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This study aims to investigate how Covid-19 has affected the microfinance institutions in Somalia. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach by conducting a case study in Mogadishu and Hargeisa. The data of the study was collected through a questionnaire distributed to microfinance institutions in Somalia in 2021. The paper found that the number of MFIs that have been negatively affected by the epidemic was higher than the number affected positively or naturally. It also found that most MFIs witnessed high credit risks, and more than half of them have reduced lending to less than half due to Covid-19.

Inflation has many important macroeconomic issues in many countries like Turkey. The uncertainty resulting from high inflation is one of the negativities that closely affect the financial sector. The purpose of this paper is to explore the feasibility of inflation targeting monetary policy in the dual banking system. The study investigates the long-run relationship between inflation rate, interest rate, real effective exchange rate, narrow money, and profit rate. The data collected were monthly and the period is from 2007 to 2017. The result of the study showed that interest rate and narrow money have a positive correlation with the inflation rate. Inflation targeting may not be a proper monetary policy for the financial system of Turkey. Because of the high sensitivity, it is not always easy to achieve targeted inflation. Instead of inflation targeting, interest rate targeting may help monetary policies to exert more influence on the financial sector. Keeping the interest rate under control may be a more useful monetary policy. In this way, the effects of monetary policies will be reflected more directly in the financial sector. If the monetary policies implemented are become more effective for both types of finance, their contribution to the economy will be enhanced, and controlling the macroeconomic targets will be more easily fulfilled. Thus, controlling the interest rate will give the authorities more control over Islamic finance in the sector.

لطالما اهتم الإسلام بتنظيم كافة الأمور والعلاقات الدنيوية للبشر والتي من أهمها العلاقات الاقتصادية بين الأفراد والمجتمعات، حيث تنبثق هذه المبادئ والأصول من العقيدة والقانون الإسلامي الذي نظم هذه النشاطات الاقتصادية والتجارية للدول والمجتمعات لكي تكون صالحة لكل زمان ومكان. يناقش هذا البحث نشأة علم الاقتصاد الإسلامي منذ العام الهجري الأول والمبادئ العامة للاقتصاد الإسلامي مثل مبادئ الملكية المزدوجة والحرية الاقتصادية والعدالة الاجتماعية، حيث اعتمد هذا البحث على المنهج الاستقرائي المستند على الدراسات السابقة للتوصل إلى نتائج الدراسة. بالإضافة إلى ما سبق، خَلُص البحث إلى أن خاصية الاستخلاف والتكافل والشمول والربانية والتوازن والواقعية والعدالة هي من أهم خصائص الاقتصاد الإسلامي التي تميزه عن باقي النظم الاقتصادية من الرأسمالية والاشتراكية.

Documents are considered one of the first important sources for the study of Islamic history, because they contain original historical material, and we mean in particular official papers, such as letters, publications, records, judicial rulings, financial systems, religious fatwas, political treaties, decrees and covenants for senior officials, including ministers, governors and pimps. Many of these documents, whether written in Arabic or otherwise, have been lost despite their great importance in the study of Islamic history, and perhaps the main reason for their loss and destruction is that the Islamic world, after it was a political unit until the end of the Umayyad era in the year 12 AH / 750 CE . He divided himself as a result of the emergence of conflicts between Muslims and religious intolerance among non-Muslims, which led to their loss or falsification, especially in the period of the separation of many regions from the Islamic state, as the first historical documents are still unknown to us, and only a few of them remain scattered and scattered in the books of the later . Researchers in Islamic history should not hesitate to search for them (documents) and publish them, and collect what was found in the books of later scholars because it is the main way to bring us to the right truth. We will try to study the historical document, which was attributed to Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab at times and to his leader Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah at other times, and which was transmitted by Muslim and oriental jurists and historians, and they differed in its proportions. Whoever denies that Caliph Umar should issue such a document, especially since he was one of the most merciful of the Rightly Guided Caliphs to the Christians and other dhimmis. We have the best evidence for that in his statements and commandments. It was narrated from him upon his death that he said: (The caliph recommended after me the responsibility of the Messenger of God to fulfill their pledge to them and to fight behind them and not be overburdened).

