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In an interdisciplinary approach, processes of ethnic fusion and of language contacts in the Basque country are investigated. Human genetics has confirmed the long continuity of settlement in the Basque country. The Basque people and their language have emerged out of an ethnic fusion in which several pre-Indo-European populations participated, among them groups affiliated to the Caucasian genetic stock. Processes of a long-term acculturation in Basque-speaking communities started in late antiquity when, via the influence of Latin as a language of prestige, the lexical structures of Basque were partly reshaped. Social contacts between Basques and non-Basques were minimal in the Roman era but intensified in post-Roman times. Evidence of this are the foreign elements in Basque kinship terminology which stem from Romance sources.