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A new method of fast identification of copy papers by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was developed. The kinds of filler and the cellulosic degree of crystallinity were analyzed by FTIR, and the ageing curves of cellulosic paper were studied with heating and ultraviolet light. The cellulosic degree of crystallinity was showed by the ratio of absorbance at 1 429 cm(-1) to that at 893 cm(-1), the standard deviation of different brands of copy papers was 0.010 7-0.016 0, and the standard deviation of the same brands of copy papers was 0.014 8. The kinds of filler and the cellulosic degree of crystallinity were different in copy papers from different brands of different manufacturing plants, different brands of same manufacturing plants and different manufacturing times of the same brands from the same manufacturing plants, and the curves of ageing were different with heating and ultraviolet light. The results of fast identification of copy papers by FTIR are satisfactory.

Contents of pollutant elements lead and cadmium in toilet paper were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Both lead and cadmium has good linear relationship that lead is over the range of 0.00-10.00 micrograms.mL-1 (r = 0.9989) and cadmium is over the range of 0.00-4.00 micrograms.mL-1 (r = 0.9997). In this method, RSD is bellow 3.08% and recovery is over the range of 94.8%-104.5%. The method is simple and accurate. It can be used as monitor method of lead and cadmium in toilet paper.

The Chinese calligraphy is a unique art of traditional Chinese culture. The core of color preference for Chinese calligraphy is figural preference, which is a special kind of color combination preference. Currently, the exhibition of calligraphy is always lack of scientific basis in the aspect of color science. In this research, the influence of light sources and paper color on the preference of traditional calligraphy was analyzed based on subjective and objective experiments. The relative spectral power distribution of 5 typical light sources (correlated color temperature: 2 500, 3 500, 4 500, 5 500 and 6 500 K) and spectral reflectance of 5 typical Chinese rice papers (white, orange, light white, red, yellow-white) were firstly measured and then transformed into CIEXYZ and CIECAM02 color space, respectively. Subsequently, the correlation between those colors attributes and 1 000 series of psychophysical experiment data from 40 observers on calligraphy exhibiting preference was analyzed. At last, the influence factors of the correlation were discussed form a multiple statistical point of view, such as normal distribution, correlation analysis and multiple regression. The experimental results indicated that the exhibiting preference of Chinese calligraphy is obviously different with that of ordinary color preference cases, for it is mainly affected by the attributes of lighting sources instead of the contrast of hue and lightness. The authors believe that the finding of the research will provided effective support for the development of calligraphy exhibiting in near future for museums and gallaries.

In this paper, a novel paper-based Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate with high sensitivity, good uniformity and popular price is developed via liquid/liquid interface self-assembly technique. Three pigment, rhodamine B, sunset yellow and chrysoidine were detected through paper-based SERS substrates using a portable Raman spectrometer. The structures of the three pigments were investigated and vibrational modes of characteristic peaks of three pigments were assigned. SERS spectra of rhodamine B, sunset yellow and chrysoidine in aqueous solution with different concentrations were detected respectively. Rhodamine B, sunset yellow and chrysoidine in drinks were also detected in drinks without any pretreatment. Within a certain range of concentrations, it meets certain function. For rhodamine B and sunset yellow, the relationship between concentration and Raman peak intensity is on an index curve, while for chrysoidine, the relationship is linear. In addition, high recoveries are achieved for detecting rhodamine B, sunset yellow and chrysoidine in drinks, which indicated our method is suited for semi-quantitative analysis for the concentration of rhodamine B, sunset yellow and chrysoidine in drinks. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy provides an easy approach to fast and efficient detection for multiple pigments in drinks and can be used for quality control and market monitoring of drinks.

The current national standard method GB/T 27741-2011, i.e., "quantitative determination of migratable fluorescent whitening agents-UV spectroscopy", overestimates the migratable fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) in the paper based products because of the spectral interference of the leached lignin from the cellulose fibers. To minimize such interference, a spectroscopic method based on dual-wavelength (305 and 348 nm) measurement was proposed. It was observed that the dual-wavelength spectroscopy can effectively subtract the spectral absorption contributed by the leached lignin in the extraction medium, thus more accurately determination of migratable FWA can be performed. The results showed that the present method has a relative standard deviation of 2.17%, the quantitative detection limit of 16.9 mg x kg(-1), and recovery of 98%-103%. Compared with the current alternative standard-HPLC method, the present method possesses advantages of low operation and maintenance costs, simple, and practical in application. Therefore, it is more suitable for the rapid determination of migratable FWA in the product quality control in the production process and sample examination in the commercial market.

As one of the most important decorative materials for the modern household products, decorative papers impregnated with melamine not only have better decorative performance, but also could greatly improve the surface properties of materials. However, the appearance quality (such as color-difference evaluation and control) of decorative papers, as an important index for the surface quality of decorative paper, has been a puzzle for manufacturers and consumers. Nowadays, human eye is used to discriminate whether there exist color difference in the factory, which is not only of low efficiency but also prone to bring subjective error. Thus, it is of great significance to find an effective method in order to realize the fast recognition and classification of the decorative papers. In the present study, the visible spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the pattern recognition of decorative papers with different visual characteristics to investigate the feasibility of visible spectroscopy to rapidly recognize the types of decorative papers. The results showed that the correlation between visible spectroscopy and visual characteristics (L*, a* and b*) was significant, and the correlation coefficients wereup to 0.85 and some was even more than 0. 99, which might suggest that the visible spectroscopy reflected some information about visual characteristics on the surface of decorative papers. When using the visible spectroscopy coupled with PCA to recognize the types of decorative papers, the accuracy reached 94%-100%, which might suggest that the visible spectroscopy was a very potential new method for the rapid, objective and accurate recognition of decorative papers with different visual characteristics.

As one of the most powerful tools to investigate the compositions of raw materials and the property of pulp and paper, infrared spectroscopy has played an important role in pulp and paper industry. However, the traditional transmission infrared spectroscopy has not met the requirements of the producing processes because of its disadvantages of time consuming and sample destruction. New technique would be needed to be found. Fourier transform attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is an advanced spectroscopic tool for nondestructive evaluation and could rapidly, accurately estimate the production properties of each process in pulp and paper industry. The present review describes the application of ATR-FTIR in analysis of pulp and paper industry. The analysis processes will include: pulping, papermaking, environmental protecting, special processing and paper identifying.

This paper quantitatively determined the migration level of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) from paper cups into aqueous food simulants or fatty stimulants, under different conditions by second derivative constant-energy synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (DCESFS), which proved to be a method with high sensitivity and spectral resolution. The influences of food simulants, time and temperature on the relative migration percent(%) of benzo(a) pyrene were discussed. Results showed that the recoveries of this method ranged from 89.2% to 104.3%. The migration percent(%) of fatty stimulants was higher than that of aqueous simulants. Migration into hot water was also observed, while the migration into cool water was almost negligible. The relative migration percent(%) increased with the increase of time and temperature.

