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Background Para-infectious encephalopathy is an acute inflammatory encephalopathy secondary to a systemic infectious disease, including acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) and mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS). This paper reports on 3 cases of SARS-CoV-2 related to para-infectious encephalopathy diagnosed and treated in The Ordos Central Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from December 2022 to February 2023, and reviews relevant literature to summarize the clinical characteristics of the disease. Methods and Results The 3 patients with SARS-CoV-2 related to para-infectious encephalopathy, including 2 cases of SARS-CoV-2 related to ANE and one case of SARS-CoV-2 related to MERS were reported. Three patients developed consciousness disorder 2-4 d after fever, and still had aphasia, mental abnormality, convulsions, etc.. SARS-CoV-2 throat swab was positive. Head MRI showed one abnormal signal of brain stem and bilateral thalamus, one abnormal signal of bilateral thalamus, and one abnormal pressure of corpus callosum. All received hormone shock therapy and (or) intravenous immunoglobulin. One died, and 2 cases were recovered. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 related to para-infectious encephalopathy including SARS-CoV-2 related to ANE and MERS and other clinical subtypes, the former has rapid progress, severe disease, high disability rate and fatality rate and poor prognosis, while the latter has relatively mild symptoms and better prognosis.

Postural disorder is a common disabling movement complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), in which camptocormia is the most common disabling postural disorder, which further aggravates the movement disorder of PD, and seriously reduces the activities of daily living and quality of life of patients. This paper reviews the pathogenesis and treatment progress of PD with camptocormia, providing theoretical basis for further investigation of the pathogenesis of camptocormia in PD, and assisting the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Gait disorder is one of common motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), significantly affecting their quality of life and mobility. Robot ‑ assisted gait training (RAGT) can improve the motor symptoms of PD patients, particularly in terms of lower limb motor function. It corrects abnormal spatiotemporal parameters of gait, such as gait velocity, step length, and step frequency, reduces the occurrence of freezing of gait, improves endurance, enhances balance ability, and ultimately improves quality of life. This paper focuses on the classification and construction, clinical efficacy and mechanism of exoskeleton robot, which can be used to guide the rehabilitation treatment of PD.

With the aggravation of population aging, the health of the elderly has become an important issue in the aging society. The Mediterranean diet (MD) contributes to healthy aging by changing dietary patterns to delay and prevent disease onset. This paper summarizes the concepts related to the MD pattern and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases, cognitive dysfunction, depression, chronic inflammation and other brain and heart comorbidity in the elderly, so as to provide thinking and reference for the optimization and upgrading of the elderly, and contribute to the development of healthy China.

The heart and brain are important organs of human body, which are closely related in genetic, structural and functional aspects. It is of great significance to elucidate the correlation between heart and brain and its mechanism for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This paper reviews the genetic, structural and functional correlations between heart and brain, and discusses mechanisms of correlations from the perspective of common clinical heart diseases and brain diseases, so as to provide theoretical basis for the research and treatment of brain and heart comorbidity.

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) implantation is an effective treatment for end ⁃ stage heart failure in addition to heart transplantation. Neurological complications, especially ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, are the most common complications in patients after LVAD. This paper reviews the common neurological complications and its risk factors in patients after LVAD, and proposes early prevention and management strategies to provide guidance for the perioperative and long ⁃ term management of LVAD implantation in end⁃stage heart failure.

Cardiovascular surgery has a high risk of neurological complications, which can increase the burden of disease. Perioperative real⁃time monitoring of neurological function in cardiovascular surgery can assist clinicians to detect neurological abnormalities as early as possible, intervene and reduce the risk of neurological complications in time. The main monitoring indicators include cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2), EEG, cerebral blood flow (CBF), etc. In this paper, the common perioperative neuromonitoring techniques and their research advances in cardiovascular surgery are reviewed to provide theoretical basis for reducing neurological complications and improve the prognosis of patients.

Neurophysiological technique uses the bioelectrical principle to record the spontaneous or external stimulation⁃induced electrical activities of the central or peripheral nervous system. Due to the essential difference in the pathophysiological mechanism of functional and organic movement disorders, neurophysiology is of great significance for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In order to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of functional movement disorder (FMD) and provide the basis for the accurate diagnosis, this paper reviews the common clinical neurophysiological techniques and their application in FMD.

Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a kind of voluntary motor or sensory system disease with definite symptoms. As a kind of nervous system disease which can be included in chronic disease management but not easy to identify, its increasing number of patients and social burden have aroused great attention in society. Based on the author′s clinical practice and thinking on FND in recent years, this paper analyzes how to further strengthen the diagnosis, treatment and management of FND in China, and puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions, so as to achieve early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of diseases, and improve the quality of life of patients.

Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a common functional neurological disorder (FND), which is mainly manifested as subjective dyskinesia and cannot be explained by existing diseases. Although there was no record of the corresponding disease name in ancient Chinese medicine, the disease caused by mental and psychological factors has been long recognized, and a large number of documents have been left to record the diagnosis and treatment process of such diseases. In this paper, three typical ancient medical cases related to FMD were reviewed, and the traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment ideas and modern medicine recognition of these diseases were systematically sorted out, so as to broaden the clinical treatment ideas of the disease.

The circle of Willis constitutes the primary collateral circulation of the brain, exerting a significant influence on the distribution of intracranial blood flow. Variations of the circle of Willis can impact the cerebrovascular diseases by diminishing collateral compensation capacity and altering the stability of intracranial hemodynamics. This paper reviews the research progress on the association between circle of Willis and cerebral large vessel disease [such as intracranial arterial dolichoectasia (IADE) and intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS)], as well as cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), so as to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment for these diseases.

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a research hotspot in recent 20 years. In order to standardize the name and definition of the imaging features of CSVD, the STandards for ReportIng Vascular changes on nEuroimaging (STRIVE) recommended the imaging diagnostic criteria for CSVD in 2013, namely STRIVE⁃1. In 2023, this standard updated according to the research achievement in recent 10 years. This paper aims to introduce STRIVE⁃2, especially focus on explaining the differences between these two standards in order to help clinicians and researchers understand the changes.

An accurate diagnosis of consciousness disorder after brain injury is the basis for further treatment. The previous evaluation of consciousness disorder after brain injury is mainly based on behavior scales and imaging examination, which is limited to subjective factors and external interference and difficult to detect and evaluate in real time. The development of objective and efficient evaluation methods of consciousness disorder after brain injury is currently a hot spot in clinical research. Neurophysiological monitoring is safe, objective, simple to operate, and can be detected continuously timely. It can be used as an evaluation method for consciousness disorder after brain injury. In this paper, we summarize the application paradigms and analysis methods of evoked potential and EEG in the clinical evaluation of consciousness disorder after brain injury in recent years, in order to provide new technical ideas for improving the clinical diagnosis and treatment of consciousness disorder after brain injury.

The tumor tissue of craniopharyngioma is closely adherent to peripheral neurovascular tissue, so the operation to remove lesion is more difficult, the perioperative complications are very serious, and the prognosis of patients is poor. There are many studies on the use of tumor histology or anatomical classification to guide surgical principles and surgical approaches, as well as drug therapy or combination therapy, but no consensus has been reached. This paper reviews the histological, anatomical and molecular typing of craniopharyngioma, providing new ideas for the future realization of the fusion typing of craniopharyngioma to guide the precise treatment.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the main causes of disability and death, and atherosclerosis is an important cause. The incidence of atherosclerosis in premenopausal women is significantly lower than that in men of the same age, while the incidence of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women is significantly higher than that in men of the same age, which is closely related to estrogen levels. In this paper, sex differences in atherosclerosis were reviewed from the aspects of imaging examination, risk factors, intestinal microbiome and vascular inflammatory effects on atherosclerosis, to provide evidence for precision medical treatment of atherosclerosis.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a global public health concern with high mortality and poor functional outcomes. In recent years, some breakthroughs were made in researches on pathophysiology, neuroprotection, prevention and treatment, prognosis and risk of rehemorrhage of ICH. Some research achievements from Chinese scholars have gained attention and recognition around the world. In this paper, advances in ICH research on pathophysiology, neuroprotection, prevention and treatment, prognosis and risk of rehemorrhage will be overviewed based on high?quality overseas papers from Chinese scholars published in recent 5 years. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.11.003

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT ⁃ I) boasts convincing evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials, yet its practical application encounters substantial barriers. This paper analyzes the key techniques and challenges of CBT ⁃I, proposing the following workflow improvements to enhance its clinical application and benefit more insomnia patients.

Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorde (iRBD) is a precursor symptom of neurodegenerative diseases, and most patients will convert to neurodegenerative diseases later in the disease. Reliable biological markers are of great significance for early identification of high⁃risk converters and predicting phenoconversion pattern. This paper reviews the research progress of biological markers in predicting conversion to neurodegenerative diseases in iRBD from clinical symptomology, neuroelectrophysiology, neuroimaging, body fluid, pathology and gene markers, in order to select patients suitable for disease modification therapy and delay the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

The pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is not yet clear, and there is no effective treatment method at present. MRI is an important imaging in diagnosing. In this paper, the imaging markers and scoring methods and criteria of CSVD are elaborated, and the diagnosing and grading methods of CSVD are discussed, to provide theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Functional gait disorder (FGD) is a common subtype of functional movement disorder (FMD), mainly characterized by instability, lameness and Parkinson's gait. The clinical manifestations of FGD are the same as those of other types of gait disorder, with the possibility of misdiagnosis. However, there are significant differences in the treatment principles between them, so clear diagnosis and accurate treatment are crucial to improve patients' symptoms and prognosis. This paper aims to systematically review the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of FGD, in order to improve the understanding of clinicians.