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Salmonellosis, is one of the most common toxinfection caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella in developed countries. In general, human salmonellosis is associated with contaminated food. However, contact with animals can be an important transmission route for Salmonella. Turtles have been shown to be reservoirs of different Salmonella serotypes. Considering that these reptiles are very common domestic pets, they can be a risk for public health, especially among children. In this work, a new monophasic serotype with the antigenic formula 4,5,12:b:- has been characterized. Most of the isolates analyzed have been isolated from children under 5 years of age in different regions of Spain. By means of different molecular techniques, it has been confirmed that 4,5,12:b:- isolates are genetically related to the biphasic isolates of Paratyphi B Java and that this serotype is their possible ancestor. The great homogeneity between the studied strains suggests that the origin of the turtles infected by these strains is closely related and that in Spain turtle shops have a common distribution point that contributes to the spread of this pathogen.; Salmonelosia, herrialde garatuetako toxiinfekzio ohikoenetariko bat da, Salmonella generoko bakterioek eragindakoa. Oro har, giza salmonelosia elikagai kutsatuekin lotzen da. Hala ere, animaliekin izandako kontaktua Salmonella generoaren transmisio bide garrantzitsua izan daiteke. Dortokak Salmonella serotipo desberdinen gordailuak direla frogatu da. Narrasti hauek etxeko maskota oso ohikoak direla kontuan izanda, osasun publikorako arriskutsuak izan daitezke, batez ere haurren artean. Horregatik, lan honetan 4,5,12:b:- formula antigenikoa duen serotipo monofasiko berri bat karakterizatu da. Aztertutako isolatu gehienak 5 urtetik beherako haurretan isolatu dira, Espainiako eskualde desberdinetan. Teknika molekular ezberdinen bidez, baieztatu da 4,5,12:b:- isolatuak Paratyphi B Javako iso- latu bifasikoekin genetikoki erlazionatuta daudela eta serotipo hori dela haren arbaso posiblea. Aztertutako anduien arteko homogeneotasun handiak iradokitzen du, andui horietaz infektatutako dortoken jatorria estuki lotuta dagoela, Espainian dortoken saltokiek banaketa-puntu komuna dutela, eta horrek patogeno honen sakabanaketan laguntzen duela.

Ezezkoa dirudi izenburuko galderari eman behar zaion erantzuna, gutxienez iraultza zientifikoa geroztik, Natura hizkuntza matematikoan idatzita dagoen liburu bat omen denetik. Ikuspegi hori aurrera egingo du eta XX. menderako harridura alaia deitu dudana ekarriko du, Wigner 1960- en kasuan eta beste batzuenean ikusten denez. Jarrera hori biologiaren hainbat arloetan aurkitu ditzazkegunekin alderatzen dut eta hor lilura hori ez da inondik agertzen eta, gehienez, oso ikuspegi utilitarista bat hartzen da. Bukatzeko, biologiaren erdian bertan daukagun mugagabetasunaren kasu natural agian aipagarriena azaltzen dut modu laburrean: eboluzio mugagabea., The answer to the title questions appears to be in the negative, at least since the scientific revolution when nature began to be seen as a book written in the language of mathematics. This approach is going to develop further and, by the xxth century, brings forward what I will call a cheerful amazement as exemplified in Wigner 1960 and others. I contrast this attitude with those we my find in several areas of biology where the charm is clearly absent and, as much, a very utilitarian approach is taken. I end up with a brief mention to open-ended evolution as a material case of infinity right at the center of biology.

EnglishOocyte’s maturation is a very important process in fertility because it is necessary for subsequent fertilization. In addition, maturation process influences the embryo, since the quality of the developing embryo is directly related to the maturity and the quality of the oocyte. This growth culminates just prior to ovulation during oocyte maturation. Adequate nuclear and cytoplasmic changes associated with maturation process of oocytes are fundamental for correct ovulation and subsequent fertilization. One of the main challenges is to determine the molecular pathways that regulate that maturation process. In addition, to better understanding female reproductive physiology, we could help to optimize the reproductive techniques by modulating the process of oocyte in vitro maturation, through the IVM technique. This technique consists in turning immature oocytes to mature exogenously in a culture media supplemented with different molecules to promote maturation. The most important advantage of IVM method is that could be the only hope or, at least, an alternative for a high number of patients unable to tolerate high doses of gonadotropins. Among the ARTs, the in vitro maturation oocytes (IVM) is less developed than other techniques, but its implementation would entail a qualitative advance. euskaraUgaztun emeen obozitoen heltze-prozesua ugalkortasunean garrantzi handia duen prozesua da, obulua ernaldua izateko ezinbestekoa delako. Gainera, heltze-prozesuak baldintzatzen du sortu behar den izaki berria, garapen-bidean dagoen enbrioiaren kalitatea zuzenean lotuta baitago obozitoaren heldutasunarekin eta kalitatearekin. Izan ere, obozitoen heltze-prozesuarekin erlazionatutako aldaketa nuklear eta zitoplasmatiko egokiak funtsezkoak dira obulazio eta haren ondorengo ernalketa zuzen baterako. Erronka nagusietariko bat da, beraz, heltze-prozesuan garrantzitsuak diren seinaleztapen-bidezidorrak eta elkarrekintza konplexuak zehaztea. Horrela, emakumezkoen ugal-fisiologia hobeto ulertzeaz gain, obozitoen in vitro heltze-prozesua modulatuz, lagunduriko ugalketa-teknikak optimizatzen lagundu genezakeelako: besteak beste, obozitoak in vitro heltzeko (IVM) teknika. Teknika horren bidez, pazienteari oraindik helduta ez dauden obozitoak erauzten zaizkio eta exogenoki heltzen dira hazkuntza-inguruneetan. Modu horretan, albo-kalte ugari eragiten dituen gonadotropinak hartzea saihesten da, eta hormonazioa kontraindikaturik daukaten emakumeentzat haurdun geratzeko aukera bakarrenetarikoa da. Teknika horren ezarpenak aurrerapen ugari dakartzan arren (esaterako, albo-kalte eta kostu ekonomiko gutxiago), oraindik gutxi erabiltzen da, beste ugal-tekniken arrakasta-mailara heldu ez delako.

