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The present work explores morphometric and histochemical foundations of the wall of proventriculus in adult domestic male ducks. To achieve this study, six healthy adult ducks were purchased from local vendors in Mosul province. All birds were sedated. Their stomachs were removed after being dissected to achieve the gross description and measurements of the proventriculus, including the length and diameter of cranial, middle, and caudal regions of the proventriculus. Small tissue pieces 6-8 mm in length from three regions of proventriculus were processed for histomorphological studies using hematoxylin and Eosin stain, combined PAS-AB pH 2.5, toluidine blue, and Masson's trichrome stains. The finding showed that the proventriculus connects with the esophagus from the cranial side and the muscular stomach from the caudal side. It was a thin elongated oval tubular organ. Histologically, the mucosa of the proventriculus revealed the presence of folds and sulci-like structures covered by simple columnar epithelium. The tunica submucosa consisted of many signs of profound and straightforward sub-mucosal glands supported by connective tissue septa and extended from the basal part of the diverged gland through the lamina propria, which was organized in a conical manner (adenomere). Tunica Muscularis appeared as a double-layer coordinated in the form of inner longitudinal and outer circular ones. Finally, serosa consists of fibrous tissue, vessels, fatty tissue, and nerve plexuses studded by the mesothelial cells. The highest thickness of the four layers of mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serosal layers in the distal part of ‎the proventriculus. Histochemical PAS staining positively reacted with epithelial tunica mucosa and wall of proventricular glands.

A total of eight samples of the esophagus of local breed dogs are used to investigate the histochemical features of the esophagus. The specimens are processed according to paraffin embedding technique protocols and the tissue sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and masons trichrome combined with Alcian blue (pH2.5)-PAS. The esophagus folds the mucosa which is covered by keratinized to non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which contains numerous excretory common ducts of esophageal glands. The epithelial thickness of cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts of the esophagus are 221.95±3.41µm, 212.46±5.38 µm, and 173.15±4.09 µm respectively. The lamina propria of the cervical part of the esophagus lacks the muscularis mucosa, while the muscular mucosa in the thoracic part of the smooth muscles appears as scattered interrupted bundles. The esophageal glands are a type of compound tubular mucoserous constructed of the predominated mucous alveoli and little serous acini. When combined with Alcian blue (pH2.5)-PAS stain, the esophageal glands show strong acidic mucopolysaccharides within the mucous alveoli and light blue color within serous acini that denote weak acidic zymogen granules. Tunica muscularis is striated muscle fibers in cervical and thoracic parts and smooth in the abdominal part of the esophagus. The measured thickness of tunica muscularis of cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts are 568.76±6.90 µm, 703.29±7.54µm, and 338.98±7.26 µm respectively.

The present study aimed to investigate the esophagus's anatomical, histometrical, histochemical aspects in the Ring-necked parakeet and Black-shouldered Kite. The esophagus in the parakeet was shorter and narrower than the kite esophagus. The crop was a well‐developed sac shape in the parakeet, while the crop was hardly recognizable in the kite. Histological study shows that the esophagus in both species was composed of four layers arranged from inner to outer (mucosa, submucosa, musculosa, finally serosa). These layers showed variances in the height of the fold, the glands number, and the wall layers’ thickness. The mucosa in the esophagus of the kite consisted of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, while in the parakeet, mucosa consisted of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The esophageal glands were compound tubuloalveolar in the parakeet, while in the kite, there were simple alveolar glands. The folds in the kite were longest and contained more esophageal glands, while the parakeet glands were more prominent and had fewer numbers within the submucosa. The submucosa layer in the parakeet was thicker than that of the kite. The histochemical results showed a positive reaction of esophageal glands with Alcian blue (PH 2.5), while reacting negatively with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stains due to the acidic mucopolysaccharides secretions nature.