The Arab society before Islam in the Arabian Peninsula was based on the supremacy of men in the family, but with these rights of the man, women had a great position that corresponded to the greatness of the responsibilities that they carried out. The tribe’s strength in peace and war, as it used to contribute during the war by sponsoring the fighters, such as providing water, providing food, dressing the wounded, and encouraging men to fight, in addition to being a source of profit for her guardian who takes friendship upon her marriage, and it also suggests to poets with imagination and to men with ambition. These actions and attributes have a prominent place in society. And to signify her respect by the community from addressing her (inviolability), which came from respect and the housewife as evidence of appreciating her position in it, and she used to play an important political and social role. With the clan of his maternal uncles, it may be no less powerful than his link with his uncles, and this has a great impact on the rapprochement between the sons of the Arab community.

The Arab-Byzantine relations occupy an important place in Arab history because they represent the image of the long war in the fronts that continued without interruption for centuries. The work is to secure the borders of the Levant on its borders from the north and the northeast, and in light of this strategy the situation called for the Levant to believe in the conquest of the island and Egypt and in building forts, castles and outposts on the borders at a time when the Byzantine state mobilized all its forces and capabilities to keep the fortified areas. However, the Arabs succeeded in fortifying the Levant, Jazira and Armenia and fixed their borders against the Romans, and they had to formulate strategic plans in line with the plan of the Arab liberation movements, so they established military bases in the border areas, rebuilt the abandoned and ruined cities, and built and fortified sea cities. The fortification of the border cities was not limited to the land sites, but rather they fortified the sea coasts, so they established the sea outposts and established a warship to protect the Arab borders, so that the Arabs in the year 34 AH = 655 CE managed a fatal blow to the Byzantine fleet. The state's political and military stability.

Talking about the history of Libya, and especially about Cyrenaica in the nineteenth century, specifically in the second half of this century, means talking about the Senussi movement, with all its weight and spread in the public milieu in the regions of Libya, Sudan, Central Africa and other Arab regions. The Senussi movement began with the beginning of stability and its founder, Muhammad bin Ali al-Senussi, who roamed large areas of the Arab world until he finally settled in Libya and was able to open the first corner in the history of the Senussi movement in 1843. From this date to the beginning of the twentieth century, the Senussi movement was able to consolidate its existence. The religious and political movement in the interior regions of Cyrenaica was able to include most of the residents of Cyrenaica who became loyal soldiers of the Senussi movement in its religious side and in their drive to work to spread Islam in the regions of Central Africa, and thus they had a major role in the Islamic missionary movement in the nineteenth century . The Senussi movement in its beginnings was a religious movement that was able to play its role to purify Islam from the heresies that entered it as a result of the sheer ignorance that prevailed over the Libyan Arab people under the Ottoman domination in this region as well as in other Arab regions of the Ottoman Empire. The Senussi movement was able to gently move the Arab people a profound qualitative leap in the field of thinking and behavior through its wide spread and its ability to build many angles that were centers of religious and cultural radiation. The school of Muhammad Ibn Ali Al-Senussi was the greatest school of human Islam in Africa.

En entreprenant cette etude, notre intention n'etalt nullement d'epuiser le sujet par un travail exhaustif, mais plutôt de trater les axes principaux de ce qui pourrait const- une recherche plus profonde, et faire l'objet d'une thèse. Nous avons orienté notre travail dans plusieurs directions qui nous ont paru fondamentales. Tout d'abord, apres une courte définition,il nous a semblé essentiel de tenter de cerner l'importance et le role du verbe dans chacune des Langues

