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La professionalització dels intèrprets en l’àmbit jurídic està guanyant importància a Espanya a causa de les directives de la Unió Europea sobre els drets processals de persones sospitoses o acusades d’algun delicte. A això s’hi ha d’afegir la prolongada crisi humanitària, que ha sensibilitzat l’opinió pública sobre la qualitat de la interpretació proporcionada per diverses ONG i altres organismes que s’ocupen dels sol·licitants d’asil. Actualment, els proveïdors de serveis privats contracten els intèrprets en funció de les llengües que necessitin o que estiguin disponibles, sense exigir-los una formació específica. En aquest article, analitzem la qualitat percebuda dels serveis d’interpretació i el paper de l’intèrpret des de diverses perspectives, incloses les dels agents de les ONG (assessors jurídics, treballadors socials i psicòlegs) i els advocats que participen en aquesta mena de processos, seguint mètodes d’investigació descriptiva. A continuació, tractarem les diferents percepcions sobre la figura de l’intèrpret que tenen els diferents professionals que intervenen en el procediment de sol·licitud d’asil, amb l’objectiu d’obtenir una imatge vàlida, basada en dades, de la interpretació en el context de la sol·licitud d’asil a Espanya. S’espera que aquesta informació serveixi per omplir el buit que existeix en el desenvolupament professional dels intèrprets com a part essencial dels processos d’asil i, el que és més important, com a garantia dels drets humans. També contribuirà a sensibilitzar els professionals que desenvolupen la seva feina amb l’ajuda d’intèrprets.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1281

Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1296

En aquest article intentarem determinar els motius que hi ha darrere de la baixa qualitat de la feina dels intèrprets judicials en el context dels processos penals als tribunals de Barcelona. A partir d’un corpus de judicis reals enregistrats, explorem quatre possibles factors que poden afectar l’actuació dels intèrprets: durada del judici, problemes de gestió de les converses, experiència dels intèrprets i tipus de delicte que es jutja. A més, també analitzem faltes de rendiment injustificades, que es consideren un indicador important de la ineficàcia. Les conclusions es comenten en el context de la competència lingüística de l’intèrpret, el seu paper en la interacció amb tots els participants i les normes establertes dels codis de conducta professionals. En aquest article se subratlla la necessitat de millorar la qualificació dels intèrprets, però també de conscienciar els membres del poder judicial espanyol sobre el paper dels intèrprets, amb l’objectiu de protegir els drets processals de les persones que no parlen ni entenen la llengua en què es du a terme el procediment.

The paper deepens the right to health in COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing itsimpact in terms of social inequalities. The first section introduces concepts drawn fromthe global risk society approach, pointing out some of its limitations for an effectiveanalysis of the forms of social exclusion during the pandemic. The main statement is thatthe logic of inequalities emerged in COVID-19 pandemic can be interpreted moreeffectively in the light of postcolonial and decolonial sociology, with reference to theconcepts of coloniality of power (Quijano) and – specifically – colonial sociability(Santos). The way proposed is bringing into dialogue these concepts along with those ofadvanced marginality and territorial stigmatization (Wacquant). These approaches areuseful in understanding some data on the spread of contagion and deaths due toCOVID-19 in the contexts of Brazil and the United States of America, contagion and deaths that have particularly critically affected specific territories of advancedmarginality and exposed to stigmatization processes. Analyzing specific pathways forterritorial de-stigmatization – the paper also discusses the emancipatory task of asociological analysis of inequalities in COVID-19 pandemic era.

This paper examines how diversity is mobilized and deployed as a form of hate crime response in the York Regional Police Service, and how commitments to racial and cultural diversity embedded in the framework of hate crime policy are interpreted by police officers engaged in the frontline policing of hate crimes. Hate crime policies and specialized training programs in Ontario were developed around two central foci: 1) traditional policing concerns involving proper investigative techniques, evidence collection, documentation, and officer roles and responsibilities; and 2) emerging concerns regarding victim care, community relations, and commitments to racial and cultural diversity. Drawing on interviews with officers stationed at all five of the Service’s divisional locations, this paper shows how commitments to diversity embedded in the Service’s approach to hate crime exist along-side, and in conflict with, officer perceptions that see diversity as a source of the problem of hate.

From an institutional approach, the paper analyzes why it was necessary to reform the Constitution of Cuba, and the challenges that had to be taken into account to ensure the protection of rights of the Cuban people, as well as the implementation by the Government of Cuba of the main socio-economic transformations to guarantee the continuation of the Cuban socialist system and reinforce the bilateral rapport with the European Union (EU). In fact, the signature and implementation of the first EU-Cuba Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement, in 2016, prompted a new political model in the relationship between the EU and Cuba. For this reason, in the three sections of the paper, we prove how the reform of the Constitution of Cuba offers support and continuity to the process of modernization of the social, economic and political structure of Cuba, in order to ensure the provisional implementation of the Agreement with the EU from 2017 to 2019.

The paper analyses the topic to understand how the legal and judicial practices in two Amazonian municipalities (Apuí and Lábrea) respond to the dynamics of environmental crimes in the region. The research project is a based in a qualitative and quantitative methodology. This paper discusses the initial results from interviews gathered in the city of Manaus with a Judge from the Amazonas State, a Prosecutor from Public Ministry, a Federal Police Commissar, and a member of the Environmental Agency of Amazonas. Thus, it is possible to understand: a) the context of environmental crimes in the cities of Apuí and Lábrea, b) the responses of criminal justice institutions to the occurrence of environmental crimes in the region. El artículo analiza el tema para comprender cómo las prácticas legales y judiciales en dos municipios amazónicos (Apuí y Lábrea) responden a la dinámica de los delitos ambientales en la región. El proyecto de investigación se basa en una metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa. Las entrevistas fueran realizadas en la ciudad de Manaus con un juez del estado de Amazonas, un fiscal del Ministerio Público, un comisario de la Policía Federal y un miembro de la Agencia Ambiental de Amazonas. Así, es posible comprender: a) el contexto de los delitos ambientales en las ciudades de Apuí y Lábrea, b) las respuestas de las instituciones de justicia penal ante la ocurrencia de delitos ambientales en la región.

The reading competence is essential in all personal, social and academic fields. Therefore, the reading comprehension and reading habits are also key in the educational context, where teachers' concerns about the results of students’ assessments and the reality of the classroom frequently arise. One way to respond to these concerns is to build a School Reading Plan to change daily practices. For this to happen, it is crucial that teachers receive an ongoing training, and this article presents a Reading Plan training program carried out in a school. A theoretical framework and an explanation of the process experienced in a school in Vitoria-Gasteiz are presented in this paper, as well as a decalogue including guidelines to guide other schools in their own Reading Plan designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper engages in a sociolegal analysis of the anti-corruption legislation enacted by the Puerto Rican Government in the aftermath of Maria (2017). The paper pays particular attention to the implementation and sociolegal impact of Act 2 of January 4, 2018, entitled, “The Anti-Corruption Code for the New Puerto Rico” and the creation of a Registry of Persons Convicted of Corruption. The rationale behind the Act and the Registry is to enforce transparency, open governance, and help the Puerto Rican government in its efforts to eradicate public corruption. Conversely, this paper argues that these reforms have introduce a punitive approach to anti-corruption in PR. Approach that I have termed, punitive governance. The paper suggests Act 2 and the Registry had have a dual outcome: 1) a punitive approach to corruption that harm people in precarious positions, and 2) normalize the structural dynamic enabling corruption the powerful. Thus, this paper intends to illustrate the contradictions in anti-corruption as punitive governance, and the way in which a specific image of corruption is reproduced through governmental actions, legal practices, and discourses. Este artículo realiza un análisis socio-jurídico de la legislación anticorrupción promulgada por el Gobierno de Puerto Rico tras el paso del huracán María (2017). El articulo presta especial atención a la implementación e impacto socio-jurídico de la Ley 2 de 4 de enero de 2018, titulada “El Código Anticorrupción para el Nuevo Puerto Rico” y la creación de un Registro de Personas Convictas por Actos de Corrupción. La razón fundamental detrás de la Ley y el Registro es hacer cumplir políticas de transparencia, la gobernabilidad y ayudar al gobierno de Puerto Rico en sus esfuerzos por erradicar la corrupción en el sector público. Por el contrario, este artículo argumenta que estas reformas han introducido un enfoque punitivo para combatir la corrupción en PR. El artículo sugiere que la Ley 2 y el Registro tuvieron un doble resultado: 1) un enfoque punitivo de la corrupción que perjudica a las personas en posiciones precarias, y 2) normalizar la dinámica estructural que permite la corrupción de los poderosos. Así, este artículo pretende ilustrar las contradicciones de la anticorrupción como gobernanza punitiva, y la forma en que se reproduce una imagen específica de corrupción a través de acciones gubernamentales, prácticas jurídicas y discursos legales.

