation types were statistically determined after the test. The lagged partial correlation analysis was used to calculate the partial correlation coefficients between vegetation NDVI and precipitation and air temperature in the current month, the previous month, the first previous two months, and the first previous three months. Then, the partial correlation coefficients were also synthesized to obtain the maximum partial correlation coefficient. The lag time was set as the maximum partial correlation coefficient. The dynamic characteristics of the vegetation pattern change over the past 34 years were presented to determine the relationship between vegetation NDVI and climate response. The lag effect was obtained in the different vegetation types on climate response. The results showed that: 1) A spatial distribution pattern of vegetation was achieved in the higher vegetation in northern Xinjiang than that in the southern, and higher in the west than that in the east. There was an overall "greening" trend in the study area. Specifically, the significantly improved and stable unchanged areas accounted for 20.6%, and 65.7%, respectively. The areas insignificant improvement and degradation accounted for 3.3%, and 10.4%, respectively. There was no area with significant degradation. In the spatial distribution, a significant NDVI increase was found in the oasis around the Tarim Basin and the northern section of the Tianshan Mountains, whereas, the Ili region showed a trend of degradation. In vegetation types, the cultivated vegetation shared the largest improvement area, accounting for 75.3%, while, the degraded area of coniferous forest was the largest, accounting for 24.2%; 2) There was a lag response of 72% of vegetation areas to the precipitation at the monthly time scale, with an average lag time of 1.1 months, while the lag response of 70% of vegetation areas to air temperature, with an average lag time of 1.4 months. The higher the lagged correlation coefficient between vegetation and climate elements was, the higher the response speed was. Overall, the vegetation was much more sensitive to the precipitation. 3) Different types of vegetation varied greatly in response to the precipitation and air temperature. Precipitation was the main promoting factor for the grassland, shrubland, and coniferous forest, while air temperature shared the strongest impact on the broad-leaved forest. The lagged partial correlation coefficients between different vegetation types and precipitation were higher than those of air temperature. The response time of different vegetation types to air temperature was longer than that of precipitation. There were lagged effects in the response of different vegetation to both precipitation and air temperature. The correlation between vegetation and precipitation was higher in Xinjiang, indicating a more rapid response of vegetation to precipitation than that to air temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] This study explored the effect of air temperature, relative humidity, flowering/ podding stages and duration of stress on yield related traits to provide experimental basis for identifying heatwave tolerance of soybean in artificial growth chamber. [Method] The artificial growth chamber was used to stimulate dry/wet heatwave with gradient temperature regime of 28 -- 42 °C and constant day/night temperature regimes of 28 °C/24 °C (control), 34 °C/28 °C, 38 °C/30 °C and 42 °C/30 °C as well as two relative humidity (RH) regimes of 30% day/60% night and 60% day/60% night. The soybean variety of Handou 5 were treated for 3, 5 and 7 d at the full bloom (R2) and full pod (R4) stages and pod number per plant, seed number per plant, 100-seed weight and seed weight per plant were measured. [Result] With the elongation of stimulated heatwave stress at the flowering/podding stage of soybean, seed number per plant, pod number per plant and seed weight per plant decreased significantly. After 7 d treatment, seed number and pod number per plant decreased by 26. 64% and 28. 77% at R2 stage, and they decreased by 34. 99% and 23. 26% at R4 stage. Under wet heatwave stimulation (RH 60% day/night and gradient temperature), soybean seed weight per plant decreased with the elongation of stress, while no significant difference was detected for 3 d stress. The R4 stage was more sensitive to heatwave stress than the R2 stage, with the decrease of seed weight per plant by 34. 99% and 26. 64%, respectively. Under the gradient temperature regime, dry heatwave stimulation (RH 30% day/60% night) had more significant effect on soybean yield traits than the wet heatwave (RH 60% day/60% night), and seed weight per plant decreased by 70. 63% and 52. 41% after 5 d treatment of dry heatwave at the R2 and R4 stage, respectively. In the treatments of dry heat stress with constant temperature regimes and RH 30% day/60% night, the temperature regimes of 38 °C day/30 °C night and 42 °C day/30 °C night resulted in significant decrease of soybean yield traits without difference among them. Under the dry condition of RH 30% day/60% night, constant and gradient temperature regimes had similar effects on soybean yield related traits, with more severity effects from the latter. [Conclusion] RH and temperature in artificial growth chamber, soybean stage and stress duration had significant effect on soybean yield related traits. The soybean tolerance to dry heatwave can be identified in artificial growth chamber for 5 -- 7 d treatments at R2 and R4 stages under the conditions of RH 30% day/60% night, 38 °C day/30 °C night and 12 h photoperiod using relative changes of seed weight per plant, seed number and pod number as indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]