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PURPOSE This study was conducted for the purpose of exploring the direction and quality of Pilates research in the future by comparing and analyzing research trends in the field of Pilates natural science at home and abroad. METHODS In order to analyze domestic and foreign Pilates research trends, we analyzed academic papers of the last 10 years (2013-2022) in the natural science field, and domestic papers were used as the keyword ‘Pilates’ using DP Pia, Kiss, and Riss, which are academic information services. A total of 105 papers were used by searching. For overseas studies, Pub med and Scholar were used, and only SCI and SCIE papers were collected and 129 papers were searched. RESULTS First, according to the comparative analysis of research trends by domestic and foreign fields, physiology (61%), kinematics (24.8%), and rehabilitation (14.2%) were found in the order of domestic, whereas in foreign countries, kinematics (34.9%) and physiology (33.3%) and rehabilitation (31.8%), a study with a relatively even distribution was conducted. Second, in the comparative analysis by study subject, domestic literature was the highest with 68.7% of studies targeting women, and was conducted separately by various age groups. Foreign fields, 40.9% of studies conducted by gender were found, and there were many studies that considered the characteristics of musculoskeletal disorders and metabolic diseases rather than gender. Third, looking at the comparison by research variable, studies have been conducted on various topics in physiology and kinetic dynamics. However, while domestic studies have focused on changes in body composition, foreign studies are actively conducting research on muscle function, musculoskeletal disorders, and rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS In summary, it is judged that active research in the field of kinematics and rehabilitation should be conducted for more diverse subjects in the field of Pilates.

OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study is to clarify the concepts of physical education and sport from a philosophical perspective and propose the potential of kinesiology as a promising alternative. METHODS The method of philosophical argumentation was employed to carefully examine the logical consistency of physical education, sport, and kinesiology. The conceptual tools of connotation and denotation were used to analyze these definitions, and their compatibility was thoroughly assessed. RESULTS Through deductive analysis, it was discovered that both physical education and sport face inherent challenges of limited externalization and excessive externalization. These challenges hinder the accurate representation of reality or weaken the distinct identity of the disciplines. Conversely, it was argued that kinesiology possesses the conceptual capacity to encompass both physical education and sport as a discipline. CONCLUSIONS Considering the apparent conceptual constraints of physical education, it becomes reasonable to reassess the nomenclature of our field. This paper has demonstrated the philosophical significance of kinesiology and its potential as a viable alternative. However, since philosophical arguments may not always perfectly align with practical reality, further exploration and evaluation from diverse perspectives are necessary to determine the suitability of adopting the term ‘kinesiology’ as an alternative.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to summarize previous studies on the relationship between regular physical activity and the immune system in the elderly, and discuss optimal exercise modes to maintain immunity in preparation for novel infectious diseases that may continue to appear. METHODS This study referred to the academic papers based on the electronic database, and they were searched using the following keywords: physical activity, immunity, elderly, and COVID-19. RESULTS The elderly are more vulnerable to infectious disease such as the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than other age groups because of lower physiological function and immune surveillance, consequently leading to higher severity of and mortality. Many studies on physical activity and immunity have confirmed that regular physical activity enhances immunity in the elderly population. Physical activity can delay immunosenescence and increase immune resilience by maintaining the function of the innate and acquired immune systems. Because the elderly have low physical fitness, physiological function, and immunity, exercise prescription for the elderly must be approached very carefully and in detail, considering various exercise modes such as exercise intensity and amount. As confirmed in previous studies, homebased light physical activity is a convenient, safe, and effective strategy for the health of the elderly. CONCLUSIONS In this study, balance training using body-weight is a good method of home-based physical activity for the elderly, because it not only improves immunity by increasing physical fitness but also prevents frequent falls by increasing the balance ability of the lower extremities. Future studies should be conducted on various exercise modes and optimal exercise training to improve immunity in the elderly.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this review study was to proposes a new paradigm of functional injury prevention(FIP) based on analysis of the effects of sports injury prevention(SIP) and functional training(FT). METHODS The literature used in the study is based on the electronic database and international papers published from 2014 to 2021 related to functional training were searched, screened and evaluated by using the follow keywords: functional training, sports injury, rehabilitation, and prevention. RESULTS FT was divided into the concept of training both improving the sports performance and restoring physical function in the field of rehabilitation. In two areas, FT and SIP are somewhat different in approach method, object and environment, but they are highly correlated that both the activation of proprioceptive sensation and integrated neuromuscular function are reflected in training program. Especially, intrinsic injury factors such as reduced physical ability, skills and conditioning are associated with reduction of sports performance and increased sports injury. In addition, decreased proprioceptive sensation and neuromuscular function is a typical symptom of reduction of sports performance and injury. Therefore, FIP is needed as a training program that not only to prevent sports injury but also to improve sports performance. CONCLUSIONS In this review study, FIP is propose as a new paradigm combining SIP and FT. The follow-up study of FIP should be reviewed on athletes, club members and the general public for the development of programs to prevent sports injury and improve sports performance and the effects by sports events, body parts and age.