The paper starts with the trajectory of ancient graffiti study since the 19th century. This study was well inserted in the scholarly context, paying particular attention to the differences of language use in relation to standard learned Latin (or Greek). In the 20th century, beyond scholarship, there was an overwhelming normative and historical perception that graffiti represented most of all unlearned people, those who were unable to have access to learned culture. This improved the knowledge about graffiti, but it continued to focus on distance from the rule. In the late 20th century there was a growing critical approach, considering that graffiti may produce evidence about people's daily lives. In this context, the edge has been able to produce a plethora of innovative interpretation. Brazil produced a critical approach, centring on a couple of subjects: popular culture and female agency. Popular culture means highlighting the originality of ordinary people culture. Then, within this approach, female agency. The authors then discuss some graffiti, enabling to discuss popular culture and female agency. The paper concludes by stressing how graffiti may be a way of promoting life, fostering living together, against hatred and destruction.

The European Research Council (ERC) funding scheme classifies law within the social sciences and humanities sector, identifying legal science as a social science. The paper presents the case-study of such a classification as a deterministic model of evaluation and assessment of legal research. This may impact on career opportunities of individuals as well as on scientific independence, tacitly predefining the selection of research topics and legal methodology. The paper argues that ERC encourages a successful trend of conducting legal research to obtain funding, through the application of indicators. Their aim is to show which process has been followed to achieve and measure results. Legal science then risks being reduced to the analysis of legal performance. In this context, re-reading some writings of Polanyi on social sciences as well as on the critique of economic determinism sheds light on forms of academic determinism that affect the way of carrying-out research.

This paper presents reading and relating aloud, which are not very common nowadays, as essential experiences that must be developed at schools. With the aim of creating significant experiences, the work of the intermediaries is indispensable, specially the necessity of leaving a place to children's voices. In order to find balance between what is said and what is omitted, one of the main points of the work is transforming reading experiences into socializing experiences; and that is also the goal of the project called "Building together, from words and silence" which has been carried out at a school located on the coast of Gipuzkoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradual implementation of new information technologies and its almost consolidation with the promulgation of the LPAC in administrative relations, brought with it important innovations in the field of electronic Administration and, in particular, in the electronic administrative procedure. From the so-called ¿Paper Administration¿ we have moved on to the ¿Digital Administration¿. One of the consequences was the implementation of the general system of electronic relations between legal entities and the Administration, which from the outset was not exempt from debate. After more than five years, its effective implementation brings to the fore issues of great importance, in light of the very casuistry that takes place in its application. In this context, the work addresses a key issue within the procedure for the sake of its effectiveness, such as the validity of the notifications made to legal persons, but singled out in a specific fact: when they, instead of taking place electronically, in accordance with the general rule, they are carried out on paper, as well as their legal consequences and the very recent judicial pronouncements on the subject.

In this paper a baseline of contemporary access to justice research is established. The baseline clearly illustrates key features of the research field suggesting that while the field of research has become more multifaceted in the course of the last two or three decades, it is nevertheless very much dominated by law scholarship and structural analysis of legal service provision. Departing from this overview of access to justice research as of today, five calls for future research on access to justice explicated in the reviewed literature is presented and discussed. I argue that future research on access to justice should: 1) Reach a clearer understanding of the problem (of access to justice), 2) consider a multidisciplinary approach, 3) support and develop evidence-based policy by committing to empirical research, 4) study a wider variety of social realities and 5) look for quality. The reasonings of this paper are based on a scoping literature review. En este documento se establece una línea de base de la investigación contemporánea sobre el acceso a la justicia. La línea de base ilustra claramente las características clave del campo de investigación, sugiriendo que, aunque el campo de investigación se ha vuelto más polifacético en el curso de las últimas dos o tres décadas, sigue estando muy dominado por los estudios de derecho y el análisis estructural de la prestación de servicios jurídicos. Partiendo de esta visión general de la investigación sobre el acceso a la justicia en la actualidad, se presentan y discuten cinco peticiones de investigación futura sobre el acceso a la justicia explicadas en la literatura revisada. Sostengo que las futuras investigaciones sobre el acceso a la justicia deberían 1) alcanzar una comprensión más clara del problema (del acceso a la justicia), 2) considerar un enfoque multidisciplinar, 3) apoyar y desarrollar una política basada en pruebas comprometiéndose con la investigación empírica, 4) estudiar una mayor variedad de realidades sociales y 5) buscar la calidad. Los razonamientos de este documento se basan en una revisión bibliográfica de alcance. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1352

Victims of terrorism can be considered a special category within the broader and more general group of “victims of crime”. In recent decades, there has been an international trend to develop more specific treatment, both in legal and practical terms, to address their particular needs in unfortunate times of intensification and sophistication of terrorist attacks, with a correlative increase in the harmful consequences for an increasing number of victims of terrorism. At the international level, one such instrument is the Madrid Memorandum, which contains relevant guidelines that serve as a reference for States, who can draw inspiration from them when designing their national standards of protection and support for victims of terrorism. This paper aims to critically analyze the legal framework applicable in Kosovo on the issue of protection and support of victims of terrorism from the pre-trial phase, through criminal proceedings, and after the completion of criminal proceedings, with special emphasis aiming to analyze the compliance of these rules with standards of the Madrid Memorandum. The paper identifies three areas in which the applicable legal framework for the protection and support of victims of terrorism in criminal proceedings needs to be harmonised with the Madrid Memorandum’s standards. Las víctimas del terrorismo pueden considerarse una categoría especial dentro del grupo más amplio y general de las "víctimas de delitos". En las últimas décadas, ha habido una tendencia internacional a desarrollar un tratamiento más específico, tanto en términos jurídicos como prácticos, para abordar sus necesidades particulares en tiempos desafortunados de intensificación y sofisticación de los ataques terroristas, con un aumento correlativo de las consecuencias perjudiciales para un número cada vez mayor de víctimas del terrorismo. En el ámbito internacional, uno de estos instrumentos es el Memorando de Madrid, que contiene directrices relevantes que sirven de referencia a los Estados, que pueden inspirarse en ellas a la hora de diseñar sus normas nacionales de protección y apoyo a las víctimas del terrorismo. El presente trabajo pretende analizar críticamente el marco jurídico aplicable en Kosovo en materia de protección y apoyo a las víctimas del terrorismo desde la fase de instrucción, a través del proceso penal, y una vez finalizado éste, con especial énfasis en analizar la conformidad de estas normas con los estándares del Memorando de Madrid. El documento identifica tres áreas en las que el marco legal aplicable para la protección y el apoyo a las víctimas del terrorismo en los procesos penales necesita ser armonizado con los estándares del Memorando de Madrid. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1397

