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Jewish youth in the Yugoslav kingdom between the two world wars gathered around various social activities according to which it was organized within various types of academic, cultural, sports and women's associations. Main organization was the Federation of Jewish Youth Societies founded in 1919. In addition to cultural and educational work, sports represented one of the most important programming tasks of Jewish youth. This was related to acceptance of the idea of Zionism, which, in addition to the goal of restoring the ancestral homeland in Palestine, also had the restoration of the Jewish man, his physical and spiritual being. Sports clubs were founded on the territory of the entire state, and every year slet - the main manifestation was held. In the first period of the Jewish youth movement, in which the rise is noted, a total of seven meetings were held. Among them, slet in Novi Sad in 1924 stands out in terms of organization and achievement of goals. Considering the fact that there are very few preserved historical sources, mainly the press, its goals, form and tasks can be seen on the example of the slet in Novi Sad. These gatherings of Jewish youth represented an annual sports fair where competitions were held in various disciplines, primarily football, athletics and gymnastics. The program of the gathering was broader and included numerous cultural events, concerts, excursions, as well as meetings where the position and tasks of Jewish youth associations were discussed. Slets also had a propaganda goal, to show the unity and togetherness of the Jewish youth. Therefore, organizers took care in choosing the meeting place. The slet in Novi Sad caused great interest and left a strong impression on cultural and social life of Jews in Novi Sad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Applied Health Sciences is the property of University of Applied Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The primary aim of the paper is to conduct research on the personality traits and pre-competition anxiety of Esports and sports players, in addition to confirming differences in personality and pre-competition anxiety between the two examined groups. The research has been conducted on 67 (N=67) subjects, 30 of whom are semi-professional or professional gamers who participate in state-level and regional-level competitions. The remaining 37 subjects are the highest-ranked athletes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The t-test, a type of inferential statistic, has been used to determine statistical differences in disposition between the arithmetic means of the two groups, using BFI-44 (α=0.78) and CSAI-2 (α=0.60) measuring instruments. It has been anticipated that the Esports players are ranked lower at Extraversion (E) and Agreeableness (A) levels, while their Neuroticism (N) level is higher compared to the results of the athletes. The research indicates that all of the three hypotheses regarding the Big Five Model have been confirmed – on the scale of Extraversion (E) with significance levels of p=0.000 (p

Cruise is a special type of tourist offer that includes a large market. Interests of guests - the structure of service users and their financial capabilities determine the content offered - entertainment, adventure, wellness or recreation, etc. One of the primary activities during long voyages are wellness procedures that are performed in order to preserve and improve the health of passengers. These procedures involve a multidisciplinary approach from several areas, of which tourism, medicine and physical culture stand out. The provision of services requires specific knowledge and skills, which have only recently taken their place in the nomenclature of јob titles, as well as a special direction of education. Successful effects require a proper hierarchy of treatment during procedures, but also a system of periodic evaluation. The paper presents a questionnaire with the results that was conducted on 102 guests on a cruise from Strasbourg to Köln, where passengers confirm the high quality and suitability of the program for users. The results especially emphasize the importance of the Wellness program for the quality and content of the trip itself. Training of personnel for these programs is possible and desirable in continental countries, whose graduates can find employment on one of the many cruises at sea, but also on larger passenger ships on continental navigation in the systems of rivers and canals of Europe.

Internacionalna Kanu Federacija prepoznaje 9 pojavnih oblika kanua. Jedna od veoma popularnih je kanu polo. Kanu polo je timski sport koji pripada porodici sportskih igara. Dva tima sa po pet igrača se međusobno bore da postignu veći broj golova sa vaterpolo loptom, u bazenu specifičnih dimenzija. Kanu polo se razvijao paralelno u tri slične varijante pravila i to kao alternativa veslanja za vreme vetrovitih i hladnih zimskih dana. Kanu polo sadrži najveći broj različitih tehnika u odnosu na sve veslačke sportove, dok se baratanje loptom vrši mešavinom vaterpolo, rukometnih, košarkaških i odbojkaških tehnika. Simultano rukovanje loptom, uz pregled igre i ometanje protivnika je veoma zahtevna koordinaciona aktivnost koja prevazilazi veslanje u prirodi sa različitim preprekama, kako po sadržaju tako i po dinamici. Danas se kanu polo igra u oko 40 država. Divljevodaške kanu discipline u državama zapadnog Balkana nisu razvijene na visokom nivou, dok kanu polo aktivnosti, klubovi i takmičenja uopšte ne postoje. Uvođenje kanu poloa u sistem sporta zapadno balkanskih država može biti iskorišćeno kao sredstvo za omasovljenje kajakaškog sporta, kao i za podizanje kvaliteta kajakaša primenom situacionog i nadsituacionog metoda vežbanja. Veoma zahtevne aktivnosti na različitijim treninzima, sa većom mogućnošću za takmičenje, kao i sa dužim i sadržajnijim takmičarskim kalendarom, mogu značajno unaprediti veštine potrebne za veslanje u kajaku i kanuu u svim njegovim pojavnim oblicima. Pored toga ne treba zanemariti ni ekonomski efekat razvoja kroz sportske objekte, infrastrukturu i čamce sa zaštitnom opremom, koji u jednom trenutku mogu postati osnov za organizaciju domaćih i međunarodnih takmičenja.

The International Canoe Federation includes 10 forms of kayaking and canoeing and recognizes 4 additional disciplines. One of the most popular is canoe polo. Canoe polo is a team sport that belongs to the family of sports games. Two teams of five players each fight to score more goals, with a water polo ball, in a pool of specific dimensions. Canoe polo developed in parallel in three similar variants of the rules, as an alternative to paddling during windy and cold winter days. Canoe polo contains the largest number of different techniques in relation to all paddling sports, while ball handling is done with a mixture of water polo, handball, basketball, and volleyball techniques. Simultaneous handling of the ball, with an overview of the game and interfering with the opponent is a very demanding coordination activity that does not exist in paddling in nature with different obstacles, both in terms of content and dynamics. Today, canoe polo is played in about 40 countries. Wild and flat water kayak and canoe disciplines have existed in the countries of the Western Balkans outside the European Union for many years, while canoe polo activities, clubs and competitions do not exist at all. The introduction of canoe polo in the sports systems of the West Balkan countries outside of European Union can be used as a means to popularize canoeing, as well as to raise the quality of canoeists by applying situational and super-situational training methods. Very demanding activities during more diverting trainings, with a greater opportunity to compete, as well as with a longer and more meaningful competition calendar, can significantly improve the skills needed for kayaking and canoeing in all its manifestations. In addition, the economic effect of development through sports facilities, infrastructure and boats with protective equipment should not be neglected, which at some point may become the basis for the organization of domestic and international competitions.