Metal elements, especially the heavy metal element, need to be considered for resource utilization of paper sludge. Seventeen kinds of metal elements were determined by ICP-AES method, which were form two kinds of paper sludge from Anhui Shanying paper mill, one kind of paper sludge from Fujian Qingshan paper mill, and one kind of paper sludge from Fujian Zhongzhu paper mill. The results show that there are different amounts of metal elements in the 4 kinds of paper sludge including poisonous metal elements, such as Cr, etc, metal element which is poisonous when excessive, such as Fe, etc, and P and K which are beneficial for plant growth Al and Ca contents are maximal. The recovery ratio for Fujian Zhongzhu paper mill obtained by standard addition method is 94.4%-107.3%. Heavy metal elements content lower than the national standard GB/4284-84 "Control standards for pollutions in sludge form agricultural use". The order of heavy metal elements content is paper sludge from Fujian Zhongzhu paper mill

Pitch deposit is one of the most troublesome problems for the paper mills in South China that use the masson pine as a raw material to make paper. The triglyceride has been identified as the main composition accounting for pitch problem. in order to set down effective pitch control scheme, the triglyceride content in papermaking process must be measured quantitatively. A method to measure the content of triglyceride in masson wood pulp was developed based on UV spectrophotometer in the present work. The UV spectrogram and characteristic peak location of standard glycerol trioleate as well as the effect of measuring time on absorbency were discussed. The results showed that at 412 nm the relation between absorbency and consistency of glycerol trioleate was linear and the pertinent coefficient reached 0. 971 in the range of reagent dosage and consistency in this experiment. The absorbency decreased linearly with measuring time and the pertinent coefficient reached 0. 990 2. The results of reproductive experiment showed that the recoveries were 98%-104%0 and the accuracy was 1. 27%-4. 03% for the samples in consistency 1. 25-0. 50 g x L(-1). With this method, the content of triglyceride in hexane extractive of masson TMP and acid SP were measured respectively. The degradative effect of triglyceride before and after enzyme treatment for masson wood pulp was also evaluated. The results showed that the triglyceride content was relatively high, about 50% both in the total extractive of masson TMP and acid SP. After enzyme treatment, the content of triglyceride in masson TMP and acid SP was reduced by 46. 31% and 35. 55% respectively.

By using algorithm of SIMCA and partial least squares(PLS) combined with Fourier transform near infrared spectra (FT-NIR), the classification methods were established for the discrimination of cigarette paper. Meanwhile, the calibration models were established for the determination of the grammage, thickness, permeability, moisture and ash of cigarette paper. Correlation coefficients of the models were 0.9768, 0.9664, 0.9470, 0.956 3 and 0.9759, and the root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) were 0.5614, 0.0960, 1.2741, 0.0967 and 0.2603 respectively. The methods has been applied to the determination and discrimination of unknown samples with satisfactory results.

Paper-substrate delay fluorimetry (PS-DF) for three quinolones, i.e. Pefloxacin, Norfloxacin and Pepemidic acid, were given. Various factors affecting the PS-DF intensity of quinolones, including pH condition, drying time of sample etc., were studied in detail. The experiments showed that the PS-DF intensities of three quinolones in acidic solution were stronger than those in other conditions. The proper pH was 1.6. These quinolones have wide dynamic ranges, low limit of detection and relatively small standard deviations. The method was fast with, a small amount of sample and low cost. The recovery was 98.5%-104%. The determination results of the samples were satisfactory.

The determination of Cu, Pb, Sn, Fe and Zn in the ancient chinese bronzes has been performed using X-ray fluorescence filter paper method. The result is satisfactory. The samples are dissolved in the HCl-H2O2 system, ard then the solution is dropped on the filter paper. It is convenient for detection by XRF. In addition this method is efficient to reduce the matrix effect of sample. The correlative coefficients of calibration curves between element concentration and X-ray intensity are over 0.99. The rate of recovery is 97-104%, and the relative standard deviation for each element is less than 2.00%. The copper's result measured by this method agrees well with that of chemical method. This method is simple, rapid and accurate. It is also applied to determine the elements in the other ancient objects.

Cultural fibrous material includes both important categories, i. e. textile and paper, consisting of precious cultural materials in museum, such as costume, painting, and manuscript. In recent years more and more connoisseur and conservator's concerns are, through nondestructive method, the authenticity and the ageing identification of these cultural relics especially made from fragile materials. In this research, we used attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy to identify five traditional textile fibers, alongside cotton, linen, wool, mulberry silk and tussah silk, and another five paper fibers alongside straw, wheat straw, long qisong, Chinese alpine rush and mulberry bar, which are commonly used for making Chinese traditional xuan paper. The research result showed that the animal fiber (wool, mulberry silk and tussah silk) and plant fiber (cotton and linen) were easier to be distinguished by comparing the peaks at 3 280 cm-1 belonging to NH stretching vibration and a serious peaks related to amide I to amide III. In the spectrum of wool, the peak at 1 076 cm-1 was assigned to the S-O stretching vibration absorption of cystine in wool structure and can be used to tell wool from silk. The spectrum of mulberry silk and tussah silk seems somewhat difficult to be identified, as well as the spectrum of cotton and linen. Five rural paper fibers all have obvious characteristic peaks at 3 330, 2 900 cm-1 which are related to OH and CH stretching vibration. In the fingerprint wavenumber range of 1 600 - 800 cm, the similar peaks also appeared at 1 370, 1 320 cm-1 and 1 162, 1 050 cm-1, both group peaks respectively are related to CH and CO vibration in the structure of cellulose and hemicellulose in paper fibers. Although there is more similarity of the infrared spectroscopy of these 5 paper fibers, some tiny difference in absorbance also can be found at 3 300 cm-1 and in the fingerprint range at 1 332, 1 203, and 1 050 cm-1 which are related to C-O-C vibration in cellulose. Moreover, in order to explore direct and simple method to identify different materials with similar spectrum,. the principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to separate cotton and linen, mulberry silk and tussah silk, as well as five paper fibers. To eliminate and reduce the spectral scattering caused by sample uneven surface roughness, the multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) has been applied based on total spectral data. The result showed that the score plot using the first two principal components can effectively categorize both group textiles of cotton and linen, as well as mulberry silk and tussah silk, and they have similar chemical structure. For five paper fibers, the PCA was applied in different spectral range (918-550, 1 280-918, 1 700-1 280 and 3 800-2 800 cm-1), and the best result appeared in the range from 3 800 to 2 800 cm-1, in which the five paper fibers can be well categorized. This research showed that infrared spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis has great potential advantage on identifying fibrous materials with similar structure.

Pyrolysis is an efficient and recycling way to utilize waste wood-based panels, in which urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) is the main difference between wood-based board and other kinds of biomass. The present paper studied the three main components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin) of poplar wood, in order to effectively and environmentally utilize or dispose of waste wood-based panels with pyrolysis technique, to study the influence of urea formaldehyde resin on pyrolytic characteristic of wood during the process of the pyrolysis of waste wood-based panels, and to in-depth explore the mechanism of the effect of UF on each component of wood. Innovatively, the weight-loss character and gas evolution rule of the model (made from cellulose, xylan and lignin, based on the chemical components stud of poplar wood), the main components as well as the ones mixed with UF were analyzed by TG-FTIR (thermogravimetric analyzer coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer). Results indicated that UF promoted the generation of water and carboxylic acid substances during the cellulose pyrolysis process. UF combined with lignin, formed some kind of unstable nitrogenous structure which produced a large amount of NH3, which took part in the low-temperature (200-300 degrees C) pyrolysis of lignin, and directly affected the production of pyrolysis products. It can be concluded that during the process of the pyrolysis of waste wood-based panels, lignin was the one that UF mainly impacted among the three main components of wood.

Six plant pigments separated by paper chromatography have been measured by photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). Their PA spectra are compared with the corresponding absorption spectra, which indicate that PAS is a convenient and effective method for identifying plant pigment. The sorts of marine algae are numerous and pigments in marine algae have certain characteristics. The PA spectra of green, red and brown algae have been reported. Pigment characteristics in these algae are identified by their second derivative PA spectra.