The Persian political and military movements were among the most severe and dangerous for the Arab nation and the Islamic religion, because they adopted the method of distorting the teachings of Islam and demeaning the status of the Arab nation and its civilization. Arab-Islamic traditions to tamper with high morals and endanger social, religious and political life. This call was called the righteousness of the populist call), which is a cultural, racist and destructive political movement whose manifestation is the demand for equality based on verses from the Holy Quran such as (O people, I created you from a male and a female and made you People and tribes to know each other: I honor you with God, I will fear you) and on prophetic hadiths such as (No Arab has any merit except with piety). The core of this movement was the removal of Arab authority and the Islamic religion and the restoration of the glory of the Persian Empire and its Magus religion. And they believed that with this method, they could reach their goals without arousing suspicion and suspicion around them. The populist movement can be described as a cultural and social movement carried out by the extremist Persian elements and they tried to transfer the Persian heritage to the Arab Islamic society, seeking to imprint the Arab society with their ancient civilized character. It has some Persian writers, poets and writers. The popular movement began in the late Umayyad era, and it rushed strongly in the Abbasid era with racist motives. It represents part of the attempt by non-Arab peoples to strike the Arab Sultan through the idea and usefulness that was exposed in the wide political, religious and cultural conflict.

Comment un enseignant de francais, langue etrangere, peut-il en ecoutant ses etudiants (premiere annee ) evaluer, analyser Les erreurs phono Logiques faites pour ameliorer les performances phonoiogiques et phonetiques des etudiants?Sur ce point,Les recherches sont peu avancees dans le monde d'une maninere generale et en Irak particulierement. Il parait donc primordial de savoir pourquoi nos etudiants font/des erreurs phonetiques. Tout d'abord, avant de traiter ce sujet en detail,nous presentons Les deux systemes phonolo giques; celui du francais et celui de l'arabe.

L'influence de l'orient se manifeste dans la Literature francaise en genera! et dans les contes en particulier. Certes le lecteur se demande quels sont les traits orientaux se trou- vant dans les contes voltairiens et sous quelle forme ils appa- raissent. Dans notre recherche, nous abordons, avant tout, ces traits dans les contes de Voltaire.Et plus exactement, par- mi le grand nombre deses contes, nous delimiterons notre etude afin d'inclure deux contes tres celebres, notamment Zadig et La Princesse de Babylone.Cette delimitation du champ d'etude ne nous empechera pas de nous referer a quelques autres contes comme Candide,Le Crocheteur borgne, Pot-pourri, et Micromegas par exemple.Pour que nous precisions les the- mes nous jetterons la lumiere sur les elements orientaux se trouvant dans les contes precites notamment: le style descr- ptif; l'utilisation de noms propres arabes, des lieux et finale- ment les elements venus de l'Orient.Ill faut noter que l'impo- rtance de cette recherche reside dans l'influence soit litterair e soit de civilisation refletee dans les contes de Voltaire.

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Tackling sustainable development from a comprehensive approach still needs to be well yielded in academia and research in the undergraduate curricula of most urban studies. This paper presents teaching and learning experiences in architectural education in the sustainable development field. It experiences different theoretical and practical approaches given in an undergraduate elective course to students in the Architecture and Urban Design Program (ARUD) at Nile University. Different teaching processes are shown through class activities, a peer-to-peer review, linking with industries, group discussions, writing a critical review of scientific papers, outlining the urban challenges and proposing sustainable strategic approaches of "lost urban spaces" with a particular focus on Giza Zoo. Moreover, it raises the ability to mandate the effectiveness of proposed solutions into applicable and integrative solving scenarios. In summary, this research encompasses comprehensive sustainable development approaches in architectural education to highlight the potential and beneficiaries of the proposed methods in architectural pedagogy seeking urban development. The proposed teaching strategies address the potential for improvement in architectural education in the sustainability field and show initiatives for urban planners, urban designers and policymakers show initiatives for urban planners, urban designers and policymakers show initiatives for urban planners, urban designers and policymakers to enhance public space design through sustainable development considerations. لا يزال دمج التنمية المستدامة بنهج شامل بحاجة إلى تحقيق نتائج ملموسة في الأوساط الأكاديمية والبحثية ضمن المناهج الجامعية لمعظم الدراسات الحضرية. تعرض هذه الورقة البحثية تجارب عمليات التدريس والتعلم في التعليم المعماري في مجال التنمية المستدامة. و تشمل هذه الدراسه على اختبار مناهج نظرية وعملية مختلفة مقدمة في مادة دراسية اختيارية للطلاب الجامعيين في برنامج الهندسة المعمارية والتصميم العمراني (ARUD) بجامعة النيل. يتم عرض عمليات التدريس المختلفة من خلال الأنشطة الصفية، واستعراض النظائر، والربط مع الصناعات، والمناقشات الجماعية، كتابة تحليلات نقدية للأوراق البحثية، ثم تحديد التحديات الحضرية واقتراح مناهج استراتيجية مستدامة "للمساحات الحضرية المفقودة" مع التركيز على حديقة حيوان الجيزة .بالإضافة الى ذلك، يؤكد البحث على فعالية الحلول المقترحة المتكاملة في سيناريوهات الحل القابلة للتطبيق. يتضمن هذا البحث مناهج التنمية المستدامة الشاملة في التعليم المعماري لتسليط الضوء على فوائد وتأثيرات الأساليب المقترحة في التربية المعمارية التي تسعى إلى تعزيز التنمية الحضرية. تتناول استراتيجيات التدريس المقترحة إمكانية تحسين التعليم المعماري في مجال الاستدامة وتظهر مبادرات للمخططين الحضريين والمصممين الحضريين وصانعي السياسات لتعزيز تصميم الأماكن العامة من خلال اعتبارات التنمية المستدامة.

