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La professionalització dels intèrprets en l’àmbit jurídic està guanyant importància a Espanya a causa de les directives de la Unió Europea sobre els drets processals de persones sospitoses o acusades d’algun delicte. A això s’hi ha d’afegir la prolongada crisi humanitària, que ha sensibilitzat l’opinió pública sobre la qualitat de la interpretació proporcionada per diverses ONG i altres organismes que s’ocupen dels sol·licitants d’asil. Actualment, els proveïdors de serveis privats contracten els intèrprets en funció de les llengües que necessitin o que estiguin disponibles, sense exigir-los una formació específica. En aquest article, analitzem la qualitat percebuda dels serveis d’interpretació i el paper de l’intèrpret des de diverses perspectives, incloses les dels agents de les ONG (assessors jurídics, treballadors socials i psicòlegs) i els advocats que participen en aquesta mena de processos, seguint mètodes d’investigació descriptiva. A continuació, tractarem les diferents percepcions sobre la figura de l’intèrpret que tenen els diferents professionals que intervenen en el procediment de sol·licitud d’asil, amb l’objectiu d’obtenir una imatge vàlida, basada en dades, de la interpretació en el context de la sol·licitud d’asil a Espanya. S’espera que aquesta informació serveixi per omplir el buit que existeix en el desenvolupament professional dels intèrprets com a part essencial dels processos d’asil i, el que és més important, com a garantia dels drets humans. També contribuirà a sensibilitzar els professionals que desenvolupen la seva feina amb l’ajuda d’intèrprets.

En aquest article intentarem determinar els motius que hi ha darrere de la baixa qualitat de la feina dels intèrprets judicials en el context dels processos penals als tribunals de Barcelona. A partir d’un corpus de judicis reals enregistrats, explorem quatre possibles factors que poden afectar l’actuació dels intèrprets: durada del judici, problemes de gestió de les converses, experiència dels intèrprets i tipus de delicte que es jutja. A més, també analitzem faltes de rendiment injustificades, que es consideren un indicador important de la ineficàcia. Les conclusions es comenten en el context de la competència lingüística de l’intèrpret, el seu paper en la interacció amb tots els participants i les normes establertes dels codis de conducta professionals. En aquest article se subratlla la necessitat de millorar la qualificació dels intèrprets, però també de conscienciar els membres del poder judicial espanyol sobre el paper dels intèrprets, amb l’objectiu de protegir els drets processals de les persones que no parlen ni entenen la llengua en què es du a terme el procediment.

Aquest article analitza la figura de Maria Fortesa / Maria de Fortalesa des d'una doble perspectiva. En primer terme, històrica. Maria és successora i representant dels xuetes mallorquins ajusticiats al segle xvii que, amb el canvi de continent i de posició social, mostra els contrastos entre les dues illes (Mallorca i Cuba) i el progrés del segle xix basat en l'assimilació del discurs colonial. En segon lloc, a través de Maria, Carme Riera descriu la figura de la "literata"; mostra les contradiccions i restriccions de la primera generació d'escriptores modernes de la qual se sent deutora. D'altra banda, tot i la distància autoral que proporcionen les tècniques narratives de la ironia, la paròdia i l'ús del pastitx, no s'amaga l'escriptura com una passió irrefrenable —a través de l'escriptura epistolar— tot i que es manté allunyada dels models literaris reconeguts a l'època.

Aquest text recull uns papers de treball al voltant de la in/visibilitat, amb el propòsit de revisar una categoria que ha creuat la trajectòria d’existència lèsbica, gai, queer, així com la teorització i el pensament a propòsit d’aquestes subjectivitats (i de la seva pròpia subjecció). L’associació de la visibilitat amb l’existència ha constituit un axioma. No obstant, la visibilitat no és sempre necessàriament la millor manera de fer-se visible o, immediatament, la millor estratègia política per a l’afirmació de la nostra existència. En aquests papers de treball parteixo de la formulació d’unes hipòtesis/propostes de reflexió, per continuar dialogant amb el volum Manifiestos gays, lesbianos, queer. Testimonios de una lucha (1969-1994), editat per Rafael M. Mérida, i acabo amb un breu testimoni de l’escriptora catalana Maria Mercè Marçal.

Aquest article té per objecte presentar quina ha estat l’evolució de la normativa en matèria lingüística en el Parlament de les Illes Balears, i fer una breu descripció dels usos lingüístics institucionals, en un context de canvi en el paper i el tractament de la llengua catalana, pròpia de les Illes Balears, a causa de la recent aprovació, el mes de febrer de 2024, de l’anomenat Acord per al bilingüisme. En els usos lingüístics institucionals, hi podem diferenciar tres etapes, que es corresponen, pràcticament, amb les legislatures següents: l’etapa inicial, que comprèn la primera i la segona legislatures (des de la promulgació de l’Estatut d’autonomia de l’any 1983 fins a l’any 1991), l’etapa de consolidació de l’ús institucional de la llengua catalana (legislatures segona a desena, de l’any 1991 a l’any 2023) i l’etapa actual de l’onzena legislatura (a partir de febrer de 2024).