The impact of women judges in addressing gender-based issues, particularly in Africa, is largely under-researched both at the regional and country-specific levels. This paper researches on the impact of women judges in selected gender-based cases in Ghana – that is spousal property rights cases. The paper seeks to answer the primary question: in addressing spousal property rights in Ghana, have women at the bench made a difference? In answering this question, a doctrinal analysis of purposively selected cases was conducted which led to a finding that women judges did not make a difference in the development of the law on spousal property rights in Ghana. The findings and recommendations made in this paper are expected to contribute to the understanding of how female participation in judging gender-based cases have influenced and could potentially influence the interests and rights of women as well as to inform the policy choice of women judges. Se ha investigado demasiado poco, tanto a nivel regional como nacional, sobre el efecto de que haya juezas que se ocupen de temas de género, sobre todo en África. Este artículo investiga el impacto de juezas en casos seleccionados, basados en género, de Ghana –es decir, casos de derecho de propiedad conyugal. El artículo busca responder a esta pregunta: ¿han marcado la diferencia las mujeres de la judicatura en cuanto a derechos de propiedad conyugal en Ghana? Se realizó un análisis doctrinal de casos seleccionados intencionalmente, y ello llevó a descubrir que no hubo tal diferencia. Esperamos que los hallazgos y recomendaciones recogidos en este artículo ayuden a comprender mejor cómo la participación de las mujeres en el enjuiciamiento de casos basados en género ha podido influir y puede influir potencialmente en los intereses y derechos de las mujeres; y, por otro lado, a informar la elección de políticas de las juezas.

Is it possible to distinguish whether a government is willing to eliminate its accountability or aims for public trust or efficacy growth? Moreover, which elements in the government’s actions differentiate valid criticism from an attack on the independence of the judiciary? This paper proposes an original approach toward recognizing an attack on the judiciary. While previous approaches focused on the reformer’s motivation, adherence to international standards, or the requirement of the “tribunal established by the law,” this approach is looking for a kernel of judicial independence and finds it in sufficient conditions for a judge’s free and impartial decision. In the paper, changes in Hungary and Poland will be compared to the Slovak judicial reform since 2020. While after three decades after the fall of state socialism, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia face similar problems of backsliding of the rule of law and emerging populism, different motivations, interpretations, and outcomes of the judicial reforms can be seen in Slovakia. ¿Es acaso posible distinguir si un gobierno está dispuesto a eliminar su responsabilidad o si aspira a la confianza pública o al crecimiento de la eficacia? Por otro lado, ¿qué elementos de las acciones del gobierno diferencian una crítica válida de un ataque a la independencia del poder judicial? Este documento propone un enfoque original para reconocer un ataque al poder judicial. Mientras que los enfoques anteriores se centraban en la motivación del reformador, la adhesión a las normas internacionales o el requisito del “tribunal establecido por la ley”, este enfoque busca un núcleo de independencia judicial y lo encuentra en las condiciones suficientes para la decisión libre e imparcial de un juez. En el documento, los cambios en Hungría y Polonia se compararán con la reforma judicial eslovaca desde 2020. Si bien después de tres décadas de la caída del socialismo de Estado, Hungría, Polonia y Eslovaquia se enfrentan a problemas similares de retroceso del Estado de Derecho y populismo emergente, en Eslovaquia se observan diferentes motivaciones, interpretaciones y resultados de las reformas judiciales. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1393

Social science research on courts and judges requires data that are typically generated through interviews, observation, or surveys for the purpose of answering specific research questions posed by the researcher. However, traditional methods of data collection are not always feasible. As an alternative, this paper examines the use of administrative data, which have been collected for non-research purposes, in judicial research. Using research undertaken by the author in Australia over the past decade as case studies, the paper examines potential sources of administrative data on courts and judges, how they can be acquired, and the uses to which they can be put. The paper then assesses the advantages and disadvantages of using administrative data, which vary substantially according to the data source. The paper concludes by agreeing with Babbie (2020) that ‘with so much data already collected, the lack of funds to support expensive data collection is no reason for not doing good and useful social research’ on judicial systems. La investigación en ciencias sociales sobre tribunales y jueces requiere datos que suelen generarse a través de encuestas, entrevistas u observación con el fin de responder a preguntas de investigación concretas planteadas por el investigador. Sin embargo, los métodos tradicionales de recopilación de datos no siempre son factibles. Como alternativa, este artículo examina el uso de datos administrativos, que han sido recogidos con fines ajenos a la investigación, en la investigación judicial. Utilizando como estudios de caso las investigaciones realizadas por el autor durante la última década, el artículo examina las fuentes potenciales de datos administrativos sobre tribunales y jueces, cómo pueden ser adquiridos y los usos que se les puede dar. A continuación, el artículo evalúa las ventajas e inconvenientes de la utilización de datos administrativos, que varían sustancialmente según la fuente de datos. El artículo concluye coincidiendo con Babbie (2020) en que “con tantos datos ya recopilados, la falta de fondos para apoyar la costosa recopilación de datos no es razón para no hacer una investigación social buena y útil” sobre los sistemas judiciales.

Two models, the hierarchical model and the local control model, drive the way we talk about the decisions court actors and judges make. However, neither considered in isolation is an adequate explanation of courts’ administrative policy choices during the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper explores how actors in state courts in the United States perceived and performed their policymaking capacity using elite interviews. It argues that considering features of both models provides a more nuanced explanation of the distribution of administrative authority in state courts. The interviews reveal that actors in court systems that both concentrate and distribute administrative authority behave in ways that contradict the prevailing explanatory model. The paper provides evidence of the value of recruiting and interviewing elites when researching court decision-making processes. This study contributes to our understanding of the consequences of centralized and decentralized administrative authority for court users. Utilizando entrevistas de élite, este trabajo explora cómo los actores de los tribunales estatales de Estados Unidos percibieron y desempeñaron su capacidad de formulación de políticas administrativas durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Sostiene que considerar tanto las explicaciones jerárquicas como las de control local del comportamiento de quienes trabajan en los tribunales ofrece una explicación más matizada de la distribución de la autoridad administrativa en estos sistemas. Las entrevistas revelan que los actores de los sistemas judiciales que concentran y distribuyen la autoridad administrativa se comportan de formas que contradicen los modelos explicativos predominantes: en los sistemas administrativamente más descentralizados, algunos actores judiciales buscaban más orientación de los actores centrales, mientras que, en un sistema centralizado, algunos actores judiciales actuaban de formas que se desviaban de las órdenes centrales. Además de ampliar nuestra comprensión de las consecuencias para los usuarios de la autoridad administrativa centralizada y descentralizada de los tribunales, este trabajo aporta pruebas de las ventajas y los retos de realizar entrevistas con una muestra de élite a través de la tecnología.