The design dialogue is not limited to presenting old ideas that the interior designer believes in, but is based on the method of constructing the ideas that form in his mind, and this depends on clarifying the meanings generated through the presentation of the idea, as well as framing and presenting it in a scientific manner that is convincing to the other party, so that the mind remains He was aware throughout the period of the interview so that he could make a judgment about it .Thus, design dialogue represents a stylistic tool used to address one of the specialized topics, especially in a field of design science and knowledge, and even represents an aspect of design thought, and this depends on the effective role of the interior designer’s vision based on choosing the specific intellectual framework within a rational design intellectual vision. Determining the intrinsic reality of the thing to reach the design product required to be implemented and the motivating role emerging from its interaction with the place.Therefore, it was necessary to study this topic, which consists of four chapters. For the first chapter, the researcher relied on formulating the research problem, which is summarized in the following question: What are the considerations that the design dialogue adopts as a cognitive accompaniment in the designs of the interior spaces of the hospitality hall in Qasr Al Watan - Abu Dhabi (UAE)? While the importance of the research lies in achieving a communication function between the interior designer and the recipient through mental design communication that carries cognitive dimensions such that it raises in the recipient implicit dialogue meanings that are capable of sensory perception. In light of this, the researcher focused the research goal on arriving at knowledge of the most important considerations adopted by design dialogue. As a knowledge update in the designs of the interior spaces of the hospitality hall in Qasr Al Watan - Abu Dhabi (UAE)،As for the limits of the research, the researcher has defined, in terms of the objective limit, “design dialogue, keeping pace with knowledge in the designs of interior spaces” as a case study of the hospitality hall in Qasr Al Watan - Abu Dhabi (UAE), while its spatial and temporal boundaries include the modern interior spaces, represented by the hospitality hall in Qasr Al Watan. Al Watan - Abu Dhabi (UAE) implemented in 2019 AD,While the second chapter was based on studying, firstly: considerations of design dialogue, and secondly, considerations of cognitive accompaniment, while the third chapter included defining the subject of the research procedures, represented by the research methodology based on the descriptive and analytical approach, while the research community focused on adopting the intentional selective method, and finally, the fourth chapter included drawing the results of the research.