La intel·ligència artificial mou milions d’euros i ocupa una part important de les agendes polítiques i estratègiques dels governs. En aquest article reflexionem sobre aquest concepte difús i ho fem a través de tres entrevistes a tres persones que ocupen llocs rellevants en aquest àmbit, i que a més tenen en comú que són nascudes i formades a Catalunya. Amb elles hem parlat distesament dels orígens d’aquesta revolució tecnològica, del seu impacte sobre l’organització social i el mercat laboral, de les seves implicacions ètiques, de les tendències futures que es dibuixen i també sobre quin paper juguem els catalans en aquesta revolució. En la qüestió catalana hem volgut saber si les nostres universitats són capaces de generar el talent necessari, com impulsar estratègicament el teixit empresarial en aquesta àrea, quin paper ha de tenir l’administració i què hauria de passar perquè la intel·ligència artificial també parli en català. En aquestes converses, els nostres interlocutors ens han transmès la urgència i la necessitat de treballar en la definició d’estratègies concretes de país per tal de no quedar socialment i estructuralment enrere en el que sembla una revolució sense límits.

This paper reveals the identity and authorship of an unknown Portrait of a Gentleman previously attributed to the circle of Diego Velázquez. Based on the peculiar physiognomy of the sitter, and in comparison to other known portraits, it can be identified as Don Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 8th Duke of Alburquerque (1619-1676), Viceroy of New Spain (1653-1660) and Sicily (1668-1670). Albuquerque was known to be in Flanders between 1640 and 1643, during which time he was portrayed by siblings Michaelina and Charles Wautier, to whom the painting can now be attributed for stylistic and historical reasons, and supported by evidence of the remains of a signature in the upper left-hand corner of the canvas. This paper traces the career of the Duke of Albuquerque, which is linked to the history of Spain, Flanders, Mexico, and Sicily, highlighting his inclination towards the Fine Arts, whilst delving into his polemic participation in the Battle of Rocroi in 1643.

This paper focuses on interpreter-mediated interviews with victims, suspects and witnesses under the age of 18 who are vulnerable because of their age, native language and country of presence, with particular emphasis on how to provide the necessary information, support, and protection for this group. The paper reports on the results of the European project Cooperation in Interpreter-Mediated Questioning of Minors (CMIQ). As the name suggests, cooperation or teamwork amongst the stakeholders is of paramount importance in interpreter-mediated questioning of minors (ImQM). This contribution will focus on the semi-structured interviews conducted by the Belgian researchers with twelve Flemish children, boys and girls aged 5 to 17, of which 11 were hearing and 1 was deaf. Based on the outcomes of the twelve semi-structured interviews with minors, results point at specific perceptions of the interpreter reported by children: the interpreter seems to be the person they turn to when speaking and the person they trust most. Since ethical codes prescribe, amongst other things, neutrality and often even ‘invisibility’ of the interpreter, reflection on this topic is necessary. Based on the paramount importance of rapport-building with the child, this paper argues that the role of interpreters should be discussed certainly during a briefing, but also in interprofessional joint training. In this way, all stakeholders improve their knowledge of their respective professional roles in situations of ImQM, which further helps to tackle some contradictory expectations in regard to the role of the interpreter.

This monographic section of the Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law presents the findings of six critical perspectives on translation and interpreting policies and practices in modern societies that pose challenges for public institutions. Taking a critical and empirical stance, the papers provide data and reflections on how language access is critical to fulfilling fundamental rights and ensuring the ability of institutions to implement their mandates effectively. The introductory article reviews the role of public services in present-day multilingual societies and of translation and interpreting in relation to the policies governing language access. It goes on to review conflicting implicit theories of translation and interpreting by providing a brief discussion of the roles prescribed and described for translators and interpreters. Finally, it proceeds to present the papers, which are constructed around two axes: (a) an examination of practices capable of providing evidence for policy redesign and reform; and (b) a fundamental review of the role of public service interpreting and translation (PSIT) itself, conducted by means of comparative studies which examine the needs and perceptions of PSIT in various domains, and the challenges of training in the face of emerging realities.

Aquest estudi ofereix una anàlisi detallada del llenguatge emprat en la cobertura de la pandèmia per The Guardian i El País, examinant la representació de les postures governamentals i la seva influència en la resposta dels ciutadans. S’investiga el paper d’aquests mitjans com a canals de comunicació governamental i el seu efecte en la percepció pública durant la crisi sanitària. A través d’una anàlisi rigorosa, confirmem la nostra hipòtesi que els governs del Regne Unit i Espanya van exercir una influència ambivalent sobre la població mitjançant l’ús estratègic d’un discurs manipulador. Aquest estudi es basa en la creació d’un corpus bilingüe i en l’ús d’anàlisi textual avançada per desentranyar les tàctiques de control i persuasió aplicades. Les troballes revelen una tendència cap a l’ús d’un lèxic carregat negativament i d’estratègies emocionals, així com l’ús de metàfores i argot tècnic per establir una asimetria informativa entre les autoritats i la ciutadania.

En aquest article analitzem la política lingüística en dos països que compten amb diverses llengües oficials, Suïssa i Sud-àfrica, i en els quals el paper de la llengua anglesa ha evolucionat respecte a les llengües "nacionals" locals des de la dècada de 1990. Ens centrem en la política lingüística com a manifestació de les lluites socials i, fent especial èmfasi en l’anglès, estudiem els documents polítics actuals en aquests dos contextos tan diferents. L’ús de la “neutralitat” com a lent analítica ens permet demostrar que la política lingüística va més enllà dels plans d’estudi i de la inclusió o exclusió de les llengües i, al seu lloc, neutralitza les idees socials que estan en consonància amb la concepció d’un futur “d’èxit” en una conjuntura sociohistòrica determinada. Per acabar, reflexionem sobre la neutralitat com a component de les ideologies lingüístiques, en virtut de les quals s’autoritzen llengües específiques per a objectius polítics contingents i canviants, cosa que té conseqüències com ara la inclusió en la política educativa o l’exclusió de la política educativa de determinades llengües i la distribució desigual del coneixement, els recursos i l’autoritat.