36 kinds of black roller pen inks collected from Chinese market were analyzed by NIR FT-Raman spectroscopic technique and they were divided into 10 groups (from A to J group) according to their characteristic Raman spectra. Based on studying main component of roller pen inks and peculiarity of Raman spectrum by documents, the main Raman peaks of each group of roller ball inks were interpreted particularly. It have also been investigated that the influence factors from paper matrix, humidity of the samples, laser power and writing time, especially the forth item showed some relationships of the peak intensity ratio with the relative age of inks. This method is speediness, convenience, high sensitivity and no ink-extraction process. The insufficiency of the method is that fluorescence and heat background comes forth when a few samples were irradiated by laser.

In terms of water quality monitoring based on the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, different optical path lengths of spectrometer probe need to be set to maintain higher signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra when the water body measured is complex and changeable. However, large numbers of experiments always have to be undertaken to get the appropriate optical path length, which is difficult to meet the demand of real-time, accurate, sensitive and stable online monitoring system. In this paper, an optimized spectra fusion algorithm was developed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of fused spectra from two independent spectra that were acquired using two different optical path lengths. In the fusion algorithm, the sliding-pane method was applied to obtain the distribution of noise variance of the spectra, so the region of strong noise in the spectra could be determined. Due to different signal intensity of spectra with long and short optical path length, genetic algorithm was used to calculate the optimal gain matching rate of fusion. Finally, according to the distribution of noise variance, piecewise weighted method is applied to achieve a fusion spectrum with higher signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental results showed that the fusion algorithm could effectively enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the fused spectra for each sample without altering the optical path length; the noise within 200~250 nm was suppressed and the low-noise and high-sensitivity spectra in the visible band were preserved; Zero interference was moved to the left of 220 nm of the spectrum. This means the fusion algorithm not only shows improvements in both signal-to-noise ratio and the detailed characteristics of the spectrum, but also reduces the excessive number of experiments in order to optimize optical path length and minimize noise in spectra. It has important practical significance to broaden the application range of the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy based water quality monitoring system.

Doppler wind Lidar is an important method for atmospheric wind measurement. The Doppler frequency shift of backscattering spectrum due to the wind is detected from the transmissions of frequency discrimination. High sensitivity and large dynamic range measurement is difficult for atmospheric wind measurement because of the limitationof frequency discriminator characteristic. In this paper, a frequency discriminator constructed with Dual fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed. Two fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers with different atmospheric wind detection dynamic range and sensitivity are designed and used to measure Doppler frequency shift at the same time. The optical path difference of FMZI-2 is 13.7 cm which can realize large dynamic range wind measurement (±100 m·s-1) and the optical path difference of FMZI-1is designed to be 74.8 cm which can realize high sensitivity detection. Moreover, the absolute wind velocity of FMZI-1 channel can be corrected by the measurement result of FMZI-2 channel. Thus the high sensitivity and large dynamic range wind detection can be realized. The sensitivity, SNR and wind error of two channels are simulated and analyzed for different parameters. The results indicate that the system can realize the wind error less than 1 m·s-1 for large dynamic range(±100 m·s-1) wind velocity, which is a beneficial exploration for high sensitivity and large dynamic range Doppler wind lidar.

Polarization imaging contains rich target parameters including spectrum, radiant intensity, polarization state, space geometry, etc. Polarization imaging can improve the target detection and recognition ability. The infrared polarization imaging is a new infrared detect technology in recent years. Infrared polarization imaging mainly aims to detect and identify the target with the difference of infrared radiation polarization characteristic between target and scene. But the state of polarization is affected by transmission medium in the transmission process of infrared radiation polarization information while the common method is to analyze the infrared radiation polarization characteristics of target that is not able to describe effects of all interrelated parameters and is difficult to estimate influence factors in the process of transmission. The equation of infrared polarized radiation is established through bidirectional reflectance distribution function based on micro-facet theory. And the mathematical model of the relationship between infrared radiation polarization degree and emissivity is derived in this paper. Result shows that the influence of target surface emissivity on the infrared degree can be ignored. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the infrared spectrum polarization imaging tests are unfolded, and the analysis of test data is consistent with the theoretical analysis. It is concluded that the correlation between the polarization degree of infrared and the emissivity of target surface can be neglected. The research production of this paper is conductive to increase of target detect efficiency, and it will provide new ways and means for camouflage target detect and identify. Therefore, the research production can be applied to detect and identify the camouflage target that is accomplished camouflage through change emissivity of camouflage target surface.

Echelle grating is a kind of special diffraction grating. Working with high diffraction orders and big diffraction angle, which has the advantages of high resolution and full wave shining. It has been widely used in high-end spectrum instrument, which greatly promoted the development of aerospace, astronomy, medical, military, environment and other cutting-edge technology. However, professional scoring system needs to be customized, and the price is very expensive. The use of sophisticated ultra precision machining equipment to process in the ladder grating can greatly reduce the preparation cost of the mother plate of the ladder grating. Due to the bad straightness and high accumulative error of ultra precision single point diamond lathe, it can’t satisfy the demand of preparation when preparing the echelle grating, casuing the bad diffraction wave front. In order to reduce the straightness error, this paper comes up with the error compensation for the single point diamond lathe. Firstly, we make the first compensation based on the accumulative error curve. When the compensation ratio is 0.75 to 0.85, the peak valley value (pv) of the diffraction wave front is about 400 nm, reaching its greatest effect of the first straightness compensation. Secondly, we make the straightness compensation according to the diffraction wave front curve of the blazed order. The pv of the diffraction wave front is about 83nm. The results show that the diffraction wave front is greatly improved which is beneficial to improve the quality of the grating, and has a guiding role in the actual grating characterization.

The impact analysis of different environments on the fluorescence emission spectrum of pesticides is critical in detecting the concentration of pesticides. In this paper, three kinds of pesticides, carbendazim, carbaryl and fuberidazole, were selected as the research objects. Under different environment, such as different pH values and the presence of different common anion or cation, three-dimensional fluorescence spectral emission (EEM) characteristic of pesticides were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the primary fluorescence peaks for three kinds of pesticides were at λex/λem=280/300, 310/340 and 280/335 nm (respectively); Carbendazim and fuberidazole had a secondary peak at 245/305 nm (PeakB) and 250/340 nm (PeakB). We can come to the conclusion that with the change of pH value, the characteristic of fluorescence emission of carbendazim and fuberidazole is similar. We can find that the fluorescence intensities of carbendazim and fuberidazole were enhanced with the declining of the solution acidity or alkalinity and the fluorescence intensity of carbaryl had not changed with the declining of the solution acidity, but it increased with the declining of the solution alkalinity; the fluorescence emission spectra of the three kinds of pesticides had good fluorescence characteristics with the scope of the pH varying from 6.16 to 7.4. Twelve common ions in water (CO2-3，SO2-4，NO-3，Cl-，HPO2-4，HCO-3，Mg2+，Zn2+，NH+4，Na+，Ca2+，K+) had no significant effect on fluorescence emission characteristics of carbendazim and fuberidazole. The fluorescence intensities were seriously influenced by Fe3+ and Cu2+. The results showed that the pesticides fluorescence intensities were decreased with the ion concentration increasing. It was necessary to consider the quenching effects on pesticides of Fe3+ and Cu2+for the analytic results. The obtained results provided the basic research for improving the accuracy of the heterocyclic pesticides measurement in water.