يهدف البحث إلى بيان تأثير مستخلصات نبات الطيون على البكتريا المسببة للالتهابات المعوية النزفية عند الدواجن، تمت هذه الدراسة في مخبر الأحياء الدقيقة في كلية الهندسة الزراعية بجامعة تشرين ومخبر العقاقير والأحياء الدقيقة في كلية الصيدلة بجامعة طرطوس، حيث تم جمع أوراق نبات الطيون من منطقة صافيتا في شهري تشرين الأول وتشرين الثاني من العام 2021، وبعدها تم تجفيف الأوراق وحفظها لحين الاستخدام. تم استخدام أربع مستخلصات لأوراق نبات الطّيون وهي: ايتل الأسيتات والميتانول والكلوروفورم وثنائي كلور الميتان بثلاث تراكيز 20-40-80 لكل مستخلص، ودراسة تأثيرها على ثلاث أنواع من البكتريا المسببة للالتهابات المعوية عند الدواجن وهي Escherichia coliو Streptococcus aureusو Clostridium Perfringes. تم إجراء اختبارات الحساسية للجراثيم الثلاثة المدروسة باستخدام المستخلصات الأربعة السابقة، وأظهرت الدراسة أن جراثيم E. coli و S. aureus و C. Perfringes تحسست تجاه المستخلصات الأربعة المستخدمة باستثناء جراثيم E. coli التي أبدت مقاومة عند المستخلص الايتانولي والكلوروفورم و ثنائي كلور الميتان وذلك عند التركيزين 20 و 40 ميكروليتر وبدون ظهور أي هالة تثبيط، في حين اعطى مستخلص إيتل الأسيتات تأثير تثبيطي تجاه الجراثيم المستخدمة عند التراكيز الثلاث المضافة، وكان اعلى قطر حلقة تثبيط عند التركيز 80 ميكروليتر حيث وصل متوسط قطر حلقة التثبيط الى ( 18.11 و 25.52 و 23.14 ملم)، على التوالي، مقارنة مع الشاهد DMSO 5% بقطر حلقة التثبيط وصلت الى 6 ملم عند E. coli و 6.6 عند S. aureus و 6.3 عند C. Perfringes. كما أن الجراثيم Streptococcus aureus و Clostridium Perfringes لم تبدي أي مقاومة تجاه المستخلصات المستخدمة وبالتراكيز الثلاثة المطبقة، واعطت اعلى متوسط قطر حلقة تثبيط النمو الجرثومي عند التركيز 80 ميكروليتر بالنسبة لمستخلص إيتل الأسيتات (25.52 و23.14 ملم) والميتانول (33.55 و30.74 ملم) والكلوروفورم (27.91 و 26.18 ملم) وثنائي كلور الميتان (25.93 و 24.64 ملم)، على التوالي، مقارنة مع الشاهد ( 5% DMSO) الذي بلغ فيه متوسط قطر التثبيط 6.6 ملم عند الجراثيم Streptococcus aureus و 6.3 ملم عند الجراثيم Clostridium Perfringes. تشير النتائج أن المستخلصات أوراق نبات الطيون تمتلك فعالية مضادة تجاه الأنواع الجرثومية الممرضة المستخدمة، وبذلك يمكن أن تكون مصدراً للمضادات الحيوية الطبيعية في المستقبل.

This study discusses the “Hamidiyah Hijazi Railway”, established by the Ottoman Empire to support Islamic politics worldwide. The importance of this study lies in its discussion, which focuses on a fragment of the glorious period of Islamic history that provided extraordinary services for Hajj pilgrims at that time. The Hijaz railway line was one of the most significant achievements of the Ottoman Empire and proved their intensive efforts in handling this matter as a religious matter. This study relies primarily on the Ottoman documents from 1908-1911, deposited in the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Directorate of State Archives in Istanbul. This article focuses on the steps taken by the Ottoman Empire in securing the Hijaz railway from attacks by Bedouin tribes and maintaining its religious reputation concerning the safe journey of Hajj pilgrims via the railway. The author argues that the measures the Ottoman Empire took were ineffective in preventing these attacks. The Ottoman Empire secured the railway line by entrusting it to the sheikhs of the local tribes and holding celebrations for the development of the line. With this celebration, the Ottoman Empire wanted to show the importance of developing the Hijaz railway to unite Muslims under their flag and strengthen the Ummah movement in the spirit of Islamic unity in the confrontation with Western countries. [Studi ini membahas “Jalur Kereta Api Hamidiyah Hijaz”, yang dibangun Kesultanan Turki Uthmani untuk mendukung perpolitikan Islam di dunia. Pentingnya studi ini terletak pada pembahasannya yang berfokus pada satu penggal periode kejayaan sejarah Islam, yang memberikan layanan luar biasa untuk para jamaah haji pada masa itu. Jalur kereta api Hijaz ini dipandang sebagai salah satu capaian Islam yang paling signifikan dan menjadi bukti adanya upaya intensif Kesultanan Uthmaniyah dalam menangani urusan keagamaan ini. keuntungan. Studi ini terutama mengandalkan dokumen resmi Pemerintah Turki dari tahun 1908-1911, yang disimpan di Direktorat Arsip Kepresidenan Turki di Istanbul. Tulisan ini mengambil fokus pada langkah-langkah yang diambil Kesultanan Uthmaniyah dalam mengamankan di jalur kereta api Hijaz dari serangan suku-suku Badui dan menjaga reputasi keagamaannya terkait dengan keselamatan perjalanan jamaah haji melalui jalur kereta api. Penulis berargumentasi bahwa langkah-langkah yang diambil oleh Kesultanan Uthmaniyah tidak efektif dalam mencegah serangan-serangan tersebut. Kesultanan Uthmaniyah mengamankan jalur kereta api dengan mempercayakannya kepada para syaikh dari suku-suku lokal dan menyelenggarakan perayaan-perayaan atas pembangunan jalur kereta. Dengan perayaan ini, Kesultanan Uthmaniyah ingin menunjukkan pentingnya pembangunan jalur kereta api Hijaz dalam menyatukan umat Islam di bawah benderanya dan memperkuat gerakan ummat di bawah semangat kesatuan Islam dalam menghadapi negara-negara Barat.]