Aquest epíleg proposa un fil conductor dels discursos sobre llengua i neutralitat en els diversos contextos presentats en el recull d’articles. La idea bàsica és que les forces en joc en tots els casos transcendeixen l’àmbit de l’estat nació i responen directament o indirecta a la posició de l’anglès com a llengua hegemònica global. En la mesura en què la globalització afecta tots els àmbits de la vida social, les antigues grans forces colonials opten per polítiques de legitimació de les pròpies llengües i cultures en base a l’acció diplomàtica. Igualment, la implantació de fórmules d’ensenyament multilingüe a nivell intraestatal també es veu tensionada per la pressió de molts sectors perquè s’inverteixi en l’anglès. Proposo que l’ús dels termes neutre i neutralitat marquen, en aquest context, un canvi de paradigma respecte dels nacionalismes lingüístics moderns, ja que apareix la necessitat d’adoptar estratègies d’equidistància i valors universalitzants en contextos caracteritzats per la multilateralitat i fora de la sobirania nacional. També s’observa com les clivelles racials encara marquen significativament les estratègies de diplomàcia cultural, alhora que el discurs de la suposada neutralitat de l’anglès emmascara el seu paper substanciador de les pràctiques i ideologies neoliberals.

Aquest article estudia els efectes que les lleis de Carles III tingueren en la fisonomia institucional mallorquina, en la seva cultura i llengua catalanes. Alhora, examina el pes dels funcionaris, ambaixadors de la voluntat reial, en el reeiximent del projecte borbònic; el paper que aquests empleats públics, especialment el fiscal, exerciren en l’execució de les lleis borbòniques, i l’afectació sobre la llengua catalana, el seu ús i la seva consideració, a la Mallorca d’aquest període; així com la resposta, entre la desídia, la incúria i la resistència, que des de les institucions municipals i locals es donà a l’afany centralitzador. La pretensió última és aportar a la historiografia lingüística material de base inèdit que contribueixi a la revisió del paper de les nostres institucions locals al llarg d’aquest període tan intens per a la biografia catalana.

The objective of the paper is to propose a multi-perspective and multi-method research framework for legal translation by modelling key dimensions and factors applicable to legal translation. As a result of the ongoing expansion of Legal Translation Studies, the field is experiencing a methodological development, which extends our perspective on legal translation. The paper proposes four postulates for the multi-perspective framework for researching legal translation — namely, transdisciplinarity, multidimensionality, bidirectionality, and multimethodology. The multi-perspective research framework for legal translation embraces a continuum of four key dimensions of translation — the product itself, the context of production and reception, process and participants, modelled according to their dominant factors, components and related methods of research. The second part of the paper investigates, by way of illustration, how corpus methods interact with the above proposed multi-perspective framework. In the conclusions it is argued that research into legal translation may be expected to become increasingly larger in scale and more teamwork-based in order to bring in multiple perspectives on the object of study.

In this paper, a multi-perspectivist approach to translation-relevant comparative law is presented. The approach is conceptually oriented and joins three lenses with relevance for the study of meaning construction and development in the field of law: National cultural influences, influences from systemic-functional epistemic aspects, and influence from interpersonal knowledge communication. Focus in the article is upon the argumentative grounding of the three perspectives and upon possible methods with special relevance for the different lenses. In order to present the backdrop against which the approach is developed, the paper starts out with an overview of recent developments and suggestions in the field of comparative law, especially for the purposes of legal translation.

Interactions between citizens and the public administration are increasingly taking place by electronic means, often referred to as e-government. In Spain, these interactions mostly have to be monolingual, in Spanish, in the case of the central administration, but may be bilingual or even multilingual in autonomous communities that have their own official language. In this paper, we intend to show how state-of-the-art oral and written linguistic technologies for Spain’s coofficial languages could allow speakers of these languages to use them in many of their administrative relations with any Spanish public agency, thereby facilitating the conversion of Spain’s mostly monolingual administration into a multilingual one, enhancing digital language equality and guaranteeing the linguistic rights of speakers of minoritised languages. We will present an overview of the most promising language technologies in terms of their relevance from the point of view of multilingual communication between citizens and the administration. We will also review the existing technologies for Spain’s co-official languages, and present some ideas on how these could be integrated towards the multilingual transformation of Spanish public administrations without neglecting some of the attendant ethical and legal issues. The present work is intended to serve as an introductory and accessible overview for legislators, administrators, or any other person interested in the potential of language technologies to assist in developing a multilingual public administration.

Catalonia has developed a model of schooling in which Catalan is the medium of instruction and both Catalan and Spanish are compulsory subjects. In 2020, the Superior Court of Justice of Catalonia ruled that at least 25% of teaching must be delivered in Spanish in all schools in Catalonia, raising the issue of whether this obligation conforms to the undertakings chosen by that Spain under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. To clarify, we first need to answer the following question: what does “education in a regional or minority language” mean? This paper provides an answer to this question based on the interpretation of the Committee of Experts of the Charter, and addresses two side issues: whether education in a regional or minority language can be compulsory for all pupils, and under what scenarios would it be legitimate to enforce the use of the State’s official language in schools where a regional or minority language (RML) is the medium of instruction. A conclusion is reached that may offer guidance for future discussion on the role of the State’s official language(s) in RML-medium schools.