Although not being a codified legal concept, vulnerability has been increasingly used over the past years in the reasoning of the European Court of Human Rights. Some relevant cases dealing with the multi-faceted notion of vulnerability are retrospectively presented to exemplify this trend, considering two aspects. First, the paper explores the process of juridification of vulnerability in the ECtHR’s case law from the perspective of the sociology of law. Through the emerging uncodified notion of vulnerability, it seeks to inquire the relationship of juridification and legal culture focusing on the legal response to social needs arising from the use of vulnerability. Second, the paper conceptualizes vulnerability looking at its interplay with different human rights’ violations. The paper ultimately aims to re-theorize the role of legal culture as a catalyst for juridification, taking vulnerable conditions and their relevance to the law as a paradigmatic example of social change. Pese a no ser un concepto jurídico codificado, la vulnerabilidad ha sido cada vez más utilizada en los últimos años en el razonamiento del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. Para ejemplificar esta tendencia, se presentan retrospectivamente algunos casos relevantes que abordan la multifacética noción de vulnerabilidad, considerando dos aspectos. En primer lugar, el artículo explora el proceso de juridificación de la vulnerabilidad en la jurisprudencia del TEDH desde la perspectiva de la sociología del derecho. A través de la noción emergente de vulnerabilidad no codificada, se pretende indagar en la relación de la juridificación y la cultura jurídica centrándonos en la respuesta legal a las necesidades sociales que surgen del uso de la vulnerabilidad. En segundo lugar, el documento conceptualiza la vulnerabilidad examinando su interacción con diferentes violaciones de los derechos humanos. En última instancia, el documento pretende volver a teorizar el papel de la cultura jurídica como catalizador de la juridificación, tomando las condiciones de vulnerabilidad y su relevancia para el derecho como ejemplo paradigmático del cambio social. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1314

The aim of this special issue is to present empirical research outcomes and theoretical works that use the concept of legal culture to characterize the approach of the sociology of law. The papers presented were called for at the Oñati Workshop on Legal Culture and empirical research, originally planned for May 2020, but actually held in May 2021, on the initiative of the International Institute of Sociology of Law, and the Sociology of Law Section of the Italian Sociological Association. After an intense meeting, papers were submitted for the standard review process of the Iisl series. We considered that including the concept of legal culture into the research design and insisting on this focus for debate, could be a way of improving the socio-legal character of our research and settling the many disputes in a continuous debate. So, we looked for research experiences in which the concept of legal culture was used to configure legal phenomena in a specifically socio-legal way. Este número especial presenta el enfoque teórico y metodológico para especificar el carácter de la sociología del derecho a través del concepto de cultura jurídica. La inclusión de este concepto en el diseño de la investigación socio-jurídica puede mejorar las preguntas hacia los fenómenos jurídicos e identificar mejor la perspectiva sociológica respecto a otras disciplinas y al conocimiento jurídico. Sin embargo, requiere una mejor especificación de lo que puede entenderse por cultura jurídica desde el punto de vista sociológico. Para ello, propone referir el concepto, con “jurídico”, a lo que es atribuible a la institucionalización jurídica de las dimensiones normativas de la vida social. “Cultura”, en cambio, se refiere a los componentes culturales a los que se recurre para reconectar esos procesos de institucionalización con las normas sociales, los valores y el contexto cultural y social más general del derecho. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1323

The paper analyses the topic of unaccompanied foreign minor migrants’ (UFMs) access paths in Italy and France. The aim is to describe how Italy and France intercept the UFMs to European coasts, and how they are identified and guided to specific reception facilities by examining the data and available references. The focus is on the legal dimension of the “non-reception system”. These are cases in which states have been convicted of violating children’s rights. How the Western world has tried to institutionalise the concept of children’s rights is closely related to the concept and operating modes of legal principles and “cultures”. In a way, the study of legal culture represents a measure of evolution of laws. In this paper, we highlight the usefulness of analysing the principle of the best interest of child (BIC), introduced in the ideal-typical configuration as a free formulation, which can only be understood based on the interpretation of Courts’ decisions taken on behalf of UFMs. El artículo analiza el tema de las vías de acceso de los menores extranjeros no acompañados (MENA) en Italia y Francia. El objetivo es describir cómo Italia y Francia interceptan a los MENA hacia las costas europeas, y cómo son identificados y guiados hacia instalaciones de recepción específicas, examinando los datos y las referencias disponibles. La atención se centra en la dimensión jurídica del "sistema de no recepción". Se trata de casos en los que los Estados han sido condenados por violar los derechos de los niños. El modo en que el mundo occidental ha intentado institucionalizar el concepto de los derechos del niño está estrechamente relacionado con el concepto y los modos de funcionamiento de los principios y las "culturas" jurídicas. En cierto modo, el estudio de la cultura jurídica representa una medida de la evolución de las leyes. En este trabajo, destacamos la utilidad de analizar el principio del interés superior del niño, introducido en la configuración ideal-típica como una formulación libre, que sólo puede entenderse a partir de la interpretación de las decisiones de los tribunales tomadas en nombre de los MENA. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1322

As a result of the publication of the Judgements of the SpanishConstitutional Court no. 148/2021 and no. 2021, the state of alarm has beenreconfigured in the Spanish legal system. The established doctrine opens a newscenario regarding the application and effects of this exceptional state, as wellas its connection with the Spanish ordinary crisis regulations. The purpose ofthis paper is to analyze the utility of this exceptional state in the light of suchdecisions. The paper addresses the referred matter focusing on the historicalevolution of the legal crisis instruments in Spain, on the original configurationof the state of alarm, and, of course, on the new position of this institution for itsfuture use.

This paper examines how Colombia’s Justicia Especial para la Paz (JEP) emerges as a tribunal within which the roles of history, politics, and transitional justice becomes contested. The paper starts by placing the JEP in a historical, social, and political context. Building on the contextualization, it focuses on how the JEP appears to be an extension of the five-decade long conflict in Colombia in its attempt to deal with the past. The paper underscores how punishing “bad” things is not an easy task. Against this background, the paper challenges the boundaries of criminal liability by discussing and analyzing “storytelling” as an alternative to truth-telling in the JEP in order to not only provide additional nuances to the conflict, but also as a way to, at least theoretically, tie different social collectives together in a post-conflict society and enable the courtroom to function constructively with difficult social issues in the aftermath of cataclysm. Este artículo examina cómo la Justicia Especial para la Paz (JEP) de Colombia emerge como un tribunal en el que se contestan los roles de la historia, la política y la justicia transicional. El artículo comienza situando a la JEP en un contexto histórico, social y político. Partiendo de la contextualización, se centra en cómo la JEP parece ser una extensión del conflicto de cinco décadas en Colombia en su intento de lidiar con el pasado. El documento subraya cómo castigar lo “malo” no es tarea fácil. En este contexto, el documento desafía los límites de la responsabilidad penal mediante la discusión y el análisis de la “narración” como una alternativa a la narración de la verdad en la JEP, con el fin no sólo de proporcionar matices adicionales al conflicto, sino también como una forma de, al menos teóricamente, vincular a los diferentes colectivos sociales en una sociedad posconflicto y permitir que el tribunal funcione de manera constructiva con las difíciles cuestiones sociales en el período posterior al cataclismo. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1271

This paper presents a brief overview of fishing in Galicia during Antiquity on the basis of fishing equipment—in particular hooks and weights—recovered from several sites of indigenous origin (castros or hill forts) and newly-established Roman settlements around the basin of the Miño river. Although the topic has often passed unnoticed by archaeological research and suffers from a distinct lack of literature to guide future efforts, the more or less recent publication of papers dealing with this topic in depth has facilitated the study of the Galician record, which is supported by literary and iconographic sources as well as ethnographic documents. The latter have proved relevant in this context, as the world of fishing tends to hold on to traditions. The author sets out to establish a correlation between the remains of fishing implements found and the possible fishing gear they would have been attached to. RESUMEN: Se presenta una síntesis del estado de la cuestión pesquera en Galicia durante la Antigüedad a partir de las evidencias de equipamiento pesquero, esencialmente anzuelos y lastres, registradas en diversos yacimientos de raíz indígena (castros) y de asentamientos romanos ex novo emplazados en la cuenca del río Miño. Pese a la falta generalizada de atención por parte de la investigación arqueológica, ausente de directrices de proyección global, la publicación más o menos reciente de ciertos trabajos que abordan en profundidad esta cuestión facilita el estudio del registro gallego, sustentado por las fuentes literarias, iconográficas y por la documentación etnográfica, la cual revela aquí su relevancia, dado el carácter marcadamente conservador del mundo de la pesca. Se propone un ensayo de correlación entre los restos de instrumental pesquero exhumado y los posibles aparejos y artes de pesca a los que irían adheridos.

