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Copyright of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health is the property of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a research hotspot in recent 20 years. In order to standardize the name and definition of the imaging features of CSVD, the STandards for ReportIng Vascular changes on nEuroimaging (STRIVE) recommended the imaging diagnostic criteria for CSVD in 2013, namely STRIVE-1. In 2023, this standard updated according to the research achievement in recent 10 years. This paper aims to introduce STRIVE- 2, especially focus on explaining the differences between these two standards in order to help clinicians and researchers understand the changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a group of clinically rare neurodegenerative diseases caused by misfolding of prion proteins, and is the most common type of human prion diseases. Since the prion characteristics were recognized in the 1970s, the diagnostic detection technology has made great progress, especially the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). This paper describes the pathogenesis of CJD, the mechanism of action of RT-QuIC and its application in the diagnosis of CJD in order to promote the application and development of RT-QuIC technology in the field of CJD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a disorder of the autonomic motor or sensory system with well-defined symptoms, which covers functional movement disorder, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, functional sensory disorder, functional cognitive disorder, persistent postural perceptual dizziness and so on. Its complex and diverse characteristics make the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and research difficult, so FND has long been a "gray area", but its high incidence, disability rate and high consumption of medical resources remind us that FND cannot be ignored. This paper reviews the current clinical classification of FND and the diagnostic criteria in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment by domestic colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertigo and dizziness are common clinical symptoms. Although most patients have a good prognosis, vascular vertigo and dizziness can have catastrophic consequences if not recognized promptly. At present, vascular dizziness and vertigo are still very significant problems in clinical missed diagnosis, diagnosis generalization and over examination. The publication of the international "Vascular vertigo and dizziness: diagnostic criteria" provides a basis for clinicians' diagnosis and treatment behavior. However, in practical clinical work, clinicians might have to deal with more complicated situations. This paper reviews the progress of clinical diagnosis of vascular vertigo and dizziness from the aspects of clinical features, imaging and laboratory examination, so as to provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of vascular vertigo and dizziness as well as the construction of a more accurate prediction model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the booming development of rehabilitation medicine engineering in recent years, the role of lower limb exoskeletal robotic systems in the treatment of walking function recovery of post- stroke has received much attention. This paper intends to classify and summarize the lower limb exoskeletal robotic systems used for walking function recovery at different periods of stroke, summarize the mechanism of improving walking function, and review the impact of lower limb exoskeletal robotic systems on the walking function of stroke patients at different periods, current challenges and future development direction, in order to promote the clinical application of lower limb exoskeletal robotic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research / Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu is the property of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pharmaceutial Care & Research is the property of Editorial Board of Pharmaceutial Care & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, both the paper "Advances in progressive supranuclear palsy: new diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches" in Lancet Neurol and "Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria" in Mov Disord attracted much attention. In this review, we will discuss the contents in these two papers, including disease progression, features of clinical phenotype, update in diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic status and prospect of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), to guide the clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malformation of cortical development (MCD) accounts for the majority of drug-resistant epilepsy, focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCD II) is the most common and most characteristic. It is of great significance to correct diagnosis for FCD II. However, there are so many diseases which are similar with FCD II in morphology and immune phenotype, such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), hemimegalencephaly (HME), etc. In this paper, based on the latest research progress and our experience, we will introduce their relationship and explain how to distinguish them histologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Diagnoses and treatments of chronic alcoholic toxic cerebral encephalopathy: an expert consensus" published in 2018 summarized the definition and current status, clinical manifestations and features, neuroimaging and pathological features of chronic alcoholic toxic cerebral encephalopathy, recommended clinical screening and assessing scales and developed treatment protocols based on national conditions and a lot of experts' opinions. This paper explained partial contents of the consensus based on problems in clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and added and discussed some controversial points not included in the consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, more and more researches focused on the neural mechanism of primary insomnia (PI), especially with the development and application of MRI, and researches of brain structure and function related with primary insomnia were more and more in - depth. According to the hyperarousal hypothesis, there are abnormal structure, function and metabolism under certain brain regions of the cortex and subcortex of primary insomnia patients, including amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, insular lobe, frontal lobe and parietal lobe. This paper reviewed the research progress of neural mechanisms of primary insomnia by using MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period of Twelfth Five - Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, clinical study on cerebrovascular disease in China has made great progress. The results of antiplatelet treatment in patients with high - risk non - disabling cerebrovascular events, standardized secondary prevention of ischemic stroke, epidemiological survey of asymptomatic ischemic stroke in community population, cross-sectional survey on traditional Chinese medicine for treating ischemic stroke, the impact of blood glucose on prognosis of acute ischemic stroke, ischemic stroke combined with chronic kidney disease and cerebral microbleeds, biomarkers of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic academia and stroke - like episodes (MELAS) and encephalatrophy, perioperative management of blood pressure in intracerebral hemorrhage, vascular structural abnormality - related intracerebral hemorrhage score (VSARICHS), and epidemiological survey of cerebrovascular disease in China have been published in many important journals. This paper reviewed these studies and made a brief introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