The main theme of this paper is the examination of the judgments of Italian and Spanish Constitutional Courts on minority language legislation to show how they had paramount importance to develop legislation in this sector. The paper is two-hold: the first part of the paper deals with Italian Legislation and Italian Constitutional Court judgments regarding the protection of minority languages. Then the paper narrows down its focus onto Italian Constitutional Court judgment n. 159 of 2009. The second part of the paper looks to Spanish Constitutional Court judgments regarding the Autonomous Communities legislation on minority languages. The paper then concludes that Constitution and Constitutional Court judgments have a significant influence in the development of legislation regarding the protection of minority languages.

This paper reports on a document in which the University of Alcalá ordered a set of tapestries from the series of Alexander the Great following the pattern of the tapestry maker François Raes.

This article reports some of the main achievements of the EU-funded PRINCIPLE project in collecting high-quality language resources (LRs) in the legal domain for four under-resourced European languages, namely Croatian, Irish, Norwegian and Icelandic. After illustrating the significance of this work for developing translation technologies in the context of the European Union and the European Economic Area, the paper outlines the main steps of data collection, curation and sharing of the LRs gathered with the support of public and private data contributors. This is followed by the description of the development pipeline and key features of the state-of-the-art bespoke neural machine translation (MT) engines for the legal domain that were built using this data. The MT systems were evaluated with a combination of automatic and human methods to validate the quality of the LRs collected in the project; the high-quality LRs were subsequently shared with the wider community via the ELRC-SHARE repository. The main challenges that were encountered in this work are discussed, emphasising the importance and the key benefits of sharing high-quality digital LRs.

Based on a qualitative case study research, this paper investigates the efficacy of indirect translation as a strategy in the translation of terminology in private legal documents from Serbian to Albanian via English in Kosovo. The aim is to examine whether this approach may improve the accuracy, quality, and availability of translation services in an under-resourced linguistic combination. Research within this subfield seems necessary in the context of Kosovo, where Serbian is a minority language and translations of private legal documents in the Albanian < > Serbian language pair have been found to be of low quality, primarily due to a lack of professional translators and resources which are specific for that combination. Two official Albanian < > Serbian translators fluent in English were recruited as participants to translate a list of terms excerpted from documents translated for official procedures. One translator provided a direct translation from Serbian to Albanian and the other an indirect translation from Serbian to Albanian via English. Despite the limitations of the research, the comparative analysis of the submitted translated terminology indicates that the indirect translation via English in the context of Kosovo may provide accuracy, quality, and availability, thereby offering members of minorities in Kosovo the potential guarantee of a fair treatment within legal procedures.

This paper proposes the attribution to the Sevillian sculptor Pedro Duque Cornejo (1678-1757) of a sculpture representing St Joachim, preserved in the church of Carmen in Popayán, Colombia. For this, it is reconstructed the creative context of the work, posing some hypotheses about its potential clients and evaluating its impact on the city, where it was copied up to three times. Its case is significant for the study of the sculpture trade between Spain and America during the eighteenth century, proving that Duque Cornejo’s workshop had and American expansion, unknown to date.

Modern information technologies allow us to disseminate specialized knowledge through ask-an-expert forums that serve as a resource for transforming specialized concepts for a lay audience. This paper aims to add to the study of discourse production and is intended as a contribution to legal communication from a popularization-centered perspective. It considers the popularization of legal knowledge to a lay audience as a process of discursive accommodation to the reader’s knowledge base and of alignment of the cognitive levels of participants in asymmetrical interactions intermediated by explanatory strategies. Through the analysis of online legal-lay communication, the article builds a classification model of discursive strategies that allow experts, including forum lawyers, to represent complex and abstract specialized content in an intelligible way to prevent communicative problems from emerging and communicate efficiently. The findings illustrate how various popularization strategies function to align the cognitive levels of participants and eliminate knowledge asymmetries. Two types of strategy (popularization by formulation and reformulation and popularization by illustration) are analyzed and assessed. Definition as a type of popularization by reformulation, comprising 42% of all strategies found in the corpus, is the most common explanatory strategy. Metaphors employed to popularize legal knowledge by relating specialized and everyday domains of experience are the least common explanatory tools used by forum lawyers. These explanatory strategies can be combined to jointly contribute to the purpose of accommodating legal information to the knowledge base of lay forum users. This study is a vector for investigating the problems of asymmetrical interactions in institutional settings. The methodology or aspects of asymmetrical exchanges can be expanded and become an avenue for further research.

This paper is one of the first attempts to reconstruct the story of Afia Begum, wife —and later widow— of Abdul Hamid (a Bangladeshi immigrant in Thatcherite London), whose entry was cleared by the British Home Office in 1982, months before her husband died tragically in a fire in East London. Upon her arrival in the United Kingdom, Afia was told that her grant to stay in the country was no longer valid owing to the death of her husband; that she was now an illegal immigrant in Britain. In the process of the reconstruction, I also revisit the untold story of the Sari Squad, a group of Asian women who fought valiantly, though peacefully, to stop Afia’s deportation. Although Afia was deported on May 8, 1984, her case was heard in the European Court of Human Rights and debated in the European Parliament; in both forums, the highhandedness of the British Home Office was fiercely critiqued. By way of conclusion, I lay out a hermeneutic in which to read Afia’s story, in a literary sense, offering a skeptical stance to reading it in binary terms of success-defeat/victimization-survival of a female foreigner battling a racist state. In doing so, I draw upon Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s “connection between nationalism and reproductive heteronormativity”, to argue that the case of Afia’s deportation suggests that her nationality can only be —tragically— established by determining the citizenship of her husband; this ends up doubly othering and transcendentalizing her nationality, reducing her to her sociobiological reproductive heteronormativity, impregnated with the cryptic trace of her husband’s ghost which practically became the summum bonum of her deprived statehood.