Spur dikes are one the most important factors affecting the degree of activity of the erosion and deposition processes, particularly the vertical at the Nile streambed. In order to study the mutual relations between them, the study relies on the environmental systems approach using artificial intelligence techniques to produce 1D, 2D, 3D maps. The study’s inputs are classified into main ones such as characteristics of spur dikes, DEM, topographic maps, and satellite images; and secondary ones such as hydrological and mechanical characteristics of the Nile streambed sediments, through which it is possible to understand many of the ambiguities in the occurrence of geomorphological changes and try to reach the best suitable spur dikes to protect the banks from the erosion process.This is conducted by application to the Nile stream in the Abnub area, due to the spread of many spur dikes in their various shapes. In addition, they play a major role in the occurrence of vertical and horizontal geomorphological changes, and result in the spread of many phenomena including scour holes, sandbars, and swamps. Above all, spur dikes have proven effective in protecting the banks from the erosion process, and thus have achieved their intended aim.تعد الرؤوس الحجرية من أهم العوامل المؤثرة في درجة نشاط عمليتي النحت والإرساب وخاصةً الرأسي بقاع مجرى النيل. ولدراسة العلاقات المتبادلة بينهما اعتمدت الدراسة على منهج النظم البيئية باستخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في إنتاج خرائط أحادية وثنائية وثلاثية الأبعاد، وقد تم تصنيف مدخلات الدراسة إلى رئيسية، مثل: خصائص الرؤوس الحجرية وDEM وخرائط طبوغرافية ومرئيات فضائية، ومدخلات ثانوية، مثل: الخصائص الهيدرولوجية والميكانيكية لرواسب قاع مجرى النيل، والتي يمكن عن طريقها تفهم الكثير من الغموض في حدوث التغيرات الجيومورفولوجية ومحاولة الوصول إلى أفضل الرؤوس الحجرية ملائمة لحماية الضفاف من عملية النحت. وذلك بالتطبيق على مجرى النيل بمنطقة أبنوب، وذلك لانتشار العديد من الرؤوس الحجرية بأشكالها المختلفة، كما أن لها دورًا كبيرًا في حدوث التغيرات الجيومورفولوجية الرأسية والأفقية وانتشار العديد من الظاهرات الناتجة عنها، مثل: حفر انجراف، وحواجز رملية، ومستنقعات، كما أثبتت الرؤوس الحجرية فاعليتها في حماية الضفاف من عملية النحت، وبذلك فقد حققت الهدف المنوط بها.

