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Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Saffron is a very popular medicinal plant and the most expensive spice in the world. It is highly considered in traditional medicine for the treatment of varied diseases. From among Iranian agricultural crops, it is one of the most valuable products. Due to its special characteristics, its production and export can be developed. As the largest producer and exporter of saffron in the world, Iran accounts for more than 90% of global saffron production. In 2018, more than 71% of the global export of saffron belonged to Iran. Lorestan Province is becoming one of the important areas for cultivating this crop due to its natural conditions and farmers’ interest. This study tried to identify the factors affecting the sustainable development of this crop. For this purpose, during the two consecutive years of 2017 and 18, 3 regions in Kuhdasht, Kuhnani, and Khorramabad townships were selected, in which 5 sample farms were chosen based on the field research. The selected farms had a planting history of 1 to 5 years. Several quadrants were established in the farms and the phenological measurements were recorded based on them. The statistics of these farms were collected to determine the required yields. The means and ANOVA comparisons were applied to analyze the results. The studied parameter was farm age from 1 to 5 years in the 3 regions of Kuhdasht, Kuhnani, and Khorramabad townships. In this investigation, saffron flower characteristics and dry weights of stigma were determined simultaneously with daily phenological inspections of the farms. The results in both years revealed that age was the major factor in yield change in all the 3 regions in a way that saffron yield increased with increasing farm age up to 4 years and then decreased. The effects of farm age on saffron flower and stigma yields were statistically significant. It was found that the lowest and highest yields were respectively related to the 1-, 2-, and 5-year-old farms and 3-year-old farms with a peak yield for the 4-year-old farms. During the study of the role of temperature in the two consecutive years, it was observed that the average temperature had been higher in 2017 and thus the flowering duration had decreased. Accordingly, saffron yield in this year compared to 2018 showed a smaller value, which indicated the role of temperature in yield enhancement during the flowering period. Yield differences were significant in the 3 studied regions. The highest and lowest yields were related to Kuhnani and Khorramabad farms, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Basra Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to the development of medicinal plants in Nahavand in 2019. The sample size was 11 experts and 5 farmers who were selected through targeted snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data using the thematic analysis approach. The results were 22 main themes which were determined by MAXQDA10 quality software. The main topics in this study were "supportive-supervisory barriers" and "managerial barriers". The results of this study showed that insufficient conversion and complementary industries, farmers' lack of knowledge of the market, the inability of farmers to package and sell, and lack of planning for crop development are among the obstacles to the development of medicinal plants in Nahavand. A comprehensive (financial-information) support system can be effective in reducing barriers and developing cultivation. This system can have public, information and financial parts. In the "Personal Information" section of this system, all personal and economic details of cultivation applicants can be registered. In the "Specific Information" section, all areas prone to cultivating different types of medicinal plants and how to plant and harvest them can be identified. In the "Communication Channels" section, all relevant experts can be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam is the second largest rice exporter in the world after Thailand, Education has played a significant role for Vietnam to reach this position, so the current research aims to show the relationship between education and rice crop development in Vietnam during the period from 1995 to 2017, the research used the descriptive analytical method, and the research found a statistically significant correlation between the expenditure on education, and the amount of production and exports value of rice crop in Vietnam ,This means that increased spending on education is followed by an increase in the amount of production and export value of rice crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam is the first country whitch produce and export pepper crop in the world , Education has played a major role in Vietnam's access to this position, so the current research aims to show the relationship between education expenditure and the development of pepper crop in Vietnam during the period from 1995 to 2017, the research used the descriptive analytical method, and the research found a statistically significant correlation between the expenditure on education, and the amount of production and exports value of pepper crop in Vietnam, This means that increased spending on education is followed by an increase in the amount of production and export value of pepper crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]