This paper discusses the figure of Bishop Diego Ramírez de Villaescusa and his role as a consumer and principal of Flemish works of art. We are faced with a character integrated into the circles of political power, close to the last humanistic and cultural tendencies, whose professional career allowed him to approach the main artistic focuses of his time. As the main chaplain of the chapel of Juana, he had the opportunity to accompany her on her Flemish journey, thus accessing the luxury and sophistication of the Court of Philip the Beautiful. We will see how, taking advantage of the contacts that his position provided him, he acquired some high-quality pieces, like the book of hours of Leonor de la Vega, the Crucifixion tapestry or devotional panels, using them as present to caress different personalities. However, he would also acquire works for himself, demonstrating an interest in the art that was practiced in Brabant territory. We will also analyze the documented artistic works and their relevance to Villaescusa's understanding as patron of the arts.

In this paper the participation of Jusepe Leonardo (Calatayud, 1601-Zaragoza, ca. 1653) in the execution of paintings for the Holy Week monuments in the old church of Santa Maria de la Almudena (Madrid) is documented, as well as the manufacturing process of these architectures since 1632, in which different masters intervened. Through the payments registered in the church ledgers, it is possible to add two works to the catalogue of the painter. Both paintings, the Flagellation of Christ and the Agony in the Garden, were commissioned for the 1633 monument, but from that date their location is unknown.

El règim de conjunció lingüística al sistema educatiu català ha estat motiu de diverses controvèrsies al llarg dels anys que permeten constatar una posició a favor i una altra en contra del model. En aquest article, identifiquem els principals arguments a favor i en contra del sistema en el debat públic i n’analitzem els fonaments normatius d’acord amb les aportacions de la teoria política sobre justícia lingüística. En darrer terme, el nostre objectiu és avaluar fins a quin punt hi ha marge per a l’apropament o la reconciliació entre els arguments de les dues posicions. El nostre argument principal és que les dues posicions, que han emprat raonaments força estables al llarg del temps amb una tendència compartida a evitar arguments explícitament d’identitat, poden tenir cert marge d’apropament. Algunes interpretacions dels valors que fonamenten els arguments d’ambdues posicions, com els ideals de tracte igual de llengües, la igualtat d’oportunitats individuals o la garantia del pluralisme, podrien sostenir un sistema lingüístic de conjunció lingüística a l’escola en què el català tingués un paper prominent, el castellà gaudís d’un reconeixement suficient i es garantís una competència igual en ambdues llengües en finalitzar el període escolar.

This article raises the veracity of a series of records related to supposed courtly offices for painters at the court in Madrid, about which there is no clear reference in the documentation related to the palace administration. However, other indirect documents are known to suggest that such offices existed at least as honorary titles. In any case, it is known that they were used, even if fraudulently or abusively. These offices or honorary titles are those of court painter appointed to the Prince, to the Infant and a second court painter appointed to the King. This paper deals with several examples of these cases concerning the painters Pedro Carvajal, Francisco Ginete, López Polanco, Gómez de la Hermosa, Antonio Rizi, Francisco Rizi and Isidoro Arredondo. Based on the analysis of the documents reporting the use of these titles, the hypothesis is presented that the artists in question made a legitimate use of them.

After the latest enlargement of the European Union and the increase of the number of languages recognized as being official, this paper raises the question of the current situation of the other languages, those that are not official, as well as the outlook for their future within the Union. In this regard, special attention is paid to the situation of Catalan. First, however, the international regulatory framework of reference as regards minority language rights is presented. Then, the regulation of the general European Union language regime is examined and, afterwards, the paper deals with the modulation experienced by this regime during the ordinary operation of the different European institutions, together with the effects of treaty languages, some of which, under the Treaty establishing the European Constitution, have been broadened to include non-official languages. In trying to take stock of the language policy of the Union, the paper focuses on the expression “language diversity” (or, more recently, “multilingualism”), which is used recurrently in community proceedings, regulations and resolutions to adopt specific measures of protection and promotion for the different languages of the Union. The expression, however, entails a certain degree of legal uncertainty, to the extent that it does not sufficiently clarify which language groups are the target of these measures. Finally, the paper highlights a series of recent actions that directly affect the possibility of invoking Catalan and other languages different from Spanish that have an official status within a country, in some of the European institutions (presumably, in practically all of them in the not too distant future). Such actions would allow the official use of these languages within different limits or levels and under specific conditions (written presentations, speeches and translations and publication of some legal texts). Some critical considerations are, however, brought up with regard to the recognition of this new and improved status of Catalan in the European Union, based on the fact that Catalan has an extrajudicial character and this situation is not definitively resolved in a totally satisfactory manner.