The aim of the paper is to examine new trends in the regulation of access to public space, looking at the legal implications of the adoption of hostile architecture and objects as a widespread tendency in urban design. The paper approaches the rising interest in hostile architecture and design with the aim to show the normative aspects of such a trend and how law contributes to shaping an urban space more prone to the insertion of hostile urban objects in it. I begin with a brief discussion of attempts to define and understanding hostile architecture through some examples and showing how the topic matters for legal and socio-legal studies. Then, drawing on examples from Italian legislation, I analyze how the link between “decorum” and hostile architecture shapes public spaces and how this helps to create a specific regime of visibility and expulsion for certain categories of people. Finally, I make some concluding remarks on how hostile design represents a challenge for re-thinking cities in more inclusive terms. El objetivo del artículo es examinar las nuevas tendencias en la regulación del acceso al espacio público, analizando las implicaciones jurídicas de la adopción de la arquitectura y los objetos hostiles como tendencia generalizada del diseño urbano. El documento aborda el interés creciente por la arquitectura y el diseño hostiles, con el objetivo de mostrar los aspectos normativos de dicha tendencia y cómo el derecho contribuye a configurar un espacio urbano más propenso a la inserción de objetos urbanos hostiles. Comienzo con un breve análisis de los intentos de definir y comprender la arquitectura hostil a través de algunos ejemplos y mostrando la importancia del tema para los estudios jurídicos y socio-jurídicos. A continuación, basándome en ejemplos de la legislación italiana, analizo cómo el vínculo entre el “decoro” y la arquitectura hostil da forma a los espacios públicos y cómo esto contribuye a crear un régimen específico de visibilidad y expulsión para determinadas categorías de personas. Por último, hago algunas observaciones sobre cómo el diseño hostil representa un reto para repensar las ciudades en términos más inclusivos. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1306

This paper examines a tension in the time of a pandemic between governmental representations of death as an anomaly and techniques for normalising death as an inevitable outcome of life. It contends that the technology of registering a death during the COVID-19 pandemic is conditioned upon differentiating between the normal and the pathological, standards and variations, and average and excess. Indeed, death registration depends on the creation of a new universal nomenclature for ascertaining death causation, which excludes various circumstances of a person’s life in order to stabilise SARS-CoV-2 as a normative category for classification. The paper thus reveals how during a pandemic, registration can been utilised to pathologise specific kinds of death, while unproblematically reifying the concept of a normal death. It argues that what the COVID-19 pandemic exposes, particularly though the productive tension between the rhetoric of death as both an anomaly and inevitable, is that normalising technologies are inextricable from how a panoply of institutions determine what deaths should be counted at all. Este artículo examina la tensión que se produjo en el primer año de pandemia de la COVID-19 entre discursos sobre la muerte como anomalía y las técnicas para normalizar la muerte como resultado inevitable de la vida. Afirma que la tecnología de registro de muertes en el norte global en 2020 estaba condicionada por diferenciar entre lo normal y lo patológico, lo normal y la variación, y la media y el exceso. De hecho, el registro de un fallecimiento dependía de la creación de una nueva nomenclatura universal para comprobar la causa, lo cual excluía diversas circunstancias de la vida de una persona a fin de estabilizar el SARS-CoV-2 como una categoría normativa de clasificación. Por tanto, el artículo revela como, en época de pandemia, la tecnología de registro se puede usar para patologizar determinados tipos de muertes. Se argumenta que la fase inicial de la COVID-19 deja al descubierto, sobre todo a través de la tensión productiva entre discursos de la muerte como anomalía e inevitabilidad, que las tecnologías normalizadoras son inextricables de la forma en que un entramado de instituciones deciden qué muertes se deben contabilizar. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1232

We live in an increasingly digitally mediated, platform-based environment characterised by remote working, schooling, shopping, and socialising, where national borders blur and geographical location importance decreases. One of the main effects of this transformation is the growing relevance of cross-border (actual and potential) disputes and, therefore, the need for adequate means to address and resolve them. Geographically bounded forms of dispute resolution based on national justice systems, courts, and independent judges have shown their limits to face the new challenge. Building on Canguilhem’s work on the norm, normal and pathological concepts, the paper explores the European Union’s attempt to provide adequate cross-border dispute resolution mechanisms through traditional justice means, showing achieved results and limits. The paper then explores the increasing role of dispute resolution mechanisms integrated into platforms, such as Amazon, eBay and Booking, that bring together service-and-goods providers and buyers/users. These platforms 1) act as third parties in the adjudication of controversies and 2) deploy crowd-based adjudication and enforcement instruments. Vivimos en un entorno cada vez más mediatizado digitalmente y basado en plataformas, caracterizado por el trabajo, la escolarización, las compras y la socialización a distancia, donde las fronteras nacionales se difuminan y la importancia de la ubicación geográfica disminuye. Uno de los principales efectos de esta transformación es la creciente relevancia de los litigios transfronterizos (reales y potenciales) y, por tanto, la necesidad de contar con medios adecuados para abordarlos y resolverlos. Las formas de resolución de litigios delimitadas geográficamente y basadas en los sistemas de justicia nacionales, los tribunales y los jueces independientes han demostrado sus límites para afrontar el nuevo reto. Basándose en el trabajo de Canguilhem sobre los conceptos de norma, normalidad y patología, el documento explora el intento de la Unión Europea de proporcionar mecanismos adecuados de resolución de conflictos transfronterizos a través de los medios de justicia tradicionales, mostrando los resultados obtenidos y sus límites. A continuación, el documento explora el papel cada vez más importante de los mecanismos de resolución de conflictos integrados en plataformas, como Amazon, eBay y Booking, que ponen en contacto a los proveedores de servicios y bienes con los compradores/usuarios. Estas plataformas 1) actúan como terceros en la adjudicación de controversias y 2) despliegan instrumentos de adjudicación y ejecución basados en la multitud. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1303

The eleven papers in this special issue analyze how different sources of disruption collide with normality, the consequences on individual, social and institutional life, and efforts to re-establish the old or to create a new normal. They arose from a series of online seminars in September and October 2020 investigating normality, disruption and normalization in the wake of the current environmental, technological, epidemiological and socio-economic shocks. Disruption is a window into the underlying fabric of social arrangements. It allows us to investigate the concept of normality and its implications, the tensions and conflicts between economic, social, legal and technological means used to re-establish normality. Technologies of normalization may paradoxically cause further disruptions. Human dignity is a landmark value in these inquiries. The introduction and the papers suggest possible measures to anticipate disruptions and consequent harms. They alert us to the risks to human dignity arising from disruption and from attempts to reimpose forms of normality. Los once artículos de este número especial analizan la forma en que diferentes fuentes de perturbación colisionan con la normalidad, las consecuencias en la vida individual, social e institucional, y los esfuerzos para restablecer lo anterior o crear una nueva normalidad. Surgen de una serie de seminarios online de septiembre y octubre de 2020 que investigaban la normalidad, la perturbación y la normalización en la estela de los shocks medioambientales, tecnológicos, epidemiológicos y socioeconómicos de la actualidad. La perturbación es una ventana al tejido subyacente de los acuerdos sociales. Nos permite investigar el concepto de normalidad y sus implicaciones, las tensiones y los conflictos entre los medios económicos, sociales, jurídicos y tecnológicos empleados para restablecer la normalidad. Paradójicamente, las tecnologías de la normalización pueden causar más trastornos. La dignidad humana es un valor referente en estas investigaciones. La introducción y los artículos sugieren medidas posibles para anticiparnos a las perturbaciones y consiguientes daños, y nos alertan de los riesgos para la dignidad humana provenientes de la perturbación y de intentos de reimponer tipos de normalidad. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1308