Krstarenje kruzerima predstavlja posebnu vrstu turističke ponude koja obuhvata veliko tržište. Interesi gostiju – struktura korisnika usluga i njihove finansijske mogućnosti određuju sadržaje koji se nude – zabava, avantura, wellness ili rekreacija itd. Jedna od primarnih aktivnosti tokom dugih plovidbi su Wellness procedure koje se obavljaju u cilju očuvanja i poboljšanja zdravlja putnika. Navedene procedure zahvataju miltidisciplinarni pristup iz nekoliko pravaca od kojih se ističu turizmologija, medicina i fizička kultura. Za pružanje usluga neophodne su specifična znanja i veštine, koje tek od skora imaju svoje mesto u nomenklaturi zvanja, kao i poseban pravac školovanja. Za uspešne efekte neophodna je pravilna hijerarhija postupaka tokom procedura, ali i sistem periodične evaluacije. U radu je predstavljen upitnik sa rezultatima koji je sproveden na 102 gosta na krstarenju od Strazbura do Kelna, gde putnici potvrđuju visok kvalitet i prilagođenost programa korisnicima. Rezultati posebno ističu značaj Wellness programa za kvalitet i sadržajnost samog putovanja. Obučavanje kadrova za navedene programe moguće je i poželjno i u kontinentalnim zemljama, čiji diplomirani učenici mogu naći svoje zaposlenje na nekom od mnogobrojnih kruzera na moru ali i na većim putničkim brodovima na kontinentalnoj plovidbi u sistemima reka i kanala Evrope.

The aim of this research was to examine the connection of body mass index of eighth grade students and their results in motor abilities test, with the purpose of gaining insight in which tests is that connection more or less expressed, or there isn’t any. The sample of subjects consisted of 66 male and 64 female students from four elementary schools from the Varaždin city area, who attended eighth grade in the school year of 2018/2019 For data analysis, the results of the final testing of motor abilities were used. The sample of variables consisted of six motor tests and two anthropometrical measures, student’s age and their body mass index. For all 10 variables the basic descriptive parameters were calculated (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum), both for female and male students. Further data processing was done by linear regression analysis – 6 x regression analysis for each motor ability. The results of the regression analysis in male students showed statistically significant connection of body mass index and four variables (standing long jump, shuttle run with carrying objects, sit and reach and pull-up hold), while in female students the connection was significant only in two variables (standing long jump and pull-up hold). Overweight and obesity of children and adolescents is a growing phenomenon all over the world. Motor abilities are an important indicator of physical activity and one of the possible indicators of the level of fitness. Overweight and obesity, as well as underweight, negatively influence the condition and development of motor abilities, and the role of Physical education classes are of great importance in prevention and promotion of healthy living habits of students.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost indeksa tjelesne mase učenika osmih razreda sa rezultatima u testovima motoričkih sposobnosti. Svrha istraživanja je dobivanje uvida u kojim je testovima ta povezanost više, odnosno manje izražena, ili povezanosti nema. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 66 učenika i 64 učenice iz četiri osnovne škole sa područja grada Varaždina koji su polazili 8. razred školske godine 2018./2019. Za potrebe istraživanja korišteni su rezultati finalnih provjeravanja motoričkih sposobnosti u 8. razredima šk.god. 2018./2019. Uzorak varijabli činilo je njih deset: 6 motoričkih, 2 antropometrijske, dob učenika i indeks tjelesne mase. Za svih 10 varijabli izračunati su osnovni parametri deskriptivne statistike (aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, minimalna i maksimalna vrijednost), posebno za učenike te učenice. Daljnja obrada podataka učinjena je pomoću regresijske analize - 6x linearna regresija za svaku varijablu (motoričku sposobnost) posebno. Rezultati regresijske analize kod učenika pokazali su statistički značajnu povezanost indeksa tjelesne mase i četiri varijable (skok u dalj s mjesta, prenošenje pretrčavanjem, pretklon raznožno i izdržaj u visu zgibom), dok se kod učenica statistička značajnost očitovala u samo dvije (skok u dalj s mjesta i izdržaj u visu zgibom). Pretilost i prekomjerna tjelesna težina djece i adolescenata rastuća su pojava u cijelom svijetu. Motoričke sposobnosti jedan su od važnih pokazatelja bavljenja tjelesnim aktivnostima te jedan od mogućih pokazatelja razine tjelesne kondicije. Prekomjerna tjelesna težina negativno utječe na stanje i razvoj motoričkih sposobnosti te je utjecaj tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture od iznimnog značaja u prevenciji i promociji zdravih životnih navika učenika.

This study aimed to investigate the benefits of short-term preseason skill-based conditioning on the physiological characteristics of female volleyball players from the first-division volleyball league over four weeks of training. Twelve female volleyball players (18.33±3.47 years; 177.25±5.28 cm; 65.38±5.93 kg) completed four weeks of game-related drills combined with physical conditioning. Physiological characteristics were measured using a 20-m shuttle run test: average heart rate (HRavg), maximum heart rate (HRmax), the maximum number of breaths (BRmax), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), maximum excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOCmax) and maximum of metabolic equivalent (METmax). Data collection and extraction were administrated using heart rate monitors and Firstbeat Sports software. After an initial evaluation (T0), the players were tested after the fourth week of the training cycle (T1). Heart rate average (HRavg) decreased (-1.9%; p=0.046), maximum metabolic equivalent (METmax) (14.2%; p

Ova studija je imala za cilj da proceni efekte kratkotrajnog kombinovanog kondicioniranja na fiziološke karakteristike odbojkašica Premijer lige u toku 4 nedelje treninga. Dvanaest odbojkašica (18,33±3,47 godina; 177,25±5,28 cm; 65,38±5,93 kg) završilo je četvoronedeljni trening tehničko-taktičkih vežbi u kombinaciji sa fizičkom kondicijom. Fiziološke karakteristike su merene korišćenjem 20-m shuttle run testa: prosečna brzina otkucaja srca (HRavg), maksimalni broj otkucaja srca (HRmax), maksimalni broj udisaja (BRmax), maksimalna potrošnja kiseonika (VO2max), maksimalni kiseonički dug posle vežbanja (EPOCmax) i maksimalni metabolički ekvivalent (METmax). Prikupljanje podataka i ekstrakcija vršeni su pomoću monitora otkucaja srca i softvera Firstbeat Sport. Nakon inicijalne evaluacije (T0), odbojkašice su testirane nakon četvrte nedelje treninga (T1). Prosečni broj otkucaja srca (HRavg) je smanjen (-1,9%; p=0,046), maksimalni metabolički ekvivalent (METmax) (14,2%; p

One of the main requirements of modern society, and for the sake of its survival, is the formation of socially responsible behavior towards the greatly endangered environment. Every day we are faced with the problems of pollution, global warming, depletion of the ozone layer and many others. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to influence the youngest generations to develop attitudes that will develop a high awareness of the need to protect nature and how to treat it. In this sense, today, and for the sake of the future, we must actively work on the development of pro-environmental attitudes in children, which would manifest themselves in pro-environmental behavior tomorrow. The development of this cognitive component, that is, the attitude requires the society to instil in the child knowledge about nature, its benefits, but also its demands and the inseparability of man from it, which affects the child's affective relationship towards it, the feeling of attachment to the environment that becomes an integral part of values. With their conative component, attitudes also initiate individuals to act. This especially necessary during the current COVID-19 pandemic and the unresolved question of the origin of the virus. Was it created artificially in laboratories or is it of natural origin, as nature's response to man's relationship to it. Some studies show that children in the first grades of elementary school understand the phenomenon of environmental pollution, they even know about different types of pollution, but they still do not understand the causes of these events. Therefore, although there is not much research dealing with this problem, we consider it important to analyse current knowledge about the psychological factors influencing the development of pro-environmental attitudes in children. pro-environmental attitudes, pro-environmental behaviour, identification, self-efficacy