The advances in the recovery of the Catalan language in the Balearic Islands over the 20 years in which the Statute of Autonomy, passed in 1983, has been in effect have been nothing short of historic. This paper analyzes the positive changes that have come about in this period regarding the legal regulation of the social use of language, social awareness, language authority, and the social and official use of language. On the other hand, it also analyzes the limitations of the legal framework itself, the social and political limitations that have prevented attainment of the full language normalcy contemplated in this legal and institutional framework. At a time when a significant wave of immigrants is joining immigrants who already reside in the Balearics, when immigration and globalization characterize a new framework for social relations, knowledge of Catalan is still not universal, nor has Catalan become the common, habitually used language of the public sector. The paper, then, sets forth the broad outlines of an action plan for the new historic phase that is now under way, a phase that entails challenges for the Catalan language in the Balearics. How these challenges are met shall depend on the achievement of an overall framework of language sustainability capable of facilitating the egalitarian recognition of Catalan in Spanish central government, European and international domains. Successfully dealing with these challenges shall also depend on the cohesiveness of the entire Catalan language area. The transmission of the language to newly arrived citizens and the presence of Catalan in mass culture and the workplace as an ordinary state of affairs should be the fundamental objectives of a language policy capable of mobilizing society and generating confidence in the future.

This paper analyses the representations of the body present in contemporary science-fiction literature and film. Using theoretical concepts by Althusser, Foucault and Haraway, the text establishes first a typology of cybernetic organisms in contemporary culture and reviews its presence and ideological implications in films like Robocop (1987), Johny Mnemonic (1995) or Matrix (1999). The paper argues for a self-conscience as political and historical subjects in order to avoid falling into a fallacious cyberandroginy that reinfornces phallogocentric power structures.

This paper aims to establish a critical view of the anthologies of women poetry edited in Catalonia from 1975 till 2001. Its main objective is the analysis of the textual configuration of some of the anthologies which vertebrate around the gender criteria. The paper makes visible the main guidelines of the anthologic act for women poetry in Catalan. Its description permits to show the degree of implication and, eventually, the degree of divergence that guided the editors in the process of construction of poetic identities alternative to the hegemonic literary models.

This paper reflects on the significance of the discussions that took place during the First Cyberfeminist International (Kassel, Germany, September 20-28, 1997) and their implications both for the attempts to define, and the arguments against defining, cyberfeminism. The text tackles the question of how to define (or avoid to define) "cyberfeminism" in the context of its relationship with the history of past feminist thinking and practices. The paper calls for a closer contact with the history of feminism in order both to avoid past mistakes and also appeal to wider groups of women in the technological circuit. The anti-theoretical attitude of movements like Cybergrrl-ism or different kinds of net utopianism actually undermines its potential to challenge the patriarchal status quo. A conscious attitude of selfdefinition can help the forming cyberfeminism to establish a crucial solidarity with transnational feminist and postcolonial initiatives in order to be able to exert an effective political action.

A mode de provocació intel·lectual i com a estratègia de “pensament lateral” (lateral thinking) per a la creativitat, el treball es proposa veure què pot suggerir als lingüistes l’estudi de la dinàmica de la diversitat biològica. En aquests darrers anys l’equació analògica “llengua = espècie biològica” s’ha anat estenent com a font metàforica de renovació conceptual i alhora de justificació per a la defensa de la linguodiversitat, a la manera com es duu a terme la mobilització per a la protecció de les espècies. No obstant això, cal anar amb compte amb la transferència acrítica de conceptualitzacions i de marcs teòrics d’un camp a l’altre, per tal com òbviament es tracta de fenòmens ben distints en la realitat. El diàleg amb els bioecòlegs comença per preguntar-nos per la formació de la diversitat, és a dir, per l’especiació. Es constata aquí la similitud dels processos de fragmentació lingüística i genètica en el sentit de ser fenòmens de base (sòcio)geogràfica en produir-se la dispersió i la pèrdua, doncs, de la compactació i intercomunicació originàries. La propietat autoorganitzadora i creativa dels humans afavoreix el desenvolupament de varietats específiques per a cada subconjunt, que continuen en evolució constant, a través de l’incessant “llenguar” de la humanitat. Sobre la continuïtat de les espècies o llengües, es constata també el paper decisiu de la relació intragrupal. La permanència de les varietats lingüístiques serà més alta com més alta sigui la intensitat de la relació entre els propis components del subconjunt. En canvi, si s’hi introdueixen elements exòtics, especialment si són de caràcter agressiu, l’alteració del nínxol ecològic pot ser fatal per a la continuïtat de les formes prèviament existents. Això ens suggereix la necessitat d’estudiar en profunditat quines foren les condicions contextuals mínimes per fer que un grup lingüístic determinat pogués tenir una continuïtat sostenible en un marc de contacte lingüístic. ¿De quin tipus de nínxol (sòcio)ecològic mínim hauria de disposar una llengua si volguéssim assegurar la seva reproducció habitual? Es proposa aquí explorar les idees de “funcions exclusives” i de “distribució funcional no-jeràrquica” per als codis en situació d’alt contacte i de perill de desús. Pel que fa al canvi, aquest fenomen és vist com un fet inherent de la tendència de la vida a crear novetat, que pot o no anar acompanyat d’adaptació a les condicions ambientals canviants. Es remarca que, semblantment com en el pla biològic, molta de la innovació lingüística prové de la mescla de solucions de codis distints, reorganitzada sistèmicament. Una pregunta de recerca important fóra, però, esbrinar perquè algunes d’aquestes innovacions desapareixen i d’altres sobreviuen i s’estenen a través de la comunitat. El gran interrogant, doncs, com assenyala Mufwene, és arribar a entendre com “l’evolució lingüística procedeix per selecció natural entre les alternatives que competeixen disponibles a través dels idiolectes dels parlants individuals”. L’extinció —de les llengües o de les espècies— són causades en la majoria dels casos “per una combinació de processos demogràfics en les poblacions i de canvis ambientals”, com assenyala Brown. Així, el medi jugarà un paper fonamental en la direcció de l’evolució, ja que “la supervivència dels millors dotats és, de fet, la supervivència dels que encaixen en el context” (Allen & Hoekstra), la qual cosa ens farà veure després la gran importància dels contextos politicoeconòmics en el cas de les llengües. Igualment, els moviments migratoris seran, també, una de les grans variables determinants de l’extinció de la bio- i de la linguodiversitat. L’espècie i l’hàbitat formen la unitat existencial bàsica, i això serà el punt de vista central per entendre el problema de la conservació i recuperació de les espècies o llengües. Atès l’augment del grau de contacte lingüístic, la continuïtat de la linguodiversitat dependrà de trobar, com diria el físic Prigogine, de la manera més exacta possible, quines condicions precises de desequilibri poden ser estables. El gran desafiament no és tant com evitar el contacte sinó com gestionar-lo. I l’”ecologia restauradora” ens pot ajudar també aquí. Poder arribar a solucions sostenibles per a la diversitat lingüística implica el coneixement aprofundit de les dinàmiques de determinació dels usos lingüístics en situacions de contacte. Es conclou en general que la lingüística està encara mal preparada terminològicament i conceptualment per tractar el caràcter dinàmic de les llengües humanes. Cal concebre el món i els nostres objectes com a elements en flux, com a sistemes canviants en equilibri inestable. Respecte de la política lingüística caldria fer l’esforç d’arribar a establir uns principis generals d’organització lingüística de l’espècie humana, que fessin possible la compatibilitat entre la diversitat lingüística local i la necessària comunicació a escala planetària. Per reeixir en això cal continuar impulsant una perspectiva socio-ecològica autònoma dedicada a la comprensió dels fenòmens lingüístics, que parteixi del paradigma de complexitat, tot situant els éssers humans en el centre de la seva teorització.