This study was conducted to compare the anatomical histological and histochemical structure of human liver with the liver of domestic rabbits to evaluate the quality of liver of rabbit to be used as a model of mammalian species in the experimental researches. Ten liver biopsies of human (Group I) and same number of liver specimens of domestic rabbit (Group II) were used in this study. The liver specimens were processed and stained with Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and Masson's Trichrome stain and examined under light microscope. For histochemical examination, Periodic Acid Schiff's, Best's carmine and Gomori's Alkaline Phosphatase stains were used. Histomorphometric measurements were done to compare some parameters between the two groups. Transabdominal ultrasound examination was done to compare ultrasonic appearance of the liver in both groups. The work was done from May 2018 to December 2018. The study revealed more lobulated liver of domestic rabbits, hexagonal lobules are mingled with each other in rabbit's liver compared to human, larger hepatocytes, with higher percentage of binucleated hepatocytes and thicker capsule in the human's liver than in the rabbit's liver. Histochemical results revealed less carbohydrates, less glycogen content with less activity of alkaline phosphatase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes of the human's liver. The ultrasound image revealed denser hyperechoic diaphragm and fibrous capsule, non-homogenous low echogenicity of parenchyma of the liver of human compared to the rabbit's liver. We conclude that the basic anatomical and histological structure is more or less similar in the human's liver andliver of domestic rabbit but the few differences might be related to the evolutional variations among mammals thus the value of the liver tissue of domestic rabbit to be used in the experimental researches is significant.

The aim of present study was to determine the anatomical and histological structure as well as some histochemical aspects of the eye in Hemorrhois ravergieri snake by using the light microscope. The results show that the eye was spherical and located at head sides. Histologically, the sclera composed from collagen fibers located between it fibroblasts and pigment cells. The cornea divided in to peripheral cornea and central cornea, from the special results that appeared in the central cornea was the appearance of the tertiary spectacles on its external surface. The lens was spherical, translucent and didn't contain a pigment cells in its surrounding. The Uvea composed from Choroid, Ciliary body and Iris. The Choroid composed of connective tissue contained collagen fibers, blood vessels and pigment cells. Ciliary body appeared concave in its middle and give a few folds. While, the Iris connected to Ciliary body and it straight toward the lens and it convex toward the cornea. The retina appeared duplex and it composed from eight layers and two membranes. The photoreceptors layer contained one type of rods and two types of cones that were the single and double cones. From the distinct results that appeared in the retina of this snake that the appearance of blood vessels which supplied the retina, this mean the retina in this snake was vascular, and the vitreal vessels that lined also appeared. Also, from the distinct and strange results that appeared in the retina of this snake was appearance of strange vascular structure which may be a Supplemental nutritive device.

ABSTRACT The present study carried out to explore the anatomical morphology and histological structure, as well as some histochiemical aspects of the retina in Mabuya aurata lizard which is a carnivorous animal. On the other hand to investigate the retinal specializations with respect to nutritional nature. The result showed anatomically there was retinal thickness variation. The dorsal retina more thicker than the ventral one. On the other hand there was thickness variations in the same region (ventral or dorsal). Histologically the retinal pigment epithelial cells appeared as low cuboidal cells with polyhedral shape in cross section and stained positively with Alacian blue PH=1.One type of rod and tow types of cones (single & double) were appeared. The cone ratio was 77% while the rod 13%.The density of rods and cones differ in the different parts of the retina. PAS stain showed the parabloid in the cone and oil droplet also appeared. The thickness of outer nuclear layer also varied. The distinct feature of the retina in this animal was the thickness of inner nuclear layer which also varied. The outer and inner plexiform layers also showed thickness variations. The interplexiform cells appeared in the inner plexiform layer which seldom appeared in the vertebrates. The ganglion cells organized in 1-6 rows, on the other hand the ganglion cells nuclei showed variation in shape, volume and stains affinity. No secondary papillae appeared in the visual disc. The most important retinal specializations were the appearance of two foveae, the deep convexiclivate centrodorsal one and the 2 nd shallow concave dorsotemporal fovea, This is a seldom state in the lizards. The other specialization was the dorsal area centrales at which the retinal layers more thicker. The retina a vascular, but a highly vascular conus papillaris, which extend in the vitreous chamber, appeared. This structure restricted in the lizards only. I can Conclude that in the M.aurata lizard there were a unique anatomical and histological features which indicate that this animal Posses visual a cuity, high resolution power and sensitivity. These features classify this lizard diurnal in activity, in contrast with most other lizards which are nocturnal.