Stray light analysis has great benefits in designing Raman spectrometry system, which is the sensitive detection system of weak optical signal. In this paper, optical design software and Solidworks are utilized to optimize the optical and mechanical structure. The system resolution is 0.7 nm, and the volume is 110 mm×95 mm, which belongs to portable and miniature Raman spectrometer. Based on the stray light simulation model, we made an analysis of ray tracing simulation for this system. First, the stray light come with the incident ray were suppressed by the aperture stop. Then the receiver of stray light was introduced and improved in the design progress to suppress internal stray light, especially for zero-order diffraction light of plane grating. The improved receiver of stray light is more effectively using the internal space of the spectrometer and analysis results show that a 50% reduction in the number of stray light and stray light normalized irradiance intensity from 10-5 down to 10-7. The analysis shows that the improved receiver of stray light can effectively suppress stray light, which is beneficial to weak signal detection, and provide reference for design and adjustment of the miniature Raman spectrometer.

High value-added utilization of solid wastes is one of the important ways of sustainable development. A novel pore size-controlled alkali-activated steel slag-based cementitious material (PASSCM) was synthesized by adjusting the content of pore forming agent of acrylic resin emulsion. Meanwhiel, a new type of porous steel slag-based catalyst loaded CeO2 was prepared via incipient wetness impregnation method in the paper. The composition, structure and optical properties of photocatalysts were characterized with XRF, XRD, BET and UV-Vis DRS. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic performance of hydrogen production from water was evaluated. The results showed that adding pore-forming agent changed the pore structure and the mesoporous volume increased by 70.27% of alkali-activated steel slag-based cementitious material. The mesoporous volume increased by 144.14% in photocatalyst loaded 8 Wt% CeO2. In the simulated solar source irradiation for 6 h, the photocatalyst loaded 8wt%CeO2 exhibiting the highest photocatalytic hydrogen production activity (7 653 μmol·g-1) and hydrogen generation rate [1 275.5 μmol·(g·h)-1], which were attributed to mesoporous volume increases the mass transfer rate of the water molecules, and in the formation of the coupled semiconductors, the high dispersion of the CeO2 active component and the FeO in the carrier promoted the high efficiency separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs.

Metamerism phenomenon is an important problem in spectral reflectance reconstruction and color reproduction. In this paper, a 3-primary color CCD camera is used to acquire spectral information in CIE standard illuminant D65 and a nonlinear composite model is established, including principal component analysis and neural network method (PCA-NET) to modify the Matrix R Method based on the Metameric Black theory. The standard Munsell color card is used in spectral reflectance reconstruction experiment and the results are evaluated and discussed. The experimental results verified that the PCA-NET algorithm can accurately fit the nonlinear relationship between the output signal of the camera and the principal component coefficients; and it can be used in the R matrix algorithm instead of the linear algorithm; the new method can serve as a promising technique for building a spectral image database whihc is better than the original Matrix R Method. In the fixed illumination environment, the mean RMS of the test set is 0.76 improved, and the mean STD of the test set is 0.85 improved, which can effectively improve the accuracy of spectral reflectance reconstruction. The modified matrix R method has the advantages of higher accuracy and easy implementation, and it can be used in the field of color reproduction and spectral reflectance reconstruction.

The X-ray fluorescence well logging technology is a significant method that can make quantitative analysis orsemi-quantitative analysis on the wellface. This method is very important to mineral exploration. The spectrum shifting is often observed in the X-rayfluorescence well logging because the temperature in the well changes acutely. The hardware is used to release the spectrum shifting and the software method is used to rescale the tiny spectrum shifting. There are too manyspectra to be rescaled in a well logging task by manually. In this paper, an auto method to rescale spectrum shifting, via the expert system model which is based on the special process to rescale spectrum shifting in manual, is presented. The symmetric zero-area conversion method, which is not sensitive to the changes of the baseline, is used to research the peaks. And then, the characteristic peaks will be identified by the standard errors, automatically. The prior knowledge (the last energy scale) and the gauss probability density function are used to analyze the peaks qualitatively and confirm the energy of characteristic peaks. Then the least square method is applied energy calibration. The singular deviation point, away from the calibrationline, will be rejected and the energy ratio will be obtained again. This method is applied for rescaling spectrum shifting in 322 spectra and obtains a satisfactory achievement.

Diagnostic absorption features can indicate the existence of specific materials, which is the foundation of mineral analysis with optical remote sensing data. In hyperspectral data processing, the most commonly used method to extract absorption feature, is Continuum Removal (CR). As for multispectral data, Principle Component Analysis and other indirect methods were used to extract absorption information, and little research has been done on full-band absorption feature extraction. Classification of similar minerals is one of the major difficulties in mineral spectral analysis, while there is no valid index for spectral difference between similar mineral groups. Absorption feature extraction may improve the classification accuracy, but there is no research to investigate the impact of absorption feature extraction on spectral difference between similar minerals. This paper summarized the principle of mineral spectral difference, and proposed the concept of Class Separability Ratio (CSR), which was verified to be a valid index for spectral difference between similar mineral categories. Through comparison experiments on alunite and kaolinite spectra, including USGS spectral library spectra and resampled spectra in accordance with the band settings of HYPERION, ASTER and OLI, the impact of absorption feature extraction on spectral difference between similar minerals were investigated. Experimental results show that valid absorption feature extraction can greatly enhance the spectral difference between similar minerals, and the spectral difference is positively correlated with spectral resolution. Besides, the results of CR can be severely affected by spectral resolution and band center positions, and the absorption feature spectra extraction results for multispectral datasets need to be improved. This research laid the foundation of precise identification between similar mineral categories, and provided valuable reference for the band settings of future geology remote sensing sensors.

Focusing on the defects in the lighting color of LED lamps and the chip heat exists in the traditional LED package which caused phosphor performance degradation, color temperature drift and the uneven light, the remote phosphor package which is emerging in recent years is used in this paper. With yellow-green YGG phosphor and nitrogen red phosphors mixing with silica gel, the remote phosphor is made and then encapsulated as the LED lamps. A lot of experiments were made to determine the best ratio of yellow green phosphor, red phosphor and silica gel, LED lamps with different color temperature was prepared. The lamps were also tested and analyzed with some parameters such as e color coordinates, luminous efficiency, color rendering index (CRI), R9, color quality scale (CQS), color temperature, and the gamut area index (GAI), which provide a more objective and comprehensive evaluation to the high quality LED lighting. Experimental results show that the optimum ratio of red and yellow-green phosphor is 1∶7.6, and total phosphor with silica gel is 1∶5，at this time the white LED lighting color temperature is 4 113 K, the color coordinate (x, y) is (0.375 4, 0.373 1), luminous efficiency is 52.33 lm·w-1, color gamut is 0.981, color rendering index is up to 96, R9 is 97, color quality scale Qa is up to 93, and the gamut area index is 79. Compared with the traditional packaging，the surface temperature ofthe remote phosphor encapsulated fluorescent plate is much lower than that of adhesive dispensing encapsulation, which can effectively avoid the harmful effect caused by high temperature on the LED.

In the process of spectral modeling, spectral extraction of characteristic bands with different variable screening algorithms is an important step for improving the model effects. Total viable count of cooling mutton under vacuum packing condition was chosen as the research index in this paper, while the influence of 2 variable screening algorithms on its hyperspectral PLS model effects was compared. Mutton muscle spectra of Regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted and preprocessed. Subsequently, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) were applied to extract characteristic bands from preprocessed spectra at full band range of 473～1 000 nm. Model effects of GA-PLS, CARS-PLS and W-PLS with corresponding bands selection were contrasted and analyzed. The results indicated that both model effects of GA-PLS, CARS-PLS were better than that of W-PLS, and CARS-PLS model effect was optimal. As for the CARS-PLS model, the determination coefficient (R2c) and root mean square error (RMSEC) of calibration set was 0.96 and 0.29, and the determination coefficient (R2cv) and root mean square error (RMSECV) of leave-one-out cross validation was 0.92 and 0.46, respectively. Meanwhile, the determination coefficient (R2p), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the ratio of standard deviation to standard error of prediction (RPD) of prediction set was 0.92 and 0.47 and 3.58, respectively. Therefore, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology combined with CARS-PLS can achieve quick, non-destructive and accurate detection of mutton total viable count.