Advertisements have an important role in delivering information to the recipient, and there are several common ways to present these ads to them, including advertisements through communication sites, light advertisements, printed advertisements, and there are advertisements through internal or external roads, etc., in this research, the effectiveness of the allocated space will be clarified Within the cities, Baghdad (Al-Rusafa) is a model, as the importance of the advertisement lies not only in delivering the content of the advertising message to the recipients only, but in the way in which the content of the advertisement and the elements it contains influence the recipient in attracting and suspense, as it is considered the goal of the message for the advertised product It is the basis of the advertisement, so road advertisements are one of the printed advertisements through which they attract the attention of the recipient, and road advertisements are the most widespread in the streets of Baghdad because of their importance and effectiveness for the recipient, which is done through display and the location (the area in which the advertisements are placed) advertisement This is done in a vertical or horizontal way, so the promotion of goods and services that takes place through printed advertisements and how they are presented has an impact on the recipient, because advertisements are not limited to roads and include buildings, streets, malls and all areas of the recipient’s presence, as advertising is a means of influencing him, and later achieves the response that It is the ultimate goal of the advertisement, which represents the focus of the study for this research, so the research problem was identified by the following question: What is the effectiveness of advertising space within cities?

Wadi Abu Daraj is located on the eastern edge of El-Galala Plateau on the western coast of the Gulf of Suez. Recently, it has witnessed manifestations of large-scale human change, which appeared in the form of building roads as well as urban and tourist facilities. Work still continues to modify the topography of the wadi in preparation for establishing many engineering facilities. The research aims to assess the relationship between physical determinants and hazards, and human uses through geomatics applications, particularly the assessment of methods of protection from the hazards of slopes and flash floods so as to identify the extent of their effectiveness in regard to engineering facilities and sustainable development projects, and they turned out to be convenient to a large extent for the places and degrees of danger. However, they need to be periodically purified and maintained, particularly the methods of protection from the hazards of flash floods. يقع وادي أبودرج بالحافة الشرقية لهضبة الجلالة البحرية على الساحل الغربي لخليج السويس، وقد شهد في الفترة الأخيرة مظاهر من التغيير من قبل الإنسان واسع النطاق، والذي ظهر في صورة إقامة طرق ومنشآت عمرانية وسياحية، ومازال العمل مستمر في تعديل طبوغرافية الوادي تمهيداً لإنشاء العديد من المنشآت الهندسية. ويهدف البحث إلى تقييم العلاقة بين المحددات والأخطار الطبيعية والاستخدامات البشرية وذلك عن طريق تطبيقات الجيوماتيكس، وخاصة تقييم وسائل الحماية من أخطار المنحدرات والسيول للتعرف على مدى فعاليتها بالنسبة للمنشآت الهندسية ومشروعات التنمية المستدامة، والتي تبين أنها تتناسب إلى حدٍ كبير مع مواضع ودرجات الخطورة، ولكنها تحتاج إلى تطهير وصيانة بصفة دورية وخاصة وسائل الحماية من أخطار السيول.

Milk and butter are among the precious foods susceptible to spoilage and rancidity due to psychrotrophic microorganisms' activities, which grow in abundance due to the richness of milk and butter in the nutrients and their ability to resist the cold environment milk and butter are stored. In this study, the total psychrotrophic bacterial and fungal counts were recorded. The rancidity represented by the Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value and aflatoxins B1 and M1 levels were also measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results reflected a strong correlation between the total number of psychrotrophic bacteria, the rate of rancidity and the total number of molds, and the levels of the aflatoxins in the milk and butter. In conclusion, the psychrotrophic bacterial and mold counts in the milk and butter must be monitored carefully and be added as a routine examination to the list of the butter examinations.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة المحددات المحاسبية للموجودات النقدية لدى الشركات غير المالية المسجلة في هيئة الأوراق والأسواق المالية السورية. تم الاعتماد في البحث على 11 شركة من الشركات غير المالية المسجلة للفترة من 2010 إلى 2020 وقد تم الاعتماد على القوائم المنشورة لهذه الشركات لقياس المتغيرات. تم في هذا البحث تقسيم المشاهدات إلى مجموعتين فرعيتين استناداً إلى الإطار الزمني الأولى تعكس فترة التضخم المحدود وهي الفترة السابقة لعام 2014 والثانية تعكس فترة التضخم المفرط وهي الفترة التالية لهذا العام. أظهرت النتائج أنّه في فترة التضخم المحدود كان الإنفاق الرأسمالي والتدفق النقدي هما المحددان للموجودات النقدية أما رأس المال العامل، والرافعة المالية وفرص النمو لكل منها أثر غير دال إحصائياً في الموجودات النقدية. وفي ظل التضخم (فترة التضخم المفرط)، أصبح رأس المال العامل، والرافعة المالية والإنفاق الرأسمالي محددات للموجودات النقدية بأثر عكسي ذي دلالة إحصائية، بالإضافة للتدفق النقدي بأثر طردي ذي دلالة إحصائية. أما فرص النمو فقد بقي بأثر غير دال إحصائياً