Among the accounts that explain ironic communication from a pragmatic perspective, Grice’s approach (Grice 1967a/89, 1967b/89) and the Echoic theory (Sperber and Wilson 1981; Wilson and Sperber 2012) might be the most influential ones. These two accounts set rather strong conditions for an ironic utterance: according to Grice, the ironic speaker flouts the first sub-maxim of Quality and thereby implicates the contradictory of the literal meaning of the utterance; according to Sperber and Wilson, the ironic speaker echoes a thought or utterance that she attributes to someone other than herself (at the current time), while she dissociates herself from that utterance or thought. Here I show that both accounts have trouble to explain some sort of ironic examples based on their notions of contradiction and dissociation. Then, I defend a different position. My proposal is as follows: instead of trying to accommodate the strong notions of echo and opposition into the vast variety of ironic examples, I defend that what ties together all instances of irony is something more basic –a minimal set of conditions. Finally, I argue that echo and contradiction should be understood as clues of irony.; Ironia pragmatikaren ikuspuntutik azaltzen duten teorien artean, Griceren hurbilpena (Grice 1967a/89, 1967b/89) eta Oihartzunaren teoria (Sperber and Wilson 1981; Wilson and Sperber 2012) dirateke garrantzitsuenak. Bi teoria horiek nahiko baldintza zorrotzak ezartzen dizkiote esaldi ironikoari: Griceren arabera, hiztun ironikoak kualitatearen lehen azpi-maxima urratzen du eta, horrela, esaldiaren esanahi literalaren aurkakoa inplikatzen du; Sperber eta Wilsonen arabera, hiztun ironikoak oihartzun egiten dio hiztunak bera (une horretan) ez den norbaiti egozten dion pentsamendu/esaldi bati, eta bere burua disoziatzen du pentsamendu edo esaldi horretatik. Hemen zera erakusten dut, bi hurbilpen horiek arazoak dituztela zenbait ironia-adibide azaltzeko oihartzunaz eta kontraesanaz dituzten nozioetan oinarrituta. Jarraian, bestelako hurbilpen baten alde egiten dut. Honako hau da nire proposamena: oihartzunaren eta kontraesanaren nozio zorrotzak ironia-adibide guztiei egokitzen saiatzeko ordez, ironia kasu guztiak lotzen dituena zerbait oinarrizkoagoa dela defendatzen dut -baldintza sorta minimal bat-. Amaitzeko, oihartzuna eta kontraesana ironiaren arrastotzat hartu beharko genituzkeela defendatzen dut.

In this work 2 different studies have been done around medical use of cannabis. On the one hand, to help to correlate plants with their physiological effects, a HPLC-MS/MS method has been developed to establish the cannabinoid fingerprinting of different cannabis plants. On the other hand, in order to optimize the production of bioactive compounds, the evolution of cannabinoid and terpene content of different chemotype plants during their growth was studied. Concentration peaks for major cannabinoids and terpenes were establish and characteristic terpenes for each chemotype were identified.; Etorkizun hurbilean kannabisa sendagai bezala erabili ahal izateko bi urrats eman dira lan honetan. Alde batetik, landareak euren efektu fisiologikoekin lotzeko lagungarria izan daitekeen kannabinoideen hatz-marka ikertzeko metodo bat garatu da fragmentazio bikoitzeko masa-espektometriari akoplaturiko eraginkortasun handiko likido kromatografia bidez (HPLC-MS/MS High Performance Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). Bestalde, kannabis landareko konposatuen produkzioa optimizatzeko kimiotipo ezberdineko landareen hazkuntzan zeharreko kannabinoideen eta terpenoen garapena aztertu da. Bertan, konposatu garrantzitsuenen kontzentrazio maximoak noiz agertzen diren ikusteaz gain, landare-mota bakoitzaren ezaugarri diren terpenoak zeintzuk diren aurkitu da.