that caused by various disorders and diseases. Therefore, it is important to grasp the correct diagnostic approaches and methods. First, it is necessary to carry out a careful history inquiry to understand the nature and type, duration, accompanying symptoms and related medical history. The second is to carry out careful neuro - otological examinations and targeted tests. The indiscriminate auxiliary examination does not help the diagnosis. Based on the above process, the diagnosis of different vestibular syndromes (acute, episodic or chronic) can be realized, and the diagnosis of disorders or diseases can be made according to diagnostic criteria. The paper discussed how to make the final diagnosis by inquiry and physical examination, auxiliary examination and syndrome diagnosis on the basis of "Multidisciplinary expert consensus of diagnosis and treatment of vertigo". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a kind of peripheral neuropathy in which the thinly myelinated A δ fibers and unmyelinated C fibers are predominantly affected, characterized by allodynia, analgesia, thermoanesthesia and/or autonomic nerve dysfunction. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) detection can detect the pathological changes of large fibers (Aα and Aβ fibers) but not of small fibers, which lack of value in the diagnosis of SFN. Progress of the examinational and diagnostic methods for the neuropathological, neuroelectrophysiological and autonomic nerve functions of SFN in recent years were introduced in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 2016, in order to provide a standardized clinical reference for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia, "Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia disorder in China" compiled by Chinese Sleep Research Society (CSRS) was published. The guideline was compiled according to the standards of evidence - based medicine and the latest International Classification of Sleep Disorders Third Edition (ICSD - 3). It emphasized the role of cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) in the treatment of insomnia, and enriched the assessment and interventions for special populations. This paper intends to provide an explanation and supplement to the compiling process and key elements of the guideline in details, in order to offer some help and guidance for clinicians for better understanding and application of the guideline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tianjin Medical Journal is the property of Tianjin Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pharmaceutial Care & Research is the property of Editorial Board of Pharmaceutial Care & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery is the property of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery is the property of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. Early diagnosis and prediction plays an important role in early intervention and delaying disease progression of AD. This paper focused on the principles and process of pattern classification method, and its application in the clinical study and auxiliary diagnosis of AD. The biomarkers, neuroimaging and cognitive ability scales are important features for pattern classification. Various classification algorithms including Bayesian networks, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM) and multilayer perception have been adopted to distinguish AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal aging subjects. Besides, they can effectively trace and analyze MCI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is one of the common complications after stroke. However, it is often overlooked in clinical practice. As a result, many patients have been misdiagnosed or never been diagnosed. Post-stroke depression directly affect cognitive function, late rehabilitation, functional recovery and the quality of life in stroke patients, and is closely related to the high recurrence rate, disability rate and mortality of stroke. In order to deepen the understanding of early and late PSD, this paper summarized recent progress of PSD at home and abroad, and made a brief introduction on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, influencing factors, screening and diagnosis, treatment and prevention of PSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, both the paper "Advances in progressive supranuclear palsy: new diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches" in Lancet Neurol and "Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria" in Mov Disord attracted much attention. In this review, we will discuss the contents in these two papers, including disease progression, features of clinical phenotype, update in diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic status and prospect of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), to guide the clinical practice. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.01.001

In 19th century, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) indicated optic neuritis and myelitis with simultaneous onset of both sides. Later studies proposed that the onset of right or left side optic neuritis could be separated by weeks, months even years. The revolutionary discovery of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody in 2004 by Vanda A Lennon challenged and changed the old concept of NMO. The concept of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) was proposed in 2007. Since then, a series of different terms have been proposed, including opticospinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS), NMOSDs, spectrum of NMO, expanded spectrum of NMO, etc. Through a summary of different concepts of NMO, this paper will make a comprehensive review on the evolution history of NMO study from 19th to 21st century, and the prospective targets of study will also be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creutzfeldt⁃Jakob disease (CJD) is a group of clinically rare neurodegenerative diseases caused by misfolding of prion proteins, and is the most common type of human prion diseases. Since the prion characteristics were recognized in the 1970s, the diagnostic detection technology has made great progress, especially the real⁃time quaking⁃induced conversion (RT⁃QuIC). This paper describes the pathogenesis of CJD, the mechanism of action of RT⁃QuIC and its application in the diagnosis of CJD in order to promote the application and development of RT⁃QuIC technology in the field of CJD.