Abstract The current study is the first one, at least, in Mosul University, and perhaps, in other universities in Iraq, being a new topic, the sinus gland. Furthermore, an original and successful method was found and used to overcome an old and difficult problem regarding the sectioning of the eyestalks which are covered by a thick, hard and calcified cuticle that causes destruction of the sections. Five histological and nine histochemical staining techniques were employed. The results have clearly shown the presence of only one sinus gland in each eyestalk. It is an elongated ellipsoid structure, dorsoventral in position and composed of four principal elements, the capsule, axon terminals, stromal tissues, and blood sinuses and vessels. Four patterns of neurosecretory granules were distinguished and classified according to certain basic criteria.

In this Study, Toxoplasma gondii was diagnosed and isolated successfully from domestic (Stray) cats at Mosul city, Iraq using Latex test and the flotation method of fecal material. The study also included experimental induction of the condition by giving orally oocysts of T. gondii to albino mice at a dose of 1000 sporulated oocysts and leaving the mice for 14 days. All infected mice (15 with tissue cysts) were fed to 8 cats negative for latex and fecal flotation method. The pathogenesis of the isolated T. gondii has been followed through daily fecal examination which indicated the presence of oocysts at the 5 th post infection (p. i.) day. Postmortem examination of 2 cats was done at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days p. i. with preparation of histological section from the intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and brain. Additionally, histological techniques were done for the intestines and liver. Clinical sings were not seen in cats infected experimentally. Grossly, multifocal areas of necrosis and severe congestion were seen most prominently in the brain. Histiochemically, there was an increase in mucopolysaccharide in the intestine and in glycogen infiltration in hepatic cells.

This projevt was undertaken to detect histovhemically the different types of carbohydrates in a recently described species of caryophyllid, Khawia grypi sp. N. using four techniques namely, periodic – Schiff reaction (PAS), Alcian blue (AB) technique (both at Ph 205 AND 1) AND Bests carmine (BC) technique. Tegument reacted intensely with (PAS), and moderately with (AB) (both Ph 2.5, and I) and negatively reactev by using (BC) . The muscle bundles were intensely reacted when using (BC) and negatively reacteve when using (AB) (Ph 2.5). The mesenchymal tissue was intensely to moderately reacted in the three techniques except (AB) (at Ph1). The excretory canals were just positively reacted except the reaction was negatively reacteve when using (AB) (Ph2.5). It has been concluded from the preset study that the Carbohydrates which were detected in the body wall contribute in protection, movement, absorption, and storage of energy, and the mesenchyma is the main site for the storage and distribution and metabolism of carbohydrates.

The aim of this work was to explore the different types of carbohydrates histochemically in the trachea of local Awase sheep and to compare it with that of the local black goat. Ten tracheas from each sheep and goat were used for this study. Different histochemical methods were used to explore types and locations of carbohydrates in trachea’s wall of both animals. It was observed that the amount of mucus secreted from the anterior third of trachea was comparatively greater than that of the middle and posterior thirds due to its higher content of tracheal glands and goblet cells. The carbohydrate histochemistry of different constituents of the trachea showed that there was no noticeable difference between the two studied species. However, the glycogen was found in a greater amount in goat's trachea in comparison to sheep. The goblet cells and the mucous secretory units of the trachea showed a considerable amount of carboxylated glycoprotein together with a little amount of other forms of carbohydrates. The mucus that covers the lumen of the trachea contained almost all the carbohydrate substances with the exception of neutral glycoproteins. Chondrocytes contain glycogen, sulphated and neutral glycoproteins but didn't show any form of GAGs, whereas, the territorial matrix of the cartilage contains a mixture of carboxylated and sulphated GAGs with the predominance of the latter, but glycoproteins could not be detected. The interterritorial matrix contained mainly carboxylated glycosaminoglycans together with a little amount of glycoproteins. The columnar cells and the basal surface epithelial cells showed no reaction to any form of carbohydrates.