Halon-1301 (CF3Br) can make Br radicals with UV radiation, which poses a great threat to the ozone layer in the atmosphere. Necessary methods should be taken for the degradation of the exhausts of Halon-1301. In this paper, density functional (DFT) theory at B3LYP/6-311G++(d,p) level are employed for the study of dissociation properties and spectra of Halon-1301 in external electric field, including bond length, total energy, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, infrared spectra and dissociation potential energy surface (PES). The obtained results show that, with gradually increasing the external field from 0 to 0.03 a.u. along the molecular axis Z (C—Br bond direction), the total energy decreases, while the dipole moment decreases at the beginning and then increases. With the climbing of the field, HOMO-LUMO energy gap increases, and C—Br bond length increases while C—F bond length decreases. The variations of vibrational frequency and intensity of molecular IR spectra in external electric field are also investigated. Further studies show that with increasing the external electric field from 0 to 0.03 a.u., the dissociation PES along C—Br bond becomes unbound with disappearing of the barrier for the dissociation. The external electric field of 0.03 a.u. is sufficient to induce the degradation of CF3Br with C—Br bond breaking. Such results provide an important reference for the degradation of Halons via the external electric field.

Plant leaves, as a vital organ of the plant photosynthesis, directly reflects the plant growth and nutrition status. Internal physicochemical property model, based on the reflection and transmission of plant leaf, indirectly reflects the information of matter and energy exchange in the process of plant growth information, which can be the premise and foundation of the plant growth process of fine management. The optical properties of plant leaves plays a great significant role in the field of crop nutrition diagnosis and plant morphological structure based on remote sensing, in the field of virtual plant light transmission simulation and computer graphics et al. BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) mainly focused on spatial distribution and spectral characteristics of the reflected light on the surface of the object characteristics. It can characterize crop growth parameters accurately and efficiently by acquiring optical properties information of plant leaves, which also has great advantages in the research and application of remote sensing in agriculture. In order to better apply BRDF technology in the agricultural remote sensing, this paper will focus on BRDF measurement and device, model development and classification and its application in the field of plants remote sensing. Eventually, although BRDF technology is still in early exploration stage and is facing many tough challenges, it has a promising future in terms of digital agriculture development.

In order to realize rapid identification of dried red jujubes, this paper proposes a method based on near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technology. The near-infrared hyperspectral images (1 000～1 600 nm) of 240 samples in total from 4 cultivars of dried red jujubes will be acquired. The samples are to be divided into the calibration set and the prediction set in the ratio of 2∶1. 7, 8, 10 effective wavelengths are to be selected by principal component analysis(PCA), x-loading weight(x-LW)and successive projection algorithm(SPA) respectively. The dimensionality of original hyperspectral images will be reduced with PCA, and texture features of the first principal component image are to be extracted with gray-level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM).The partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), back propagation neural network(BPNN)and least square support vector machine(LS-SVM) are to be applied to build identification models with the selected effective wavelengths, texture features and fusion of the former two features. The identification rates of the models based on fusion features will be higher than those of models based on the spectral features or texture features respectively. The BPNN models based on the fusion features will obtain the best results, whose identification rates of prediction set are to be 100%. The results in this paper indicate that the near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technology has great potential to identify the dried red jujubes rapidly.

Based on the advantage of spectroscopy method and the significant effect of ·OH and ·O in advanced oxidation degradation system, the change of relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O in a pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) system bubbled with oxygen were tested by using the spectrum detecting technique in this research. The PDP system with needle-to-net electrode was set up in the paper to remediate the polluted soil. The relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O formed in the PDP system with oxygen (O2) bubbling were detected with the spectrograph to illustrate the critical effect of the ·OH and the ·O on the organic compound degradation in the PDP system. The changes of the relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O under the conditions of without soil addition, with the original soil addition, with the organic compound polluted soil addition and with the organic compound-heavy metal polluted soil addition were firstly investigated in the paper. The effect of peak pulse voltage, electrode gap and O2 flow rate on the relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O were also studied to explain the changing rule of the active species in the PDP system. The obtained results show that the addition of soil are beneficial to the formation of the ·OH and the ·O in PDP system for the soil remediation. The relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O in the PDP system with organic compounds polluted soil addition were lower than those in the PDP system with the original soil addition, which proved the oxidation of the ·OH and the ·O on the organic compounds degradation in the remediation system, and the addition of heavy metal ions were favorable to the degradation of the organic compounds in the PDP system. Furthermore, the increase of the peak pulse voltage as well as theO2 flow rate was in favor of the formation of the ·OH and the ·O, while the relative emission spectra intensities of the ·OH and the ·O were lower under the condition of the higher electrode gap, which demonstrated that the higher electrode gap were not in favor of the active species formation. In the study, based on the description of the pivotal role of ·OH and the ·O in the PDP system for the polluted soil remediation, the influence rule of the main factors during the process of polluted soil remediation in the PDP system on the content of ·OH and the ·O were analyzed. This research will provide some basic experimental evidence for the application of PDP technology on the polluted soil remediation.

In recent years, with the rapid development of the national defense, industry, technology and other fields, whether it is for the power transmission systems or for the steel smelting and new high-tech industry, temperature measurement has been of important significance. Especially in the high temperature and accompanied by the demand for transient (less than lus)temperature measurement occasion, multi spectral radiation temperature measurement method has been widely used. Multi spectral thermometry is selected by the measured target multiple wavelengths radiation information, the mathematical model of emissivity and wavelength is supposed, finally the radiation temperature is obtained. At present, when the method is used to measure the temperature, the spectral emissivity is fixed with the assumption of the mathematical model, and the fixed model is unable to adapt to the target under different temperature conditions. Similarly, at different temperatures, how to calculate the final emissivity and radiation temperature has been no universal method. Based on the Planck’s law of black body radiation, this paper proposes a new idea that is based on the form invariance of the spectral emissivity function under different temperatures. According to the method, the emissivity model adapte to the dynamic change of the object according to the object under different temperature conditions. At the same time, it also puts forward a general method to calculate the final emissivity and radiation temperature. Through a lot of simulations and experiments, it is proved that the method proposed in this paper is more simple and practical than the existing spectral emissivity solution, which can effectively improve the accuracy of the calculation of spectral emissivity，so as to improve the accuracy of the radiation temperature measurement. At the same time, the method proposed in this paper has the characteristics of good practicability and wide application.

The water inrush should been rapidly and accurately identified during preventing coalmine water inrush. The laser induced fluorescent (LIF) spectrum technology provides a new method to identify water inrush with the characteristics of high sensitivity, quick and accurate monitoring. In order to identify water inrush, this paper introduces the spectrum technology of LIF to obtain water inrush fluorescence spectra data. The spectral preprocessing methods of Savitzky-Golay(SG) and Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC) have been used to eliminate noise spectra in collecting process. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracts feature information, for SG reprocessing data, when the number of principal component is 3, the cumulative contribution rate can reach 99.76 percent. This method has largely retained the information of original data. This paper chooses the classification model with 3 layers BP neural network, constructing by different training and testing sets. The classification model with SG preprocessing has achieved accurate identification, however, appeared few false identification for MSC and original data. The result shows that SG preprocessing is better than MSC. Research results show that the classification model with PCA and BP neural network can effectively identify coalmine water inrush, and have the strong self-organizing, self-learning ability.