This paper focuses on the Sevillian sculptor and assembler Miguel de Perea Ahumada (1680-ca. 1743), best known for being the master of the sculptor Benito de Hito y Castillo. A new biographical approach is presented, based on new documentary sources and some news scattered in the bibliography. Furthermore, his figure is analyzed in the context of Sevillian sculpture of the first half of the 18th century, where the raising of the workshop of Pedro Duque Cornejo precipitated the migration of masters such as Perea to other artistic centers.

La qüestió lingüística, en un territori plurilingüe com l’Estat espanyol, és tractada directament o indirecta en la normativa estatal que afecta diferents àmbits. Durant el període democràtic comprès entre 1979 i 2019, s’observa una evolució en el tractament d’aquest pluralisme lingüístic en sectors com l’ensenyament, l’Administració pública i de justícia, els mitjans de comunicació i el sector audiovisual, la toponímia o la socioeconomia. També hi tenen un paper rellevant els estatuts d’autonomia de les comunitats autònomes. Per a la recopilació de la normativa esmentada seguirem les cròniques legislatives de l’Estat espanyol de la Revista de Llengua i Dret des de l’any 1983.

During the last decade of the seventeenth century, the Spanish Court portrait, moved between naturalism and idealization. It orbited between the tradition that dragged from the middle of the century in the royal representation and the new airs coming from France. Two painters represent like nobody else these two tendencies within the portrait of Queen Maria Anna of Neuburg, the flemish Jan van Kessel II and the french Jacques Courtilleau. With this paper we want to delve into their pictorial styles and add some works to their almost unknown catalogs.

Established as colonial hill stations in Indian's Doon Valley, in the 1820s, Mussoorie and Landour emerged in Victorian literary imagination with the journals of Emily Eden, Fanny Parks, and the Wallace-Dunlop sisters. This paper argues that the Doon's female imperial architextures invented new prospects of grafting Anglo-Saxon aesthetics on the Himalayan terra nullius, diminishing, miniaturizing, and depopulating aspects of the hazardous, the alien, and the local. A thread of archetypes —jhampauns (Himalayan loco-armchairs) and Himalayan vistas— link the aesthetic arcs in the journals of Eden, Parks, and the Wallace-Dunlops. Although the architexture was ostensibly apolitical, it imbued the Doon's representational spaces with a reproducible English character, rendering its terra incognita into terra familiaris in imperial psyche, while carving a distinct imperial subjectivity for Memsahibs.

The goal of this paper is to establish the nature of the scholastic-linguistic model in non-university education in the Balearics: the free choice model (which allows pupils to choose the language of instruction freely) or the total bilingualism model (in which pupils receive instruction in both official languages). The Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands (1983) does not define the scholastic-linguistic model, unlike the Language Normalisation Act (1986). The author draws attention to articles such as 1.2.b, which mentions the goal of ensuring that Catalan is used progressively as the language of instruction in education, or 18.1, which restricts the right to free choice of the language of instruction to "early education". This analysis of the Language Normalisation Act enables the author to conclude that the scholastic-linguistic model in the Balearics is that of total bilingualism: beyond early instruction, pupils are not allowed to choose the language of instruction, a role that, following an administrative decision, is to be played by both Catalan and Castilian. The paper ends with an analysis of Decree 92/1997, which sets the necessary measures to implement the total bilingualism model, e.g., by stipulating the subjects that must be taught in Catalan in primary and compulsory secondary education. In this connection, the author notes that the implementation of this Decree may be delayed if the Language Normalisation Act is not observed as far as the language training of teachers is concerned.