Regular physical activity can bring significant health benefits to people of all ages, and the need for physical activity does not decrease with age, but it has been proven that it can prolong a healthier and more independent life, prevent disability and significantly contribute to improving the lives of the elderly. In addition to the fact that each type of physical activity to a certain extent improves motor skills (strength, coordination, balance, agility, ...), mental health (self-esteem, quality of life) and reduces the risk of cardiovascular and all other causes of death, regular participation in exercise promotes mobility and functional independence in adults. A fall is an event in which a participant without their own intention comes to a lying position on the ground or at a lower level. Regardless of the health status of the individual, falls are associated with insufficient movement, reduced opportunities to perform daily activities (dressing, bathing, housework, ...) and the risk of being admitted to institutions where the care of dependent persons is taken. Arthritis, depression, cognitive impairment, vision, problems with balance and unbalanced gait, decreased muscle mass, as well as excessive use of medication increase the risk of falling. The total volume and type of physical activity needed by the elderly is not very well defined. However, it can be concluded that the combination of physical activity (strength training, endurance training, exercises for the development of balance and mobility, ...) and adequate nutrition (sufficient intake of essential amino acids/protein sources) is of crucial importance for preserving physical condition, motor skills and the health status of persons of the third age, and thus also in the prevention of falls. The aim of this study is to describe and find the best training programs for the prevention of falls in the elderly.

The aim of this study was to determine: (1) differences in anthropometric characteristics and agility between different functional classes of wheelchair basketball players and (2) the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and agility with the functional classification of wheelchair basketball players. The sample of participants consisted of 40 wheelchair basketball players, aged 33.9 ± 11.2 years. Anthropometric characteristics (longitudinal and circular dimensions, as well as skinfold thickness) were assessed, and agility was measured using the modified T-test and Figure-of Eight test. The results of the one-way analysis of variance showed significant differences with very large effects between players of different functional classes in body mass, sitting height, and sitting reach height, while significant differences with large effects were recorded in the agility assessment tests: the T-test and the Figure-of-Eight test. Also, the results of the correlation analysis indicate that there are significant moderate positive correlations of sitting height and reaching height with functional classification.

Redovna fizička aktivnost može da donese značajne zdravstvene benefite kod ljudi svih godina, te se potreba za fizičkom aktivnošću ne smanjuje sa brojem godina već je dokazano da ona može produžiti zdraviji i samostalniji život, spriječiti invaliditet i značajno doprinijeti poboljšanju života kod starijih osoba. Pored toga što svaka vrsta fizičke aktivnosti u određenoj mjeri pobošljava motoričke sposobnosti (snagu, koordinaciju, ravnotežu, agilnost, ...), mentalno zdravlje (samopoštovanje, kvalitet života) i umanjuje rizik od kardiovaskularnih i svih drugih uzroka smrti, redovno učestvovanje u vježbanju pospješuje mobilnost i funkcionalnu nezavisnost kod odraslih osoba. Pad je događaj u kojem učesnik bez sopstvene namjere dolazi u ležeći položaj na zemlji ili na nižem nivou. Bez obzira na zdravstveno stanje pojedinca, padovi su povezani sa nedovoljnim kretanjem, smanjenim mogućnostima za izvođenje svakodnevnih aktivnosti (oblačenje, kupanje, kućni poslovi, ...) i rizikom za prijem u ustanove u kojima se vodi briga o nesamostalnim osobama. Artritis, depresija, kognitivna oštećenja, vid, problemi s ravnotežom i neuravnoteženim hodom, smanjenje mišićne mase, kao i prekomjerna upotreba medikamenata povećavaju rizik od pada. Ukupan obim i vrsta fizičke aktinosti potrebna za starije osobe nije baš najbolje definisana. Međutim, može se zaključiti da spoj fizičke aktivnosti (treninzi snage, izdržljivosti, vježbe za razvoj ravnoteže i mobilnosti, ...) i adekvatne ishrane (dovoljan unos esencijalnih amino kiselina/izvora proteina) je od krucijalnog značaja za očuvanje fizičkog stanja, motoričkih sposobnosti i zdravstvenog statusa osoba treće dobi, a samim tim i u prevenciji padova. Cilj ovog rada se ogleda u opisu i pronalaženju najboljih trenažnih programa za prevenciju padova kod starih osoba.

Један од кључних захтева модерног друштва, а зарад његовог опстанка, јесте формирање социјално одговорног понашања према увелико угроженој животној средини. Свакодневно се срећемо са проблемима загађења, глобалног загревања, смањења озонског омотача и многим другим. Стога је од превасходног значаја утицање на најмлађе генерације да развију ставове који ће доприносити високој свести о потреби заштите природе и начину опхођења према њој. У том смислу данас, а зарад будућности, морамо активно радити на развоју проенвироменталних ставова код деце који би се сутра манифестовали у проенвироменталном понашању. Развој когнитивне компоненте става захтева од околине усађивање знања детету о природи, њеним благодетима, али и њеним захтевима и нераздвојности човека од ње, што утиче и на успостављање афективног односа детета према њој, осећања привржености животној средини која постаје саставни део вредности. Ставови са својом конативном компонентом иницирају и деловање индивидуе. Ово се посебно истиче као потреба у садашње време пандемије КОВИД-19 и неразрешеног питања порекла вируса. Да ли је он настао вештачки у лабораторијама или је природног порекла, као одговор природе на однос човека према њој. Нека истраживања показују да деца у првим разредима основне школе разумеју феномен загађења животне средине, чак знају и за различите врсте загађења, али још увек не спознају узроке тих дешавања. Стога, иако нема много истраживања која се баве овим проблемом, сматрамо значајним анализу садашњих сазнања о психолошким факторима утицаја на развој проенвироменталних ставова код деце.

Cilјevi ovog istraživanja su bili da se utvrde: (1) razlike u antropometrijskim karakteristikama i agilnosti između različitih funkcionalnih klasa košarkaša u kolicima i (2) povezanost između antropometrijskih karakteristika i agilnosti sa funkcionalnom klasifikacijom košarkaša u kolicima. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 40 košarkaša u kolicima, uzrasta 33.9 ± 11.2 godina. Procenjivane su antropometrijske karakteristike (longitudionalne i cirkularne dimenzije, kožni nabori), a za procenu agilnosti korišćeni su modifikovani T-test i osmica test. Rezultati jednosmerne analize varijanse ukazuju na postojanje značajnih razlika sa veoma velikim efektima između igrača različitih funkcionalnih klasa kod telesne mase, sedeće visine i sedeće dohvatne visine, dok su značajne razlike sa velikim efektima zabeležene kod testova za procenu agilnosti: T-testa i osmice testa. Takođe, rezultati korelacione analize ukazuju na to da postoje značajne umerene pozitivne korelacije sedeće visine i dohvatne visine sa funkcionalnom klasifikacijom.