Aging is associated with a progressive decline of skeletal muscle quantity and quality leading to a gradual slowing of movement, a decline in strength and power, and a condition known as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a syndrome a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life and death. Age-related losses in skeletal muscle mass and function have had a significant important in health care issue. In this study, we reviewed the recently introduced criteria for the Eastern and Western diagnosis of sarcopenia. A narrative review of evidence- and non-evidence-based papers was conducted, using a relevant methodological framework. This review is included the following: 1) definitions and diagnostic criteria over time; 2) pathophysiology of muscle loss; 3) management especially protein or amino acid supplementation, medications, and physical exercise.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, in relation to the physical activity grade and to compare differences in, personal medical expenses, the days of hospitalization, inpatient, outpatient and emergency. METHODS The medical panel data of Korea used in 2016, with a total of 13,523 adults and 1,404 diabetes mellitus patients. Physical activity level measured with IPAQ questionnaire, and displayed as MET-minutes per week. The days of hospitalization, personal medical expenses, using of inpatient, outpatient and emergency investigated, and frequency analysis, logistic regression, ANOVA, and Chi-square performed. RESULTS The prevalence of diabetes mellitus based on inactive group was reduced both minimally active group (odds ratio [OR] = 0.81) and active group (OR = 0.73, p

OBJECTIVES The study aimed to investigate the role and perspective of sport science in health promotion and the improvement of elite sport performance. METHODS The study was performed by the review of previous papers and manuscripts related to sport science development and future. RESULTS Sport science has emerged as an important part of human science since long ago. In the BC 1800s, evidence of sports being used as treatment for diseases was the foundation for ‘Exercise Medicine’ , as suggested by ACSM in 2007. Similar to the characteristics of other academics, sport science also shows a periodic wave, alternating between a flow of segmentation and specialization and a flow of convergence and interdependence. The sport science approach not only prevents diseases but also aids in the treatment of diseases. The process of development of evidence-based sports science includes questions on the applicability on the actual setting and collecting evidences of its answer. Sport science must be recognized as an important academic field that provides clear answers to the questions posed by the public, athletes, and coaches. Convergence with diverse modern sciences and evolution is suggested. Convergence of culture industry and increased participation in sports have brought positive effects, including healthy lifestyles, ICT innovation, IT software utilization, sociability among the elderly, development of global sport networks, strengthened tourism industry, and development of sensory virtual reality. CONCLUSIONS Relative to other academic fields, sport science requires more reality and productivity. Active attempts to investigate in both laboratories and fields, analysis of actual settings, and experience-based interpretation are crucial to truly improve performance and further develop sport science. Sport science in the future will require association and harmony with more diverse academic fields, as well as utilization of modern technology and communication among diversified information technologies. An active association between sport science and sport culture is emphasized.