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is the main pathology that occurs within interpersonal relations, and women are the chief victims in an overwhelming majority of cases. At present, a well-established international legal framework is in place that defines IPV as violating internationally recognized human rights. However, the application of these standards has proven difficult because it requires multilayered arrangements to be effective. This paper investigates whether and how police authorities and the justice system – as parts of the victims’ support network – can assist victims in escaping from violence and restoring normality to their lives. The focus is on the gap between the law in the book and the law in action. To this end, the paper presents the findings of an Italian case study based on both document analysis and field research. The main aim is to bring to light organizational problems that can seriously jeopardize the effectiveness of systems to shield IPV victims and the full enjoyment of their individual rights. La violencia de pareja es la principal patología en relaciones interpersonales, y las mujeres son las víctimas en una aplastante mayoría de los casos. En este momento, hay en vigor un marco jurídico internacional bien establecido, el cual define la violencia de pareja como violación de derechos humanos reconocidos a nivel internacional. Sin embargo, la aplicación de esos estándares ha demostrado ser difícil, porque, para su efectividad, se requieren acuerdos a distintos niveles. Este artículo investiga si las autoridades policiales y el sistema de justicia –como parte de la red de apoyo a las víctimas– pueden ayudar a las víctimas a escapar de la violencia y a restablecer la normalidad en sus vidas, y de qué manera. Nos centramos en la brecha entre el derecho en los libros y el derecho en acción. A este fin, el artículo presenta los hallazgos de un estudio de caso de Italia, basado tanto en análisis de documentos como en investigación de campo. El objetivo principal es arrojar luz sobre problemas organizacionales que pueden poner seriamente en peligro la efectividad de los sistemas que deben proteger a las víctimas y el pleno disfrute de los derechos personales de éstas. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1272

This paper studies the training process performed by several primary teachers. The analysis of such training is the main line in this paper, together with the in-class activity. The project focuses on the teaching of literature; precisely, on verbal interactions that emerge in the classroom when working with illustrated books. Part of the training consisted in self-confrontation interviews, where the teachers visualized their lessons and have reflected on their practice. The results obtained from the aforesaid interviews have suggested that there has been an evolution between different self-confrontations; for example, the teachers moved from an external look into an internal one, where the practice is analysed from the internal prism of the author.

El conjunto de trabajos que se presenta e introduce refleja el diálogo establecido entre tres conceptos que se encuentran estrechamente relacionados (vulnerabilidad, cuidado y derechos) en el workshop del mismo título celebrado online en 2020. Partiendo de un entendimiento de la vulnerabilidad como un fenómeno transversal y universal, varios de los trabajos reflexionan acerca de la misma naturaleza del concepto y desde el punto de vista del papel del Estado y del derecho a la hora de afrontar los efectos negativos de la misma. Junto con la vulnerabilidad, el otro eje de los trabajos es el del cuidado, tanto en sus dimensiones éticas y política como desde una perspectiva de género. Todo ello desde una visión Ibérica (relacionada con el tratamiento constitucional y algunos aspectos legales en España y Portugal), pero que abarca también la perspectiva europea y, en un sentido más amplio, la relacionada con los derechos humanos. The set of papers presented and introduced here reflects the dialogue established between three closely related concepts (vulnerability, care and rights) at the workshop of the same title held online in 2020. Starting from an understanding of vulnerability as a cross-cutting and universal phenomenon, several of the papers reflect on the very nature of the concept and from the point of view of the role of the state and the law in addressing the negative effects of vulnerability. Along with vulnerability, the other axis of the papers is that of care, both in its ethical and political dimensions and from a gender perspective. All of this from an Iberian perspective (related to the constitutional treatment and some legal aspects in Spain and Portugal), but which also encompasses the European perspective, and, in a broader sense, that related to human rights. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1259

This paper’s aim is to further current thinking around young men’s perceptions and understanding of violence, and the use of boxing as a vehicle in the prevention of repeat victimization. The focus is on the use of bodily or physical capital, and the ways in which men draw upon this resource to ward off attacks to identity and psyches, especially those perceived as disrespectful. It will draw on data from The Criminology of Boxing, Violence and Desistance (Jump 2020), and present overarching ideas from Tyrone, a psychosocial case study highlighting the underpinning theory and its development. This paper disrupts common discourses that argue that boxing is a panacea for all violence, and thus presents more subjective nuanced accounts of men’s lives in the gym, and the streets. In using the term “physical capital”, I employ Wacquant’s (1995) theory, and suggest that boxers not only use their body as a “form of capital” (p. 65), but that the physical capital accrued through the corporeal praxis of boxing, is actually a way to disavow prior victimization, and invest in the prevention of repeated traumatic scenarios. El objetivo de este artículo es ayudar al avance de la reflexión sobre las percepciones y concepciones de los hombres jóvenes sobre la violencia, y el uso del boxeo como vehículo para prevenir la victimización reiterada. La atención prioritaria es sobre el uso del capital corporal o físico, y cómo los hombres recurren a él para prevenir ataques a la identidad o a la psique, sobre todo aquellos percibidos como irrespetuosos. Se parte de datos de The Criminology of Boxing, Violence and Desistance (Jump 2020), y se presentan ideas generales de Tyrone, un estudio de caso psicosocial que arroja luz sobre la teoría subyacente y su desarrollo. El artículo rompe con el discurso común de que el boxeo es la panacea para toda violencia, y así presenta testimonios matizados más subjetivos de las vidas de hombres en el gimnasio y en las calles. Al usar el término “capital físico”, utilizo la teoría de Wacquant (1995) y sugiero que los boxeadores no sólo usan su cuerpo como una “forma de capital” (p. 65), sino que el capital físico adquirido a través de la praxis corporal del boxeo es en realidad una forma de negar victimizaciones previas y de invertir en la prevención de escenarios traumáticos reiterados. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1171

Despite media suggestions that youth violence is the result of an epidemic of young thugs “out of control”, this paper argues that youth violence is emblematic of complex political, economic and socio-cultural conditions. This introductory paper discusses some of the key themes and articles from our special issue on Youth Violence: De-Escalation Strategies and Socio-Legal Responses, which is the result of a workshop held at the Oñati International Institute for the Sociology of Law in July 2019. It seeks to reflect the rich tapestry of factors, contexts and processes that can place young people at risk of offending, or, perhaps even more importantly, at risk of criminalisation, as presented in the special issue collection. We reflect on the range of perspectives presented across the special issue on youth violence and the de-escalation of such violence, which seek to advance knowledge, and identify strategies for regulating and preventing this behaviour. Pese a insinuaciones de los medios de que la violencia juvenil es consecuencia de una epidemia de jóvenes matones “fuera de control”, este artículo argumenta que la violencia juvenil es emblemática de circunstancias políticas, económicas y socioculturales complejas. Esta introducción expone algunos de los temas claves de los artículos de nuestro número especial titulado Youth Violence: De-Escalation Strategies and Socio-Legal Responses, que es fruto de un seminario celebrado en el Instituto Internacional de Sociología Jurídica de Oñati, en julio de 2019. Se busca reflejar el rico mosaico de factores, contextos y procesos que pueden poner a los jóvenes en riesgo de delinquir o, quizá más importante, en riesgo de criminalidad, como se presenta en el número especial. Aquí reflejamos la variedad de perspectivas que se presentan en el número especial sobre violencia juvenil y la desescalada de dicha violencia, lo cual pretende adelantar el conocimiento e identificar estrategias para regular y prevenir ese comportamiento. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1211