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lična motivacija, kao i angažovanje i rad u skijanju naveli su autore da istraže razlike u prosečnoj hronološkoj starosti skijaša i skijašica kao i da stručnoj javnosti prezentuju rezultate u cilju uspešnijeg planiranja i programiranja trenažnog procesa. U radu je analizirana prosečna hronološka starost profesionalnih alpskih skijaša i skijašica, osvajača medalja na Svetskim kupovima, u olimpijskom ciklusu 2015–2018. Analizirane su sledeće alpske discipline: Slalom SL, Vleleslalom GS, Super G SG, Spust DH i Alpska kombinacija AC. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da postoji statsitički značajna razlika u prosečnoj hronološkoj starosti između skijaša i skijašica. Pri tome, može se uočiti da postoje značajne razlike u disciplinama GS, SG, DH i AC, gde su skijaši stariji u proseku od skijašica. Nasuprot tome, u disciplini SL nije bilo značajnih razlika u hronološkoj starosti skijaša i skijašica. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu pomoći trenerima i stručnjacima u višegodišnjem individualnom upravljanju sportske karijere skijaša i skijašica.

Rukomet je jedna od vrlo popularnih sportskih igara na svijetu. Trenutna pandemija virusom COVID 19, pored ostalih sportista, direktno otežava igračima rukometa trenažni proces, kao i održavanje takmičenja u svim uzrasnim kategorijama, s tim da su profesionalni igrači vjerovatno pod većim rizikom od zaražavanja. Ovo istraživanje je imalo za cilj da se procijeni morfološki i kardiovaskularni status 20 ispitanika koji se profesionalno bave rukometom u vrhunskom rangu takmičenja kako bi se adekvatno mogao prilagoditi trenažni proces i da se ispitaju razlike između ispitanika koji su bili pozitivni na testu za COVID 19 i ispitanika koji su bili negativni na testu za COVID 19. Testiranja su obuhvatala mjerenja osnovnih morfoloških parametara, a funkcionalnost kardiovaskularnog sistema (CVS) je testirana u mirovanju i naporu – testom progresivnog opterećenja po protokolu Vita Maxima. Rezultati t-testa su pokazali da ne postoje statistički značajne razlike u morfološkim i kardiovaskularnim karakteristikama ispitanika koji su imali COVID 19 infekciju (sa pozitivnim PCR testom), igrača koji su imali simptome ali bez PCR testa i igrača koji nisu imali COVID 19.

Sistematsko preopterećenje, koje je karakteristika treninga powerliftera sa oštećenjima vida visoke kvalifikacije, negativno utiče na funkcionisanje tijela i tok osnovnog stanja vida i na pojavu komorbiditeta. Time se utvrđuje relevantnost naučnog utemeljenja programa treninga za sportiste sa oštećenjem vida kao najvažnije komponente osiguravanja postizanja sportskih rezultata u powerliftingu. Ovo istraživanje imalo je za cilj eksperimentalno potkrijepiti učinkovitost uticaja različitih programa treninga na tjelesnu spremnost i atletske performanse powerliftera sa oštećenjem vida visoke kvalifikacije. Da bi se cilj ostvario, korištene su metode analize naučne i metodičke literature, pedagoško posmatranje, pedagoški eksperiment i metode matematičke statistike. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 16 slabovidnih sportista koji su bili članovi nacionalnog powerlifting tima. Eksperiment se temeljio na testiranju učinkovitosti dva programa treninga koji su se razlikovali u parametrima komponenti opterećenja u godišnjem trenažnom i makrociklusnom razdoblju. Eksperimentalna grupa je nakon eksperimenta pokazala pouzdane pokazatelje povećanja na svim testovima i poboljšanja sportskih rezultata, a sportisti kontrolne grupe povećali su fizičku spremnost u tri od pet testova (sportski rezultati dostupni su samo u čučnju i bench pressu). U obje grupe najveće stope rasta nivoa razvijenosti tjelesnih osobina utvrđene su u testovima za utvrđivanje stepena razvoja snage i fleksibilnosti. Upoređujući rezultate uvođenja različitih programa treninga u trenažni proces powerliftera sa oštećenjem vida, može se zaključiti da je učinak eksperimentalne grupe znatno veći nego kod powerliftera kontrolne grupe.

Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je identificirati potencijalne vanjske čimbenike rizika za ozljede rekreativnih skijaša putem anketnog upitnika. Ispitanici su podijeljeni na ozlijeđene skijaše i kontrolnu skupinu koja nikada nije imala ozljedu. Ozlijeđeni skijaši (N=212) odgovarali su na pitanja koja su pomogla definirati potencijalne čimbenike rizika. Kontrolna skupina (N=206) ispunila je isti upitnik, ali bez pitanja o ozljedi. Zajednička pitanja korištena su za utvrđivanje mogućnosti ozljede pomoću Chi-Square testa, a dodatna pitanja za utvrđivanje utjecaja na težinu ozljede Fisherovim testom. Analizom vanjskih čimbenika pokazalo se da pohađanje službene škola skijanja nije bilo statistički povezano s mogućnošću i težinom ozljede, ali je značajno povećalo znanje skijanja. Skijanje u društvu nije smanjilo mogućnost ozljeda, ali je povećalo težinu ozljede. Vidljivost, vidno polje, stanje staze, temperatura i vremenski uvjeti nisu statistički povezani s težinom ozljede, ali kombinirano mogu biti važan čimbenik u mogućnosti ozljeda.

Istraživanje je obuhvatilo sedam originalnih naučnih radova. Svi radovi su zadovolјili problematiku i mogli su da daju odgovor na postavlјeni problem. Cilј rada je bio da se utvrdi uticaj programskih sadržaja vežbanja na osobe koje boluju od diabetes melitusa tipa 2 (DM) i značaj navedene aktivnosti na zdravlјe osoba sa ovim problemom. Kao metod uzeta je selekcija radova od 2002. do 2019. godine. Zaklјučujemo da je fizička aktivnost osoba sa DM delimično ograničena zbog specifičnosti bolesti. Posebna pažnja treba da bude usmerena na neželјene efekte, posebno hipoglikemiju. Učestalost vežbanja treba biti najmanje tri dana u nedelјi za aerobne aktivnosti i dva dana nedelјno za aktivnosti sa otporom. Rizik od hipoglikemije je povećan, kontrola glikemije kod ove populacije je teže ostvariva. Cilјeve upravlјanja DM kod starijih osoba treba postaviti drugačije prema svakom pacijentu.