In this paper the context of materialisation of the façade of San Esteban de Salamanca is drawn, considering the complexity of the sixteenth century in the case of the trajectory of the Order of Preachers in the university city, the links with Carlos V and the culture visual of the elites of the moment. In the gable end, the same strategies chosen are used to extol the figure of the Emperor in terms of his mythical and noble origin, applied to the promoter, Fray Juan Álvarez de Toledo. The visual projection of the Dominicans is analysed from the different discourses of success and power of the Order.

Public service interpreting and translation (PSIT) is helping societies deal with the challenges posed by migration. Its consolidation as a professional practice is still a controversial subject. A number of advances can be identified across territories and settings, including the use of English when providing interpreting and translation services in lesserused language contexts, the increasing availability of training courses for public service interpreters and translators, the modest development of trainer training courses, or the rising awareness among stakeholders of the importance of relying on competent professionals when communicating with individuals who are less than proficient in the contact language or languages. However, these vital improvements are only visible in some instances and institutions in certain countries. In others, conditions in PSIT practice are far from professional. Education and training are fundamental tools for raising the status of PSIT. In this paper we take stock of experience accrued by PSIT researchers, practitioners and trainers to highlight challenges and advances in the area of PSIT training in tertiary education. After identifying successful initiatives, we single out underexplored areas, including the missing focus on translation in both training programmes and research agenda.

The King’s summer study, la Pieza del Despacho de Verano, is a perfect point of departure for discussing the possibilities and limits of reconstructing a room in the Alcázar, the royal palace. Although the inventaries from 1666 and 1686 just tell us the subject and size of 33 pictures together with seven mirrors and six bufetes, the paper argues that it is possible to reconstruct the scale and decoration of the pieza del despacho de verano. On the basis of the order in the inventories, a convincing reconstruction is possible and leads to a visual presentation of the room that harbored Las Meninas. In a more general sense this gives us at hand a ‘layout’ for reconstructing other rooms in the king’s palace(s).

Several series of Sibyls, of variable number and quality, that have been previously attributed to different painters within Peter Paul Rubens’ circle, in foreign and Spanish collections, as well as in the art market, are here claimed to be by the hand of the Flemish master Jan van den Hoecke. The persistent confusion both in terms of attribution and identification of the subject matter is clarified in this paper, following on from Hans Vlieghe’s 1990 evidence. Tracing the now dispersed series as far as possible, the present article pays special attention to the eleven canvasses at Tessé Museum, Le Mans, as they appear part of a unique ensemble that still remains undispersed. For these series Jan van den Hoecke created an original iconography, with no formal precedents. Comparison of the different versions allows for a deciphering of the Latin texts accompanying each depiction, and for an identification of their literal sources. Judging by the numerous versions, the series of Sibyls must have rewarded the artist with great success, a demand that he satisfied with a changeable effort

Ongoing discussion continues to debate the role interpreters should embrace, whether the interpreter should be an impartial agent or whether impartiality can be demanded from a human agent at all. The current discussion favours the idea that roles are negotiated through interaction and that the ideal of impartiality may be compromised in specific situations or settings. This negotiation, far from constituting an academic discussion, is determined by the parties to the communicative situation. It is therefore relevant to be able to assess interpreters’ and users’ views as to what a particular situation requires of the interpreter. Based on a content analysis of the existing literature on the interpreter’s role, we developed a model to account for opposing perceptions of what interpreters are and should do in their professional practice, and represent those views as possibilities on a continuum rather than as opposing and excluding options. This paper presents a tool based on that model which allows perceptions to be made explicit and discussed. The model and preliminary experiences of the application of the tool in interpreting teaching and in one professional context are presented.

This paper constitutes the second part of a previous study on the drawings of the Sevillian sculptor, painter and assembler Pedro Duque Cornejo (1678-1757) which were part of a scattered album, known as "Jaffe album". This study focus on the lot preserved in The Hood Museum of Art, Hanover (NH, USA), where thirty-seven new drawings have been discovered and attributed to this prolific artist of the Andalusian Baroque.

In this paper, Johannes de Lairesse is identified as the author of an Allegory of Drawing which was previously catalogued as a work of his father, Gérard de Lairesse. It’s complex iconography, also mistaken with Achilles recognised among the Daughters of Lycomedes, is here clarified.

The sculptor Pedro Duque Cornejo (1678-1757) was one of the most prolific and versatile artists of the Sevillian baroque, although so far his role as a draftsman has been rarely considered because of the few drawings identified. The discovery of a large group in the so called "Jaffe album" contributes to filling this gap and reconsidering the role of drawing in the creative process of the sculptor. In this paper, it is the first time that thirty-nine drawings from this album preserved at the Metropolitan Museum of Art are catalogued and studied as a whole.

Abstract: This paper discloses a painting signed by Antonio Hidalgo, an artist from the Seville School who was active between 1664 and 1689. It is a depiction of The Last Communion of Saint Ferdinand of Castile, a painting made in 1683 and preserved at the Old Cathedral of Cadiz. Key words: Antonio Hidalgo; Seville School of painting; Last Communion of Saint Ferdinand of Castile; Old Cathedral of Cadiz.