El análisis arqueométrico de un hacha de color verde recuperada en los años 20 del pasado siglo en el entorno de Monte Aberto-Elviña (A Coruña), que probablemente habría formado parte del ajuar de uno de los tres túmulos que componían la necrópolis homónima, ha permitido determinar que se trata de un hacha tipo Durrington “goutte d’eau”, fabricada en jadeíta de origen alpino proveniente posiblemente de las formaciones existentes en San Front (Cuneo, Piamonte). Esta circunstancia la convierte –tras el hacha de Vilapedre (Lugo)– en la segunda pieza de procedencia alpina documentada en territorio gallego. En este artículo se intenta determinar el origen arqueológico del hacha de Monte Aberto-Elviña con la mayor exactitud posible, al tiempo que se ofrecen los resultados del análisis arqueométrico y se reflexiona sobre el cómo y el cuándo esta pieza habría llegado al Noroeste Ibérico. ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the results of the archaeometric analysis of a green stone axe recovered in the 1920s around Monte Aberto-Elviña, on the outskirts of the city of A Coruña (Galicia, northwestern Spain). The review of the work carried out by a Galician archaeologist –Luis Monteagudo– in the 30s and 40s of the last century has allowed us to establish, with a high degree of certainty, that the axe analyzed in this paper was part of the grave goods from one of the three burial mounds comprising the necropolis of Monte Aberto-Elviña, which was destroyed at some point in the second half of the twentieth century. The analysis of this artefact through X-Ray Diffraction and SEM-EDX and its subsequent comparison with geological samples from several points of the Alps has allowed us to determine that the Monte Aberto-Elviña is –in fact– a Durrington “goutte d’eau” type axe made of Alpine jadeite, showing a compositional similarity with the geological samples coming from San Front (Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy). In addition to trying to determine –as accurately as possible– the archaeological and geological origin of the Monte Aberto-Elviña axe, this article reflects on its possible way to the Iberian Peninsula (proposing a route through the Bay of Biscay, without ruling out the arrival along the Mediterranean coast, perhaps through the Catalan territory, which may have acted as a redistribution center of Alpine pieces for the rest of the Peninsula). Finally, comparing the chronology of the Durrington “goutte d’eau” axes in other European regions and the chronological dates available for the Galician burial mounds, we suggest an arrival of this artefact in the Iberian northwest sometime in the second half of the 5th millennium BC or, more likely, in the early 4th millennium BC.

En este trabajo presentamos los materiales recuperados en la excavación del abrigo de la Font d’Horta (Vilafranca, Castelló). Las características de estos materiales, entre las que destacan las armaduras geométricas (entre ellas un segmento de doble bisel) y la datación obtenida sobre hueso, nos remiten a los momentos de transición entre las últimas poblaciones cazadoras y recolectoras y la llegada de las primeras comunidades neolíticas. La valoración de los datos en el contexto de la zona del Maestrat/Maestrazgo y sus vínculos con el litoral mediterráneo y el valle del Ebro nos permiten discutir su posible vinculación con unas u otras poblaciones, concluyendo que nos encontramos ante una ocupación de las últimas poblaciones mesolíticas de este territorio. ABSTRACT: In this paper we present the materials recovered in the excavation of the Font d’Horta rockshelter (Vilafranca, Castelló). This is a small shelter, about 3 meters long by 2 meters deep, in which an interesting ensemble of materials has been recovered that allow us to discuss the presence of either the last hunter-gatherer populations or the first farmer-herder populations. Among the recovered materials, the geometric projectiles stands out (including a double bevel segment, which is the center of the cultural and chronological debate in this paper) and the absence of pottery must be highlighted. Furthermore, few fauna remains and 3 personal ornaments on marine gastropods have been recovered. To confirm its ascription, we have obtained a bone dating with a result of 7570-7441 cal BP (5621-5492 cal BC). This dating, far from confirming its ascription, shows us that we are front a transitional context between the last Mesolithic and the arrival of the first Neolithic populations in this area. The assessment of the data in the context of the Maestrat / Maestrazgo area and its links with the Mediterranean coast and the Ebro valley allow us to discuss its possible connection with one of these populations. The analysis of the archaeological context show us the existence of several Mesolithic sites with dates close to that obtained in the Font d’Horta and the possibility that we are in a territory with an effective neolithization a bit later than the date obtained. These data, together with the lack of pottery in this site, allow us to conclude that we are facing an occupation of the last Mesolithic populations of this territory.

Aquest article té per objecte presentar quina ha estat l’evolució de la normativa en matèria lingüística en el Parlament de les Illes Balears, i fer una breu descripció dels usos lingüístics institucionals, en un context de canvi en el paper i el tractament de la llengua catalana, pròpia de les Illes Balears, a causa de la recent aprovació, el mes de febrer de 2024, de l’anomenat Acord per al bilingüisme. En els usos lingüístics institucionals, hi podem diferenciar tres etapes, que es corresponen, pràcticament, amb les legislatures següents: l’etapa inicial, que comprèn la primera i la segona legislatures (des de la promulgació de l’Estatut d’autonomia de l’any 1983 fins a l’any 1991), l’etapa de consolidació de l’ús institucional de la llengua catalana (legislatures segona a desena, de l’any 1991 a l’any 2023) i l’etapa actual de l’onzena legislatura (a partir de febrer de 2024).

Between 2020 and 2023, a period of time assailed by the COVID-19 pandemic, society – as a worldwide social system –experienced a novel kind of communication. The tendency for this communication to exponentially expand is due to the global numbers of people dead, dying or infected. Pandemic communication has arisen in the present to perpetuate itself in all ambiences for every social system around the globe. The health system, in turn, basing itself on the health/disease code, has reacted according to its own logic in the coordination of the actions of doctors. However, the true/false nature of communication arising from questions related to COVID-19 has taken a long time to be tested by the science system. Vaccines and possible treatments for the disease have created issues for political, economic, moral, religious and media matters. The continually expanding trend in pandemic communication has proven that it can hinder the functional differentiation of social systems. Legal communication has not been able to avoid all of the controversy. In the specific case of Law, the problem entails both the judicialization of health and the reverse (where Health becomes Law). Based on the Social Systems Theory Applied to Law, the paper argues that the maintenance of the functional differentiation of the Law system becomes necessary so as for Health not to become Law (and vice versa).

In recent decades, Spain has enacted two national laws on historical and democratic memory (in 2007 and 2022), alongside numerous laws at the sub-national level. The significance of these laws goes beyond their symbolic value; they not only contribute to collective memory but also acknowledge the plight of victims. This paper aims to analyze the factors influencing regional regulations on historical and democratic memory in Spain. Our focus will be on the drafting processes, exploring the political factors that shape their approval in different regions. Additionally, we will investigate regions that have yet to enact memory laws to understand the reasons behind the absence of such legislation.

Legal reasoning in the common law tradition requires judges to draw on concepts, and examples that are meant to resonate with a particular emotional import and operate in judicial reasoning as though they do. Judicial applications of constitutional rights are regularly interpreted by reference to past violations (either through precedent, contextual framings, and/or legislative history), which in turn elicit a series of emotions which work to deepen and intensify judicial understandings of a right guarantee (freedom of association, freedom of expression, equality, security of the person, etc.). This paper examines the way in which invocations of past political histories, and rights abuses (however ill or well-defined), work to conjure up a set of service emotions (emotions which work to establish a particular frame of mind), which guide judicial applications of doctrine in cases concerning an alleged violation of a constitutional right.

This special issue has its origins in the workshop The policy of cultural rights: socio-legal perspectives on cultural diversity held at the IISL in July 2017, and chaired by Miren Manias-Muñoz (UPV/EHU) and Lucero Ibarra (CIDE Mexico). It is a combination of five papers whose first versions were originally presented at that workshop, and three additional manuscripts submitted individually to our journal, which, in view of their subject and research rationale, and after due peer review, have been considered as particularly adequate and suitable to be included in this special-issue. All in one, this collection addresses the politics of cultural production, state regulation, and social contestation at the local and national scale, offering interesting insights about Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.