The main goal of this study was to identify potential external risk factors for injury in recreational skiers through a survey questionnaire. Subjects were divided into injured skiers and a control group who never had an injury. Injured skiers (N=212) answered questions that helped define potential risk factors. The control group (N=206) completed the same questionnaire but without questions about injury. Common questions were used to determine the possibility of injury using Chi-Square test, and additional questions were used to determine the influence on injury severity using Fisher’s test. An analysis of external factors showed that formal ski school was not statistically related to the possibility and severity of injury, but significantly increased knowledge of skiing. Skiing with another person did not decrease the possibility of injury but did increase the severity of injury. Visibility, field of vision, condition of the slope, temperature, and weather conditions are not statistically related to injury severity, but when combined, they could be an important factor in the possibility of injury.

Personal motivation, as well as engagement in alpine skiing, brought the authors to inspect the differences in average chronological age of alpine skiers, and to present the results to the professional public, in order to improve planning and programming of the training process. The paper analyzed the average chronological age of medal winning professional alpine skiers in the World Cups in the 2015-2018 Olympic cycle. The following alpine disciplines were analyzed: Slalom (SL), Giant Slalom (GS), Super-G (SG), Downhill (DH) and Alpine Combination (AC). The obtained results indicate that there was a significant difference in the average chronological age between male and female competitors. The results of the present study show that there were differences in GS, SG, DH, and AC, where male skiers are on average older than female skiers. Conversely, there was no significant difference between male and female skiers in SL. The results of this study could aid coaches and experts in future years of individual management of sports careers of male and female skiers.

Systematic overload, which is a training characteristic of powerlifters with visual impairments of high qualification has a negative impact on the functioning of body systems and the course of the underlying and comorbidities. This determines the relevance of the scientific substantiation of training programs for athletes with visual impairments as the most important component of ensuring the achievement of sports results in powerlifting. This study aimed to experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of the impact of various training programs on physical fitness and athletic performance of powerlifters with visual impairments of high qualification. To solve the goal we used methods of analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observation, pedagogical experiment and methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 16 visually impaired athletes who were members of the national powerlifting team. The pedagogical experiment was based on testing the effectiveness of two training programs, which differed in the parameters of the load components in the annual training and macrocycle periods. After the pedagogical experiment, the experimental group showed reliable indicators of growth on all tests and improvement of sports results, and athletes of the control group increased physical fitness in three tests out of five and sports results are available only in squat and bench press. In both groups, the highest growth rates in the level of development of physical qualities were found in tests aimed at determining the level of development of strength and flexibility. Comparing the results of the introduction of various training programs in the training process of powerlifters with visual impairments, we can conclude that the performance of the experimental group is much higher than among the powerlifters of the control group.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between motor ability for balance and the performance of selected gymnastic elements on the floor in students aged 7-8 years, to provide an overview of the current motor status of the respondents at this age, and to develop suggestions for possible changes in the curriculum at this age, and to develop suggestions for supplementing training methodology. Training of selected gymnastics elements was conducted on a sample of 42 subjects who had no previous experience in performing gymnastics elements during regular physical education classes, and the predictor variable was tested using four tests assessing motor balance ability. The tests assessing motor balance ability showed a statistically significant predictive value for the performance of all three gymnastics exercises. It is noticeable that the value of the prediction model increased the more complex an item was derived, indicating the complexity of the motor balance space and the high and stable level of the same in the subjects at the time of testing. Regarding the tests used, it can be noted that the test FLAM was significantly involved in the prediction of performance success in all three gymnastic elements, while the other two tests showed their predictive value in the execution of the hand stand. On the other hand, the study shows that the gymnastic elements used should be used in physical education classes to contribute to the promotion and development of all motor skills of students and as part of the preparation for the execution of more complex elements on the floor and apparatus in higher grades.

Cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitivanje relacija motoričke sposobnosti ravnoteže sa izvođenjem izabranih gimnastičkih elemenata na parteru, kod učenica uzrasta 7-8 godina, kako bi se dao osvrt na trenutno motoričko stanje ispitanika tog uzrasta, konstruisanje prijedloga eventualne izmjene u nastavnom planu rada u tom uzrastu kao i konstruisanje prijedloga dopunjavanja metodike obuke. Na uzorku od 42 ispitanice, bez prethodnog iskustva u izvođenju gimnastičkih elemenata, sprovedena je obuka izabranih gimnastičkih elemenata na redovnoj nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja, pri čemu je prediktorska varijabla testirana pomoću četiri testa za procjenu motoričke sposobnosti ravnoteža. Korišteni set testova za procjenu motoričke sposobnosti ravnoteža pokazao je statistički značajnu prediktivnu vrijednost za izvođenje sva tri gimnastička elementa. Uočljivo je da je vrijednost prediktivnog modela rasla što je izvođen složeniji element ukazujući na složenost motoričkog prostora ravnoteže te na visok i stabilan nivo iste kod ispitanica u vreme testiranja. Govoreći o korištenim testovima može se konstatovati da je test FLAM učestvovao značajno u predikciji uspješnosti izvođenja kod sva tri gimnastička elementa dok su preostala dva testa pokazala svoju prediktivnu vrijednost kod izvođenja stava o šakama. Sa druge strane iz istraživanja je evidentno da korišteni gimnastički elementi trebaju biti upotrebljavani na časovima fizičkog vaspitanja kako bi se doprinijelo podsticanju i daljnjem razvoju svih motoričkih sposobnosti učenika te kao dio pripreme za izvođenje složenijih elemenata na parteru i na spravama u višim razredima.

Defining the differences between the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) leg is one of the ways to determine the asymmetry between the extremities and thus the risk of injury. The aim of this research is to determine the differences in specific unilateral tests in young male and female basketball players. The sample consisted of 17 female basketball players (average height 177.96 ± 6.38 cm; average weight 69.53 ± 8.00 kg and age 15.50 ± 0.96 yr.) and 34 male basketball players (average height 194.29 ± 7.52 cm; average weight 83.66 ± 9.66 kg and age 15.40 ± 1.28 yr.) of the cadet and junior national teams. Tests were used to assess the explosive power of the lower extremities: high jump with D and ND leg take-off with arm swing (S_vis_jedn_L; S_vis_jedn_D), basketball two-step with D and ND leg take-off (Dvokorak_L, Dvokorak_D) and Drift protocol consisting of 5 consecutive unilateral jumps in place (Drift_L, Drift_D). The tests S_vis_jedn (p = 0.02) and Dvokorak (p = 0.03) showed statistically significant differences with an error of p˂0.05 in the group of male basketball players. Significant differences were found in female basketball players in the test S_vis_jedn (p = 0.03). In other tests, there are no significant differences between jumps with D and ND leg take-off. The presented results indicate differences between the extremities and represent the basis for the correction of the training plan and program. The methodology in this paper is simple to implement and analyse and is aimed at imitating situational conditions.

The research included seven original scientific papers. All of them addressed the main problem and could give an adequate answer. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of exercise content on people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and the importance of this activity on the health of people with this problem. The selection of works from 2002 to 2019 was taken as a method. We conclude that the physical activity of people with DM is partially limited due to the specificity of the disease. Special attention should be paid to side effects, especially hypoglycemia. Exercise frequency should be at least three days a week for aerobic activities and two days a week for resistance activities. The risk of hypoglycemia is increased, glycemic control in this population is more difficult to achieve. The goals of DM management in the elderly should be set differently for each patient.