Early diagnosis and timely treatment of hepatic steatosis is very important for controlling the development and improving the prognosis of disease. This paper introduces the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), a novel non - invasive method to quantitatively assess hepatic steatosis. This paper briefly describes the advantages of CAP compared with other methods for detecting hepatic steatosis : CAP is simple, fast, repeatable, and generally accepted by patients. CAP is of great value for early detection of fatty liver. Moreover, this paper reviews the optimal cut - off values of CAP for detection of fatty liver in different studies. CAP can be used to dynamically monitor the progression and regression of fatty liver as a guide to clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a severe acute liver function decompensation that occurs after an acute attack on the basis of chronic liver disease, which has attracted the attention of hepatologists worldwide due to its rapid progression and sky-high short-term mortality. As the etiology and clinical features of ACLF significantly differ across various countries/regions, there are at least ten diagnostic criteria for ACLF at home and abroad. Therefore, in this paper, we reviewed the studies related to several commonly used definitions and diagnostic criteria of ACLF, and compared the differences among the diagnostic criteria, so as to help clinicians better identify ACLF and optimize clinical decision-making, thereby improving the clinical outcomes of ACLF patients. As there are still no recognized criteria for the diagnosis of ACLF worldwide, and large variations exist between the diagnostic criteria of ACLF at home and abroad, clinicians should select the diagnostic criteria for ACLF with sufficient consideration of etiology of chronic liver disease, clinical characteristics and other factors of patients.

Hyperkalemia is a common clinical problem, and risk factors for its occurrence include having kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and taking medications that affect serum potassium. Mainly presenting with cardiac and neuromuscular symptoms, it can also lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. Therapeutically, the choice of drug or dialysis treatment should be guided by the serum potassium level and the severity of clinical manifestations. Multiple novel oral potassium lowering drugs have emerged in recent years, promising to change the treatment paradigm of hyperkalaemia. In this paper, the epidemiology, diagnosis, cause, prevention, and treatment of hyperkalemia associated with comorbid risk factors were reviewed in combination with the literature, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the related diagnosis and treatment of hyperkalemia associated with combined risk factors.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis and mainly manifests as a rapidly elevated serum creatinine level, a reduced glomerular filtration rate, and oliguria or anuria. Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome ( HRS - 1 ) is a special type of AKI, and patients with untreated HRS - 1 have an extremely high risk of death. Early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance. This paper summarizes the latest diagnostic criteria for hepatorenal syndrome ( HRS) type of AKI and research advances in the treatment of HRS - 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in epithelial tissues and most epithelial - derived malignant tumors. EpCAM is associated with cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as tumor development and progression. In recent years, EpCAM has been identified as a stem cell marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This paper elucidates the roles of EpCAM in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC, which shed light on the potential molecular targeted therapy in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic stroke brings heavy social and family burden because of its high morbidity, mortality, disability rate and recurrence rate. Intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis is an important cause of ischemic stroke throughout the world and is associated with a high risk of recurrent stroke. The comprehensive evaluation of atherosclerosis plays an important role in risk stratification and clinical decision making. This paper makes a brief review on the main evaluation indexes and common assessments of intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dizziness and vertigo are common clinical conditions with complex and overlapped clinical features that caused by various disorders and diseases. Therefore, it is important to grasp the correct diagnostic approaches and methods. First, it is necessary to carry out a careful history inquiry to understand the nature and type, duration, accompanying symptoms and related medical history. The second is to carry out careful neuro -otological examinations and targeted tests. The indiscriminate auxiliary examination does not help the diagnosis. Based on the above process, the diagnosis of different vestibular syndromes (acute, episodic or chronic) can be realized, and the diagnosis of disorders or diseases can be made according to diagnostic criteria. The paper discussed how to make the final diagnosis by inquiry and physical examination, auxiliary examination and syndrome diagnosis on the basis of "Multidisciplinary expert consensus of diagnosis and treatment of vertigo". DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.02.001

Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a kind of peripheral neuropathy in which the thinly myelinated A δ fibers and unmyelinated C fibers are predominantly affected, characterized by allodynia, analgesia, thermoanesthesia and/or autonomic nerve dysfunction. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) detection can detect the pathological changes of large fibers (Aα and Aβ fibers) but not of small fibers, which lack of value in the diagnosis of SFN. Progress of the examinational and diagnostic methods for the neuropathological, neuroelectrophysiological and autonomic nerve functions of SFN in recent years were introduced in this paper. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.11.013