Restorative justice has become a conflict-solving philosophy with a global vocation, involving the parties and aiming for the accountability of the aggressor and reparation for the victims. Among the tools to implement it in the criminal judicial scope, the most extended is mediation, especially in Europe. However, there are many resistances to its implementation, both from the profession and from the institutions, and even from the people. In order to take a deeper look into these resistances, and to clarify the challenges that public policies are facing, this paper presents the findings of a socio-legal research carried out in 2019 about restorative justice and criminal mediation within the judiciary in the Autonomous Community of Aragon (Spain).

This paper examines the respect for fundamental rights withinthe scope of the Schengen Borders Code (SBC). Firstly, it does so in the lightof the current status quo, jurisprudential and normative. It then surveys theimpact of COVID-19 and of the unprecedented measures, with no clear legalbasis, that had to be improvised against the pandemic and which had a majorimpact on the SBC (closure of external borders, reintroduction of internal bordercontrols and changing prohibitions on ¿intra-Schengen¿ movements) as wellas on fundamental rights. Finally, and also from the perspective of respect forfundamental rights, the impact of the New Pact on Migration and Asylum on theCFS is addressed, through the proposal for amendment of the CFS presented bythe Commission, currently under consideration.

The strategic perspective of public procurement requires a paradigm shift that puts procurement at the service of other public policy objectives. This new vision is not a recent development, but has been taking shape within the framework of a European Union that is striving to combine the aspirations of the common market with the objectives of a social and sustainable Europe. Thus, step by step, environmental and social clauses have made their way into public contracts; firstly, sporadically and promptly; secondly, through a systematic effort to analyse how they fit into the different phases of the tendering procedure; and finally, through a clear proposal in favour of strategic public procurement. In this paper we approach, from a historical perspective and within the scope of the Union, the construction and characteristics of strategic public procurement.

Al evaluar los efectos de la juridificación de la política indígena y dilucidar si han conducido a resultados de empoderamiento o dominación para los movimientos indígenas, deben considerarse los resultados del litigio desde una dimensión estrecha (efectos materiales directos) pero también los efectos indirectos y simbólicos de la movilización legal indígena, es decir, evaluar los efectos de la movilización legal desde una dimensión más amplia. Tras revisar el disperso cuerpo de literatura sobre los efectos de la juridificación de la política indígena (Sieder), en este artículo se propone adoptar el modelo de estudio propuesto por Gloppen y Wilson (2017) que compagina este doble análisis desde una dimensión estrecha y amplia, y para la dimensión amplia se sugiere seguir las categorías planteadas por Dugard en 2022 (power-with, power-to, power-within y power-from dimensions). De esta manera, se logra abordar integralmente los efectos de la movilización legal indígena y obtener conclusiones más consistentes al realizar los estudios de casos. To assess the effects of juridifcation of indigenous politics and conclude whether it has led to the empowerment or domination of indigenous movements, it shall be considered not only trial outcomes from a narrow dimension (direct, material effects), but also indirect and symbolic effects of indigenous legal mobilizations; that is, assess the effects of legal mobilizations from a broader dimension. After reviewing the limited body of literature on the effects of juridification of indigenous politics (Sieder), it is recommended in this paper to follow the study model proposed by Gloppen and Wilson (2017). This model combines this double analysis from a narrow and broad dimension. Besides, for the broad dimension, it is suggested to follow the categories set out by Dugard in 2022 (power-with, power-to, power-within and power-from dimensions). This way, it is possible to comprehensively address the effects of indigenous legal mobilizations and reach more consistent findings when undertaking case studies.

En este trabajo se estudia y analiza un conjunto lítico y un canto compresor-percutor localizado en el embalse de Urrúnaga (Álava). El compresor, un canto calizo, presenta, en una de sus caras, el gabado de una línea cérvico-dorsal. El canto fue recuperado en superficie junto con un nutrido número de artefactos líticos tallados sobre sílex cuyo estudio tecno-tipológico, también presentado en este trabajo, lo encuadra, mayoritariamente, en momentos finales del Paleolítico superior. ABSTRACT: In this paper we study and analyse the lithic assemblage and a stone hammer located in the Urrúnaga reservoir (Álava). The hammerstone, a limestone pebble, features an engraving of a cervico-dorsal line on one of its faces. The stone was recovered in a surface scatter along with a large number of lithic artifacts made of flint, its technotypological study places it, alongside graphic comparisons with other decorated supports, in the late Upper Paleolithic period.

Amos Rapoport is one of the pioneers of the studies on the relationship between people and their environments. At the same time, analyzing the built environment as a factor co-determining human interactions in the courtroom tends to be more and more popular in literature. Following this line, the paper aims to consider whether Rapoport’s theoretical framework (especially its part related to non-verbal communication through the environment) could be fruitfully applied to the study of the courtroom, especially to shed some light on the spatial, physical, or architectural aspects of the courtroom (which is treated as a particular environment). This paper offers a very initial, preliminary examination of the usefulness of Rapoport’s framework in reference to the courtroom interior. What needs to be stressed is that, rather than focusing on a given jurisdiction as a point of reference when elaborating on the usefulness of Rapoport’s framework, the authors try to examine its general applicability. Amos Rapoport es uno de los pioneros del estudio de las relaciones entre las personas y sus entornos. Al mismo tiempo, el análisis del entorno construido como un factor codeterminante de las interacciones humanas en el tribunal es cada vez más popular en la literatura. Siguiendo esa línea, el artículo se propone considerar si el marco teórico de Rapoport (especialmente la parte relacionada con la comunicación no verbal a través del entorno) podría ser aplicado de forma fructífera al estudio del tribunal, especialmente para arrojar luz sobre los aspectos espaciales, físicos o arquitectónicos del tribunal (el cual se trata como un entorno especial). El artículo ofrece un examen inicial, preliminar, sobre la utilidad del marco de Rapoport en referencia al interior del juzgado. Hay que subrayar que los autores intentan examinar la aplicabilidad general del marco de Rapoport, en lugar de centrarse en una jurisdicción concreta como punto de referencia. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1230

In this paper, a short history of Basque anthroponymy is made, starting from Antiquity and going through the Roman period, the Middle Ages, the Modern Age and the Contemporary Age. For each of these periods, the stock of the most frequent person names is presented, by synthesizing a variety of works by other authors, who in turn depend on the kind of sources that we have for each period. As in other parts of Europe, an autochthonous repertoire of anthroponyms dominates until the 11th century, either of Aquitanian/Basque etymology or borrowed (mainly from Romance), but deep-rooted in the Basque-speaking areas and particularly in the Kingdom of Pamplona. From the 11th century, the centralizing reforms undertaken by the Catholic Church brought about a gradual substitution of those ancient person names by some others taken from saints, evangelists, characters of the New Testament, a tendency brought to the extreme by the previsions fostered by the Council of Trent. However, as any other European language, Basque developed vernacular versions of these names, as well as an ample array of hypocoristic variants, in which the autochtonous processes of the language such as suffixation, palatalization, etc., are profusely employed. As against some previous accounts of Basque anthroponymy, which have focused exclusively on the analysis of separate anthroponymic units (basically idionyms and patronyms), this paper aims at a global description of the anthroponymic system, considering also social aspects like the development of naming structures as a whole (e.g. idionym + patronym + toponym), and the motivation for giving children particular names (according to relatives, ancestors, patron saints, calendars…).

Intensive consumption and massive waste generation are considered some of the most important current socio-environmental issues. In view of this, education is considered key. In this paper, we analyse one of the most widely used teaching resources in secondary school classrooms: the textbook (TB). The results of the analysis of 14 TB of 7th and 10th grade indicate that they do not establish adequate connections between the causes, consequences and possible solutions to the problem, nor do they contextualise them in the students' possibilities for action. Furthermore, the images used do not provide relevant information and are inoperative, while the activities do not favour the development of the responsibilities and commitments needed to promote changes in behaviours. Therefore, the TBs analysed do not contribute to the desired awareness, neither to the promotion of more sustainable attitudes and habits in the face of this socio-environmental problem.