Handball is one of the very popular sports games in the world. The current COVID 19 pandemic directly affects handball players in the training and competition processes from all age categories but professional players seem to be at a higher risk of contracting the disease. This study aimed to assess morphological and cardiovascular status of 20 participants, professional handball players who compete at elite competition rank, and therewith to adjust their training process and to test the differences between COVID 19 positive and COVID 19 negative participants. Testing included measurements of basic morphological parameters while the function of the cardiovascular system (CVS) was assessed at rest and effort - exercise stress test with Vita Maxima protocol. The results of t-test did not show a statistically significant difference in morphological and cardiovascular characteristics of participants who had COVID 19 infection (with a positive PCR test), who had symptoms of infection but no PCR test for the virus, and those who did not contract COVID 19.

Savremena dijagnostika u veslanju omogućava sve više mogućnosti za beleženje i poređenje brojnih varijabli zaveslaja. Pri tom mnogi treneri padaju u zamke strogog poštovanja propisanih normi, odnosa i prolaznih rezultata, koje sportista mora ostvariti ukoliko želi da ostane u svetu takmičarskog veslanja. Na primeru poređenja veslačkih škola VK “Danubiusa” i VK “Partizan”, deskriptivni pokazatelji su na strani VK “Danubius” kod vremena na 2000m, prosečne sile i prosečne snage. Prosečna sila, ne beleži značajnost razlika između veslača VK “Danubius” i VK “Partizan” (sig=0,167), dok su zabeležene statistički značajne razlike kod vremena na 2000m (sig=0,036) i snage (sig=0,02) u korist veslača VK Danubiusa”. S druge strane veću korelaciju prosečne sile (-0,955) i snage (-0,928) sa vremenom na 2000m ostvarili su veslači VK “Partizan” od veslača VK “Danubius” (-0,931) i (-0,896). Korelacija između prosečne sile i prosečne snage unutar jedne ekipe pokazuje veću korelaciju kod veslača VK “Partizan” (0,95) u odnosu na veslače VK “Danubius” (0,755). Dobijeni rezultati nisu dovoljni da se jedna od ekipa ili pojedini veslač u nekom sličnom poređenju izbaci iz takmičarskog pogona u procesu previše čestih i strogih selekcija veslača, obzirom na različite moguće puteve izgradnje veslačke tehnike i brojnih parazitarnih faktora, koji na navedene varijable mogu uticati, posebno u uzrastu pionira i veslača početnika uopšte.

Osnovni cilј istraživanja je bio utvrditi da li postoje razlike u rastu i razvoju i funkcionalnim sposobnostima između učenika i učenica. Za procenu rasta i razvoja i funkcionalnih sposobnosti učenika primenjeni su sledeći parametri: telesna visina, telesna masa, indeks telesne mase, vitalni kapacitet pluća, puls u miru, puls posle opterećenja i index modifikovanog Harvardskog step-testa. Rezultati multivarijantne analize (MANOVA) pokazali su da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između učenika i učenica u analiziranim varijablama za procenu rasta i razvoja i funkcionalnih sposobnosti. Statistički značajna razlika univarijantnom analizom varijanse (ANOVA) utvrđena je samo u varijablama puls posle opterećenja (F=8.36; p=.004) i indeksu modifikovanog Harvardskog step testa (F=6.67; p=.011) u korist učenika. Upoređujući rezultate nekih ranijih i sadašnjih istraživanja, može se zaklјučiti da aktuelni program fizičkog vežbanja ne daje želјene rezultate i ne doprinosi u dovolјnoj meri pobolјšanju funkcionalnih sposobnosti učenika i učenica mlađeg školskog uzrasta.

Modern diagnostics in rowing enables more and more possibilities for recording, and comparing numerous stroke variables. At the same time, many coaches fall into the trap of strict respect for the prescribed norms, ratios, and temporarily results, which the athlete must achieve if he wants to stay in the world of competitive rowing. On the example of the comparison of rowing schools RC "Danubius" and RC "Partizan", descriptive indicators are on the side of RC "Danubius" at a time of 2000m, average force and average power. No significant differences were found in average force (sig = 0,167) between rowers of RC "Danubius" and RC "Partizan", while statistically significant differences were recorded in time at 2000m (sig = 0,036) and power (sig = 0,02) in favor of rowers of RC “Danubius”. On the other hand, a higher correlation of average force (-0,955) and power (-0,928) with time on 2000m was achieved by RC "Partizan" than RC "Danubius" (-0,931) and (-0,896). The correlation between the average force, and the average power within one team shows a higher correlation for RC “Partizan" (0,95) compared to RC "Danubius" (0,755). The obtained results are not enough for single rower or crew elimination from competition to recreational section in the process of too frequent and strict selection of rowers, considering different possible ways of building rowing techniques and numerous parasitic factors that may affect measured variables, specialy at the age under 14 and novice rowers in general.

The main aim of the study is to establish whether there are any differences in growth and development of functional abilities between boys and girls. For the evaluation of functional abilities, growth and development in students the following parameters have been used: height, body mass, body mass index, vital lung capacity, resting heart rate, active heart rate and modified Harvard step test index. The results of multivariate analysis (MANOVA) have shown that there is no statistically significant difference between male and female students. A statistically significant difference has been found by means of univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) in active hearth rate variables (F=8.36; p=.004) and modified Harvard step test index (F=6.67; p=.011) in favor of male students. Comparing the results obtained in the earlier and recent studies it can be concluded that the current physical exercise program does not produce desired results, furthermore it does not contribute nor does it improve functional abilities of male and female younger elementary school students...

The subject of research and the purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of globalization on identity change within one of the most popular sports today, football. In order to avoid generalizations in the analysis, the English Premiership, one of the most famous football leagues, was chosen as a case study. The theoretical framework of the research is related to the identification of local changes under the influence of the global process, predominantly social and political. The time of the research covers the period from the creation of the Premiership, i.e. from 1992 until today. The research on selected globalization influences on the League's development will try to clarify social changes resulting from the interaction of two main geographical segments - space and people. With the help of selected economic and financial indicators, the change of the local identity of the League, which was present in the past, into an increasingly pronounced global identity will be presented. In conclusion, it was found that the mentioned football league is an excellent example of the growing impact of the globalization process on sports, especially when it comes to world-famous football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Running as an athletic discipline requires a high level of endurance and speed endurance, which is directly related to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, ie the ability of an athlete's body to withstand loads, and the following are listed as relevant factors for running success: anaerobic strength and maximum O2 consumption, lactic acid concentration and oxygen deficiency, ability to withstand stress, high ability to concentrate and its retention over longer periods of time. There is a lot of research that has studied the parameters of functional abilities in an attempt to find the most effective way to improve them, and since there are many similar and different data on this topic, this paper has been done to classify the available papsers by domestic and foreign authors which would lead to conclusions applicable both in practice and for further research. For the purposes of this research, original scientific papers have been analyzed that dealt with functional abilities as success factors in short, middle and long distance running and the impact of training on functional abilities, found in electronic databases - Medline, PubMed, Researchgate, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The research used in this review monitored transversely the values ​​of submaximal and maximal oxygen consumption, energy systems, heart rate values, pulmonary ventilation, blood lactate concentration, as well as their changes after longitudinal implementation of experimental protocols and training processes. Since the collected research had too few respondents from different populations with a small number of elite runners, and they did not have enough information about many years of experience, level of sports form, race categories, and descriptions of training and methods, obtaining empirical information based on evidence was limited, as well as reaching valid conclusions. Accordingly, there is a need for a more systematic approach to research and implementation of complex studies with a sufficient number of runners of all ages, both sexes of the elite level, and cooperation of academic researchers, clubs and athletes to enable studies that would provide significant statistics, analysis and interpretation. The results identified in this review provide a starting point for future research that identifies and quantifies predictors of functional performance as factors of short, middle, and long distance running success.