For the determination of molybdenum in molybdenum concentrate，lead molybdate gravimetric method was considered as standard method. In order to ensure the lead ions to be washed thoroughly from the entrained precipitate, lead molybdate precipitate was washed, filtered repeatedly, then ashed and burned. This method cannot satisfy the rapid measurement demand of mineral processing and metallurgy scientific research due to its time consuming. In the present work, molybdenum was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry indirectly and a rapid analysis method for molybdenum in molybdenum concentrate was proposed. The sample was dissolved by nitric acid, potassium chlorate and sulfuric acid, pH was adjusted by acetic acid and ammonium acetate buffer solution to pH 5～7, then a certain amount and excess of lead standard was added. Based on lead molybdate was considered as undissolved electrolyte on room temperature, the solubility of lead molybdate was 1.16×10-5g, far less than 0.01 g, was considered as the undissolved electrolyte, the electrolyte insoluble at a certain temperature can complete precipitation, usually compared with the solubility production product Qc and the relative size of constant Ksp, when Qc>Ksp, solution was supersaturated, precipitation was precipitate completely, the content of molybdenum in molybdenum concentrate was 40%~60%, the amount of lead was 0.125 0~0.150 0 g, took the minimum calculated solution lead molybdate ion product, Qc＝[Pb2+][MoO2-4]=2.51×10-5，Ksp＝1.0×10-13，QcKsp，Therefore lead molybdate precipitate can be precipitated completely, after dry filtered, the excess of lead ions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, the content of molybdenum was calculated by subtraction method. In this paper, the amount of acetic acid-ammonium acetate buffer solution, the amount of lead standard, time of lead molybdate precipitation, heating time and maximum amount of coexisting ions such as W6+, Sn4+, Cu2+, etc were investigated. Compared with lead molybdate gravimetric method, repeatedly washing, ashing and burning with lead molybdate were eliminated by proposed method, which was simple, easy to master and was able to cut the analysis time in half. The control experiments were conducted by lead molybdate gravimetric method and proposed method. After the results were implemented by mathematical statistics, it can be concluded that it had good accuracy and precision for the proposed method, which can be applied to rapid analysis of molybdenum in molybdenum concentrate for mineral processing and metallurgy.

Spectroscopic characters of space objects are basic optical attributes which could stand for the material types of space objects. By comparing actual spectral characteristics with that obtained in the lab, the types of space materials can be identified, which is beneficial for the analysis of working states and compositions of space objects. Aiming at the problems of spectrum measurement and material information retrieval, the spectroscopic theory, retrieval methods and reddening effect of space objects spectrum are analyzed in this paper. The contributions on the spectrum from 350 to 2 500 nm from vibrational spectrum and electrical spectrum are investigated based on solid spectrum characters. Three methods commonly used in space objects material identification based on spectrum characters are studied, which are artificial neural network algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm and spectrum unmixing algorithm, and the features including spectrum reflectance and its derivative, center displacement are discussed. Reddening effect in spectrum measurement is studied, and it is shown that the reddening effect is related to the deoxidizing effect when some material access to space environments. The loose chemical bonds are formed due to the separation of oxygen and the combination of contaminations in space, which results in more absorptions of light energy and the higher slope of reflectance at longer wavelength that is named reddening effect. The reflectance of spectrum can be used to analyze material aging problems on the surface of satellite material under the continuous influences of harsh space environment, including chemical or physical changes, which are favorable for repairing existing satellite or launching new satellite.

Facing the problem of choosing different data source as compressing object results in different compression effect, several techniques are investigated to explore a better data source which can reduce the loss of image and spectral information while getting higher compression ratio in the compression work of the large aperture static imaging spectrometer. In this paper the optical path difference dimension data source of LASIS was proposed after analyzing the characteristic of LASIS and then compared with the LASIS and LAMIS data source in detail. The SWIR data collected with the principle prototype of LASIS were used in our experiment. Firstly, three forms of data sources were extracted after detailedly introducing their data characteristic and extracting methods. Secondly, the mature algorithms in engineering JPEG and JPEG2000 were employed to compress and reconstruct the three forms of data sources respectively. Finally, the compression effect was evaluated in the aspect of image content, interference dimension, spectral dimension and compression ratio respectively, and the original spectral curves of three materials choosing from the field of view and those after reconstruction were extracted next, then the loss of spectral information of these three materials were measured by using the SA (Spectral Angle) and RQE (Relative Quadratic Error) values of the spectral curves to evaluate the compression effect. It is demonstrated that using the optical path difference dimension data as compressing object shows obvious advantages compared with LASIS and LAMIS, which achieves a combination of higher compression ratio, lower mean square error, lower peak signal noise ratio and less information loss that is competitive with the best results from the literature. The results show that the proposed optical path difference dimension data source has good performance in preserving the spatial and spectral information during the compression of LASIS than the other two common forms data sources of LASIS.

In this paper, confocal Raman spectroscopy was applied to detect the contents of lead chrome green as a heavy-metal stain illegally added in tea. Firstly, Raman spectra of five different concentrations of lead chrome green in tea infusion were acquired based on specific concentration method. The qualitative analysis of sample added with lead chrome green was achieved with comparing the Raman spectra of sample and standard substance. Four main Raman characteristic wavenumbers, 1 341, 1 451, 1 527 and 1 593 cm(-1), were extracted for the qualitative identification of lead chrome green in tea. After spectral preprocessing of the raw Raman spectra, backward interval PLS (biPLS), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were combined to deeply mine the characteristic wavenumbers of lead chrome green in Raman spectra, and finally 14 characteristic wavenumbers were optimized. Partial least squares (PLS) and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) were separately used to build the model based on the extracted 14 wavenumbers. As a result, these two models both had good robustness and high ability to predict and all the determination coefficient (R(2)) of calibration, validation and prediction were higher than 0.9, which proved the effectiveness of the extracted characteristic wavenumbers. Compared with the PLS model, the nonlinear model built by LS-SVM got a better result, R(2) of prediction was 0.964 and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.535. This study indicated that it is feasible to detect the contents of lead chrome green illegally added in tea based on confocal Raman spectroscopy combined with specific sample treatment and chemometrics methods. This study helped the valid supervision of food safety problem on lead chrome green illegally added in tea.

Avalanche photodiode is widely used in laser rangefinder due to high gain characteristics, but introduces highly additive noise during the time of current’s multiplication that makes laser rangefinder’s SNR meet bottleneck. This paper proposes a method of designing a high SNR’s graphene photodetector based on microcavity. The graphene’s unique optoelectronic properties make it an ideal platform for a variety of photonic applications, such as fast lasers, optical modulators, transparent electrodes, and ultrafast photodetectors. It has been recognized internationally to have dominant advantages in photodetectors due to its high carrier mobility, gapless spectrum, and frequency-independent absorption coefficient. With the wavelength of 1.06 μm, the mechanism of light waves’ transmission in the cavity and the graphehne’s absorption are studied by using optical transmission matrix method and scattering matrix method; the light absorption model of the graphene photodetector based on microcavity is established. Device’s final quantum efficiency reaches 91.2%, respectively reaches 0.778 A·W(-1), its full width at half maximum (FWHM) reaches 6 nm; the influence between graphene’s position in the microcavity and device’s absorption shows that device’s absorption’s peak value changes periodically with graphene’s position under resonant condition, and the variety of length of microcavity does not have any influence on the peak value, but changes the graphene’s position when absorption reaches peak value, on the condition that the length of microcavity is n times of half of wavelength, the number of device’s absorption peak value is 2n with the variety of graphene’s position, and all the peak values are symmetrical with respect to the center of microcavity, the final graphene’s position is 0.402 8 mm away from the top mirror of microcavity, and the absorption reaches 94%, Compared with single layer graphene, the absorption rate increases 16 dB; By solving SNR equation of the graphene photodetector based on microcavity and SNR equation of the avalanche photodiode, eventually finds that the SNR of the graphene photodetector based on microcavity is 90.3, which raises 10 dB compared with the avalanche photodiode’s. Theoretical analysis shows the graphene photodetector based on microcavity has high absorption rate, high quantum efficiency, and high SNR. In this paper, the research achievements provide a theoretical reference to update and design higher SNR photodetector used in laser rangefinder’s receiving system.

The energy received through remote sensing sensors contains the amount of reflected solar energy and emitted energy of objects in middle-wave infrared (MWIR, 3~5 μm). Usually, the reflected solar energy is weak in MWIR spectrum. In some certain situations like sun glint area in sea surface, however, the energy is relatively significant and less sensitive to atmospheric effects. Meanwhile, for the satellite sensor which equipped with onboard calibration system, its onboard radiation performance of MWIR(using blackbody calibration)is quite stable. Therefore, the MWIR reflectance in sea surface glint area can be considered as a reference for cross-calibration between the solar reflected bands. Based on this idea, this paper constructed an improved non-linear split window model that is suitable for VIIRS (visible infrared imaging radiometer) MWIR band and used this model to calculate the MWIR reflectance of sun glint area in southern Indian Ocean. This model made statistics, getting the relationship between the reflectance of VIIRS M12 and M13 bands at first, and then used the non-linear split window algorithm to calculate the actual sea surface reflectance. The uncertainty of the simulation model was 0.83%. On this basis, this paper calculated sea surface reflectance of selected sample regions based on the data of VIIRS M12 band (center wavelength: 3.697 μm) in sun glint areas. And then verified the reflectance accuracy by two methods, getting the two accuracies were about 0.239% and 0.23%, respectively. It proves that the calculation model in this paper can greatly improve the accuracy compared to the situation when the sea surface reflectance is between M12 and M13 which are assumed to be equal (accuracy of 2.48% and 1.03%, respectively). It also indicated that the model is feasible and effective to calculate the reflectance in sea surface glint area with VIIRS M12 MWIR band, and the accuracy can meet the requirements of MWIR sea surface reflectance as a calibration reference among bands.

The structures of bacterial cells are analyzed in this paper. The scattering components of individual cell were divided into two parts including external structure and internal structure. The interpretation model of bacteria about scattering light is established. The model is used to analyze the scattering light of Escherichia coli in the region of 400~900 nm. The average size of external structure and the internal structure can be obtained, and the ratio of the two parts is also obtained. According to the relationship of the optical density of single cell and the overall measurement, the concentration of bacterial can be obtained quickly. The maximum difference in all the concentrations of the bacteria repeated measurements is 1.83%; compared with the plate culture method, the measurement results were in the same order of magnitude, with relative error of 3.43%. The scattering light of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are analyzed in different growth stages, the curves of the concentration and the size of the two species bacteria over time are obtained. The results can provide a quick way for the study of bacterial growth and technical support for rapid detection of bacteria in the water.

RDX is a most widely used military explosive. As the development of new warheads, there are more and more applications of RDX with abnormal grain shapes. To ensure the operational effectiveness of the new warheads, it is necessary to find an on-line nondestructive methods that can measure the RDX grain’s internal pressure. In this paper, we use Raman spectrum and first-principles methods to determine the characteristic spectral line of the RDX samples and have studied the shift of the Raman spectral lines under various pressures. In particular, we measured the RDX samples under the pressures of 10, 20 and 30 MPa, respectively, and checked the fitting errors by measuring the RDX samples under the pressures of 15, 25 and 35 MPa, respectively. It is found that the shift of the characteristic Raman spectral line has a good linear dependence on the external pressures. Therefore, we can at first calibrate the linear relation between the shift of the Raman spectral line of regular RDX and the pressures in laboratory and then measure the Raman spectral line shift of the RDX with abnormal shapes. Based on the calibrated linear relation and the measurement of Raman spectra, one can determine the internal pressure in RDX. In this way, we can realize the nondestructive detection of the internal pressure of RDX. The experiment results show that this method has the advantage of good sensitivity and reproducibility. The Raman spectrum method has been successfully tested in the warhead production line.

In integrating lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies facilitated with a series of microfluidic units, microfluidic channels, with substrates put into metal nanoparticles, especially when gold, silver or copper nanoparticles, were prepared and pumped into μl or nl analytes. This sample preparation methods have important significance in real time, in-situ trace- or processing reaction analysis jointing with surface enhanced spectroscopies (SES).This combined technologies would integrate the mertis of the two technologies of lab-on-a-chip LOC and SES. LOC has the advantages of minuming the amount of analytes and stable test environments for step by step processing operations to achieve screening samples, segmentating, real-time detecting and so on, whiel SES has the characteristics of fast spectral response, high sensitivemess and selectivness,and in-situ detectoring. On the base of Drude medol and appropriate boundary conditions, external electric field induces localizing plasmon oscillation of valence electron of metal nano particles, then which derivates the mechannisms of resonant localized suface plasmon enhancement and electromagnetic enhancement mechanism of the surface enhanced Raman scattering by dipole polarization. In this paper, combined LOC and localized surface plasmon resonance technologies analysed in biological, pharmaceutical and food safety fileds with additional channels prompting detecting efficiencies and the limits of trace detections further being broken out. This paper also summarizes the application of chip laboratory technology in the fields of public safety testing, biomedical medicine detecting, electrochemical or biological sensors with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopieswhich were capable of high sensitivitiness and molecular spectral fingerprint. LOC technologies have gotten great develoment in their respective fileds, especially combinning with 3D fingerprint technologies, which could precisely control the sizes of 3D structures and high-accuracy manufacture 3D structures according to the special purpose. LSPR and SERS have been more maturing in some applications of near filed imaging and Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopies (TERS), which have the ability to break through the optical limit of conventional microscopes and do that the width and depth of the SES technologies have been greatly extended in the micro and nano scales. So The jointed technologies would have a bright prospects in the practical applications for the qualitative and semi quantitative determination of trace analysis.

Owing to its merits of high corrosion resistance, high temperature stability as well as good mechanical strength etc., silicon nitride membrane (SiN) has been widely used as the experimental carrier of transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) and other characterization. In particular, SiN can be used as a low disturbing background for SEM observation. However, the poor luminescent property of SiN thin film has restricted its wide application in fluorescent devices. In order to enhance the fluorescence efficiency of silicon nitride membrane, a series of ZnO films were prepared on a SiNx film substrate with radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RF magnetron sputtering) technology during the experiment. Samples were then non-situ and in-situ annealed in nitrogen atmosphere, respectively. Then, atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman) were applied to study the microstructure and photoluminescence (PL) properties of the prepared films. This paper also systemically studies the luminescence of the prepared thin films. The results show that, luminescent intensity increases after sputtering, while annealing further promoted the grain growth, a substantial increase in crystallization behavior and a decrease in grain boundary. The microstructure and luminescence properties of ZnO/SiN thin films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering were significantly influenced by annealing method. Compared with the SiNx film, near the band edge of the intrinsic emission intensity (about 380 nm) of untempered ZnO/SiNx films and N(2) atmosphere ex-situ annealed ZnO/SiNx films were increased by more than 7.7 times and 34.0 times. Compared with non-situ annealed films, in-situ annealed films contained more oxygen vacancy defects, thus showing a stronger visible light PL intensity. In-situ annealed films exhibited a higher photoluminescence capacity during the wavelength from 425 to 600 nm of visible light. These results can help to optimize the preparation parameters of silicon nitride based ZnO fluorescent films.