Hammer throw is motor-wise an extremely complex throwing discipline with the manifestation of several different forces that impede the rotational movement of the device and the thrower in the projected sagittal plane. Kinematic parameters are one of the segments when analyzing athletic disciplines, including hammer throw. This study aims to determine spatial and time differences of kinematic parameters between male and female hammer throw finalists at the 2017 Athletics World Cup in London. The study was conducted on a sample of 24 finalists of the 2017 Athletics World Cup in London, with the aim to analyze the differences in kinematic parameters between male and female hammer throwers. The results were acquired by applying the Independent Sample t-Test. It has confirmed the differences in most of the parameters, except those regarding ejection height (T=2,992; p

The shoulder joint is the most flexible joint in the human body which experiences high loads during certain sport activities involving overhead motion. Overhead athletes experience rapid shoulder elevation, abduction and external rotation during the movement and rapid deceleration after the movement, making them susceptible to shoulder injuries. Due to the extreme ranges of motion, overhead athletes tend to develop increased external rotation, combined with decreased range of internal rotation, emphasizing the need for balanced shoulder care program in the training process to prevent such occurrences. The aim of the research paper was to develop training regimen for injury prevention and shoulder maintenance that can be incorporated in daily training activities of the athletes in order to decrease the occurrence of injuries. Three part training program was designed consisting of specific warm up, strengthening and stabilization exercises and stretching exercises. The aim of the specific warm up was to prepare the shoulder for the training loads, mimicking the overhead movements and stimulating the stabilization in the joint. Strengthening and stabilization exercises aimed to strengthen external rotators in the shoulder and improve the stabilization of the shoulder joint by targeting specific muscles such as serratus anterior. The focus of stretching exercises was to stretch internal rotation muscles, which experience high loads in the overhead athlete's training. An effective training program that can be performed with minimal equipment and in a short time frame was designed to enable its simple incorporation into the daily training of overhead athletes.

The sample consisted of 121 respondents from fifth and sixth-grade elementary schools from the City of Zadar. A research was conducted to determine the differences between students who, in addition to physical education and health education, also attend some other form of extracurricular sports activity. By conducting a descriptive analysis, we obtained results that show us that male students engaged in extracurricular activity achieved 21.28% better average results than respondents who do not engage in extracurricular activities. Female respondents engaged in extracurricular activities achieved 9.16% better results than respondents who did not engage in extracurricular activities (better scores in the test to assess functional ability (F6 test)). Using the t-test, we found that empirical levels of significance were statistically significant (p = 0.000) for all respondents in both sexes in functional abilities (F6 test). The authors can claim that students attending some forms of extracurricular sports activity have a better score in the variable F6. By performing regression analysis, authors cannot predict the result in the F6 test based on anthropometric characteristics of body height (TV) and body weight (TT). To improve the functional abilities of students, each teacher should encourage them to attend some additional forms of extracurricular sports activities in the form of improving the overall anthropological status.

This study aims to determine whether maximum isometric muscle strength, exerted at a certain angle in the knee joint (80 °, 110 °, and 140 °), may be used as a predictor of 1RM in the squat movement task. A group of twenty-four male students (N = 24) took part in the research in 2 separate sessions and 7 days of rest between each. In the first session, the anthropometric measurements and assessment of muscle strength, that is 1RM, were measured by maximum repetition to failure method on the Smith machine. The maximum isometric force (Fmax) of the leg muscles was measured by the Alternating Consecutive Maximum Contraction Test in laboratory conditions on a Smith machine using a dynamometer probe and the Globus Ergo Tesys System 1000 software system. Analyzing the results based on linear regression, the authors conclude that, with an accuracy of 84.5%, we can estimate 1RM in the squat exercise measuring the maximum isometric force exerted at an angle in the knee joint of 140 °. The results obtained by this research can be used in practice when assessing 1 RM based on the measurement of the maximum isometric force for a given movement task.

Determining body structure in physical culture, sports, but also in sports recreation is one of the ways to check effectiveness of certain training programs and their impact on a percentage of subcutaneous fat and fat-free components. This study was conducted on a sample of 49 kayakers and slalom canoeists (aged 19.9 ± 1.7 years), and the aim was to compare validity of methods for estimating percentage of body fat based on the skinfold measurement method in relation to the bioelectrical impedance method for application in diagnostics within a training process of slalom kayakers and slalom canoeists. The percentage of body fat was determined by methods of determining the percentage of body fat according to Siri (1961), Brozek et al. (1963), Jackson, & Pollock, (1985) and the BIA bioelectrical impedance method. After statistical procedures, correlation analysis revealed a high correlation between the methods: anthropometric methods according to Siri and Brozek, both methods with the Jackson Pollock method, while all three methods have a high level of correlation with the BIA method, while the Wilcoxon test showed that the bioelectrical impedance method had statistically significantly higher values than the method of determining the percentage of body fat according to Siri & Brozek (p

The purpose of this study aimed to look at assessing the effects of aerobic exercise on body composition of overweight female aging 22-27 years.A sample of n=30 (thirty) overweight female aging 22-27 years in District Tonsa (Punjab), Pakistan were included as subject. A four (04) week exercise protocol was prepared and used among females of the experimental group. The experimental group was subjected to measure the anthropometric as well as 3- site skin fold measurements. The data regarding pre and post-test of both groups-control and experimental were carefully recorded and entered into the computer for analyses. For this purpose, both descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Independent Samples t-Test and Paired Samples t-Test) were used for analyzing the data. The analyzed data established that the mean score of (EG) in pre and post-test were found as 28.66 and 23.5. The t-value of the table is 5.022 and P-value is 0.001 which is lower than the significant level (P

Nowadays, various programs are used in ski schools to teach beginners. All programs have the same goal, and that is to teach beginners specific body movements with which they will be able to manage their skis. Three programs are most commonly used in alpine skiing schools. According to one program, ski beginners are taught the basics of alpine skiing exclusively with elements of parallel skiing techniques. In the second program, ski beginners acquire knowledge using elements of snowplough and parallel ski technique. The third alpine skiing learning program combines these two methods. In addition to the program, in practice there are two approaches to learning alpine skiing. The first method involves a daily trip to a ski slope or a nearby winter tourist centre, where the skiing technique is adopted and beginners return to the place of residence the same day. The second way consists of an organized, usually seven-day, winter trip, during which the basics of alpine skiing are learned every day during the stay in the ski-resort. Regardless of the learning programs used, the safety of skiers is a priority in every alpine skiing school. Therefore, it is advisable for all beginner skiers to get involved in an alpine skiing school, as this is the best way to prevent injuries.