Traffic accidents, high-altitude drops, mechanical shock and other accidents may lead to human spinal cord injury, interrupting the transmission channel of human nerve signals, resulting in loss of some limb function. Since there is no method of spinal cord injury site of nerve cell activity, while the conventional testing instruments such as X ray, CT and other traditional instruments cannot provide any nerve cell activity, doctors couldn’t have a clearer understanding of the patient’s condition, which may delay the best timing of treatment, thus causing lifelong paralysis. Spectroscopy method can be used in the detection of cell organization change while near infrared spectrum technology is a kind of fast measurement and simple operation of nondestructive measuring. Therefore, aiming at the shortcomings of the existing medical testing equipment, on the basis of animal experiment, this paper uses near infrared spectrum technology, based on the absorption characteristics of the material in near infrared wave band, and combined with near infrared spectrum analysis technique of qualitative determination and quantitative analysis of the characteristics. Using clustering algorithm for spinal cord injury site of neuron-specific nuclear protein and neurotransmitters classify and simulation, partial least squares (PLS) algorithm is used to calculate the content to achieve a spinal cord accurate detection of the site of injury nerve cell activity. This method provides theoretical basis for the detection of spinal cord injury, bringing hopes to patients with limb function reconstruction and rehabilitation, for clinical provides a method to detect the activity of nerve cells in the noninvasive.

The atmospheric aerosols have significant influence on human health, the environment and the climate system. The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) reflects processes of the near-surface atmosphere and concentration of pollutants. Ground-based laser radar can monitor the vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols stably and continuously. It provides dynamic information for timing observations of the ABL and environmental forecasting, if aerosols can be monitored and evaluated using lidar technology. There is a gap in the study of ABL observations during the presence of a residual layer and aerosol intrusion, as well as deficiencies in the accuracy and poor computational efficiency of the gradient method. This paper combines the physical meaning of the latter method with characteristics of a lidar timing chart and local optimum model, which based on space-time proximity. Then a polarization-Mie scattering lidar system is used to observe the vertical distribution of aerosols over time at Taihu observation site, which is in a newly developed area of the city of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China. Observation and analysis is carried out for two cases in terms of pollution at the end of 2012. Then corresponding estimation model was built with gradient method and local optimum model based on range-corrected signals. In the case of steady weather and mixed pollution, results of the gradient method and local optimum model were very similar. However, the gradient method has more error in the case of pollution intrusion with the residual layer. The local optimum model based on the space-time proximity theory considers vertical eigenvalues and horizontal correlations, thereby greatly reducing the effects of low clouds, signal interference, weak signals, bi-layered aerosols, and residual layer condition. Compared with the gradient method, the local optimum model had a smaller O(n) and greater stability in computer automatic identification. ABL identification in the case with the residual layer and aerosol intrusion was solved with use of lidar technology and the local optimum model. The accuracy and computational efficiency problems of the gradient method were resolved using automatic operation.

For the small frequency shift and large error of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) velocity method based on Doppler Effect in measuring the gas velocity, velocity measurement method combined fixed wavelength absorption spectroscopy and cross correlation is proposed in this paper. Considering the characteristics of the hydrocarbon fuel combustion products, 7 158.597 cm(- 1) absorption line of H(2)O molecular was selected. Through arranging two beams of fixed wavelength absorption measurement point of upstream and downstream, the gas velocity can be calculated by analyzing the cross-correlation properties of the two signals. The flat flame burner experiment system was used in the experimental research of the velocity measurement. The change of gas velocity with time under variable working condition was obtained. Under the same condition, numerical calculation is carried out. And the measurement results are compared with the results of the numerical simulation with relative deviation less than 8%. Then the method is preliminarily applied to measure the high speed plume of the kerosene-fueled Rocket Based Combined Cycle (RBCC) engine, and the upstream and downstream fluctuant signals of detectors were obtained. The velocity of the plume was calculated with cross correlation analysis which verifies the feasibility of this method. The experimental results show that the gas velocity measurement method has a wide measuring range with high measuring accuracy and little environment interference. The method proposed in this paper provides a simple and reliable method for the measurement of engine gas velocity.

The combination of near infrared spectrum and pattern recognition methods has a wide application prospect in rapid and nondestructive supervision and management of drugs. The traditional identification methods regard the smallest error rate as the goal while the imbalance of classes is ignored. This makes the positive class is overwhelming covered by the negative class and reduces its effect for the classifier, so that the classification results tend to recognize the negative class correctly, which severely affects the identification accuracy. In this paper, we mainly studied the class imbalance problems of true or false drugs via infrared spectral data of its, and then propose a balance cascading and sparse representation based classification method (BC-SRC) by combining the Balance Cascading with SRC. We sampling majority samples from the majority class for several times, which has the same size as minority samples and the majority samples we sampled can contain all the majority class samples entirely (sampling times is ceiling the result of majority samples number divide minority samples number). We can get sets of results, and then obtain the final predict labels form those results. Experiments of three databases achieved on Matlab2012a shows that the method is effective. From the experimental results, it can be seen that the method is superior to the commonly used Partial Least Squares (PLS), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and BP. Particularly, for the imbalanced databases, when the imbalance factor is greater than 10, the proposed method has more stable performance with higher classification accuracy than the existing ones mentioned above.

With the transition of Chinese traditional medicine manufacture industry, modernization has become the inexorable tendency in its future development. However, during the current Chinese traditional medicine producing process, the lack of online monitoring leads to the lagging of quality detection, as well as quality differences between products. In this paper, aiming at realizing online monitoring and end point automatic determination for Chinese traditional medicine (CTM) extraction unit, which is one of the most important units in CTM producing, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is applied to build UV absorbance dynamic model based on the Lambert-Beer law and the CTM extraction kinetic model which presents a new method of UV absorbance dynamic analysis and endpoint determination, including curve regression, robustness analysis and endpoint calculation. In the experiment for online monitoring homalomena occulta extraction, the online UV spectral collection system for CTM extraction, developed by our laboratory, was applied for spectral collection; meanwhile, solid component contents in the offline samples were measured as reference. During the analysis, first of all, we pretreated the spectrum collected in the current period with interpolation and smoothing, and calculated the mean value within a UV region of 230.2～400 nm to form an absorbance mean value sequence with data obtained in the early measurements; then we verified the linear correlation between the sequence of absorbance and the concentrations of effective component in the solution, the linear correlation coefficient equals 0.982 8, showing a high linearity between UV spectra and solid component contents; finally, we regressed the absorbance mean value sequence with the dynamic model, analyzing its robustness and the extraction endpoint. Experimental results demonstrate that, the robustness analysis could recognize the bad points of measurement during the regression process, and improve the consistency between the regression and the original curves, raising its squared correlation coefficient to more than 0.99; meanwhile, with endpoint determination, we shortened the homalomena occulta extraction process from the original manually set 180 to 122 min effectively. The experiment above proves that this method with UV spectroscopy realizes online monitoring and automatic endpoint determination for the CTM extraction process, and is of significant importance for stabilizing production as well as improving economic benefit.