The aim of this systematic review was to indicate and discuss the use of electromyogram in football. For the literature review, following electronic databases were used: Google School, PubMed, Medline and Mendeley for the period from 2005. to 2019. 20 papers were selected for this systematic review based on the established criteria. These studies focused the most on researching the following muscles: m.musculus quadriceps, m.biceps femoris, m.gastrocnemius, m.tibalis anterior and m. gluteus maximus. The review has determined quite a heterogenic choice of topics when it comes to the use of the electromyogram (herein after referred to as: EMG) in football, so the obtained results were grouped based on the similar characteristics. Therefore, the results were categorized according to the following topics: acute effects of the specific football activity, impact of the football strength training, training of kicking on the ball, results based on the difference in sexes, while the rest of the results were sorted in the joint group. Summarizing of the obtained results provides the insight in the multiple possibility for use of EMG in football in order to develop high quality analysis of the neuro-muscle activation of a certain muscle regions of the football players.

Definiranje razlika između dominantne (D) i nedominantne noge (ND) jedan je od načina utvrđivanja asimetrije između ekstremiteta a samim time i rizika od ozljeđivanja. Cilj ovog istraživanja usmjeren je na utvrđivanje razlika u specifičnim unilateralnim testovima kod mladih košarkaša i košarkašica. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 17 košarkašica (prosječne visine 177,96 ± 6,38 cm; prosječne mase 69,53 ± 8,00 kg i dobi 15,50 ± 0,96 god) i 34 košarkaša (prosječne visine 194,29 ± 7,52 cm; prosječne mase 83,66 ± 9,66 kg i dobi 15,40 ± 1,28 god) kadetske i juniorske reprezentativne selekcije. Korišteni su testovi za procjenu eksplozivne snage donjih ekstremiteta: skok u vis iz koraka odrazom D i ND nogom sa zamahom ruku (S_vis_jedn_L; S_vis_jedn_D), košarkaški dvokorak odrazom D i ND nogom (Dvokorak_L, Dvokorak_D) i Drift protokol koji se sastoji od 5 uzastopnih jednonožnih skokova u mjestu (Drift_L, Drift_D). U testovima S_vis_jedn (p=0,02) i Dvokorak (p=0,03) prikazane su statistički značajne razlike uz pogrešku p˂0,05 kod košarkaša. Kod košarkašica su utvrđene značajne razlike u testu S_vis_jedn (p=0,03). U ostalim testovima nema značajnih razlika između skokova odrazom D i ND nogom. Prikazani rezultati ukazuju na razlike između ekstremiteta te predstavljaju bazu za korekciju plana i programa treninga. Metodologija u ovom radu je jednostavna za provedbu i analizu te je usmjerena na imitaciju situacijskih uvjeta

Trčanje kao atletska disciplina iziskuje velik nivo izdržljivosti i brzinske izdržljivosti, što je u direktnoj vezi sa kardiovaskularnim i respiratornim sistemima, odnosno sa sposobnošću organizma sportiste da podnese opterećenja koja, pa se kao relevantni faktori za uspjeh trčanju navode: anaerobna snaga i maksimalna potrošnja O2, koncentracija mliječne kiseline i manjak kisika, sposobnost podnošenja stresa, visoko sposobnost koncentracije i njeno zadržavanje tokom dužeg vremena. Mnogo je istraživanja koja su se bavila izučavanjem parametara funkcionalnih sposobnosti u pokušaju nalaženja najefikasnijeg načina poboljšanja istih, a budući da je mnogo sličnih i različitih podataka o toj tematici ovaj rad je urađen sa ciljem klasifikovanja dostupnih radova domaćih i stranih autora čime bi se izveli zaključci primjenljivi kako u praksi tako i za dalja istraživanja. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja analizirani su originalni naučni radovi koji su se bavili funkcionalnim sposobnostima kao faktorima uspjeha u trčanju na kratke, srednje i duge distance te uticajem treninga na funkcionalne sposobnosti, pronađeni na elektronskim bazama podataka - Medline, PubMed, Researchgate, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Istraživanja korištena u ovom pregledu pratila su transverzalno vrijednosti submaksimalne i maksimalne potrošnje kiseonika, energetske sisteme, vrijednosti frekvencije srca, plućnu ventilaciju, koncentraciju lakatata u krvi, kao i njhove promjene nakon longitudinalne provedbe eksperimentalnih protokola i trenažnih procesa. Budući da su prikupljena istraživanja imala premalo ispitanika različite populacije sa malom brojnošću elitnih trkača, te da nisu imala dovoljno informacija o dugogodišnjem iskustvu, nivou sportske forme, kategorijama trka, te opisa treninga i metoda, dobijanje empirijskih informacija utemeljenih na dokazima bilo je ograničeno, kao i izvedba valjanih zaključaka. Shodno navedenom, postoji potreba za više sistematskim pristupom istraživanjima i provedbi kompleksnih studija sa dovoljnim brojem trkača svih uzrasta, oba pola elitnog nivoa, te saradnja akademskih istraživača, klubova i sportista što bi omogućilo provođenje studija koje bi omogućile značajne statističke podatke, analize i interpretacije. Rezultati identifikovani u ovome pregledu pružaju polazište za buduća istraživanja koja identifikuju i kvantifikuju prediktore funkcionalnih performansi kao faktore uspjeha trčanja na kratkim, srednjim i dugim distancama.

Danas se u skijaškim školama primjenjuju različiti programi po kojima se uče skijaški početnici. Svi programi imaju isti cilj, a to je naučiti početnike specifične pokrete tijela pomoću kojih će moći upravljati skijama.Tri se programa najčešće koriste u školama alpskoga skijanja. Po jednom programu skijaške početnike se uči osnovama alpskoga skijanja isključivo elementima paralelne skijaške tehnike. Drugim programom skijaški početnici usvajaju znanja pomoću elemenata plužne i paralelne skijaške tehnike. Treći program učenja alpskoga skijanja kombinira navedena dva načina. Osim programa, u praksi postoje dva pristupa učenja alpskoga skijanja. Prvi način uključuje svakodnevni odlazak do skijaškog poligona ili obližnjeg zimskog turističkog centra, na kojemu se usvaja skijaška tehnika te se isti dan vraća u mjesto stanovanja. Drugi način sastoji se u organiziranom, najčešće sedmodnevnom, odlasku na zimovanje u sklopu čega se svaki dan uče osnove alpskoga skijanja. Neovisno o korištenim programima učenja, sigurnost skijaša prioritet je u svakoj školi alpskoga skijanja. Stoga je savjet svim skijašima početnicima uključiti se u školu alpskoga skijanja, jer na taj način čine najbolju prevenciju nastanka ozljeda.