Hyperuricemia (elevated serum levels of uric acid) is a key risk factor for the development of gout, and has been linked to renal dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Hyperuricemia was induced by oxonic acid (uricase inhibitor) in experimental rats to evaluate the protective effect of alcoholic extracts from parsley shoots, celery seeds and fig leaves. The rats were divided into 6 groups, and the first one served as a normal control group. Three groups of rats were given various plant extracts (celery, parsley and fig) by oral administration using a stomach tube at a dose of 250 mg/kg. A positive control group of rats was administered orally the hypouricemic drug, allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) at a dose of 100 mg/kg. A negative control group did not receive any plant extracts or drugs. The various plant extracts and the drug were administered for the rats every day for 9 days. On the 10th day, all groups except the normal control received a single dose of oxonic acid (250 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection to induce hyperuricemia. After two hours of hyperuricemia induction by oxonic acid injection, blood samples were collected from all rat groups. The protective effects of various plant extracts were monitored through measurement of uric acid and other blood biochemical analyses for the rats as well as assay of xanthine oxidase enzyme in liver tissues. The data indicated a significant (P allopurinol > celery ≈ parsley. Comparatively, the different plant extracts exhibited inhibitory effects on the activity of liver xanthine oxidase enzyme in variant efficacies compared to allopurinol. These efficacies were in the following order: allopurinol > fig > celery ≈ parsley. It can be noticed that fig extract was the most effective treatment against hyperuricemia while allopurinol was the strongest inhibitor against xanthine oxidase activity.

هدفت الدراسة الى الكشف عن محتوى كبد الفروج من الفلورفنيكول والتولترازوريل ومقارنة هذه النتائج مع الحدود القصوى للثمالات (MRLs) المسموح بها محلياً وعالمياً لتقدير أمان وصلاحية استهلاكه البشري. تم جمع 96 عينة عشوائية من كبد الفروج من أسواق مدينة اللاذقية خلال عام 2018، وتم استخلاصها وتحليلها باستخدام تقنية الكروماتوغرافيا السائلة عالية الأداء HPLC)) في مخابر وزارة الزراعة والإصلاح الزراعي بدمشق. بيّنت النتائج ارتفاعاً في مستويات الفلورفنيكول والتولترازوريل في العينات حيث راوحت بين (249.71- 3842.58) و(22.16- 884.35) µg/kg، على التوالي، واحتوت 75 و100% من العينات على ثمالات من هذين المركبين, وتجاوزت 16.7 و20.8% من العينات الإجمالية الحد الأقصى المسموح به لثمالات الفلورفنيكول والتولترازوريل، على التوالي، ما يستدعي ضرورة وجود مراقبة صارمة لمحتوى الصادّات الحيوية في لحوم الفروج قبل طرحها للاستهلاك البشري. ويشير التحليل الإحصائي الى فروق معنوية P ≤0.05 عند مقارنة متوسط تركيز الفلورفنيكول والتولترازوريل في العينات التي تم جمعها في الربع الثالث بمتوسط تراكيزه في الأرباع الأخرى، ولم تسجل فروق معنوية P>0.05 عند مقارنة متوسط التراكيز لباقي الأرباع (الأول والثاني والرابع) ببعضها البعض.

هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تقييم محتوى عضلات صدر وفخذ الفروج من الصادّ الحيوي الإنروفلوكساسين ومن مضاد الكوكسيديا التولترازوريل، ومقارنة النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها، مع الحد الأقصى للثمالات ((MRL المسموح به محلياً وعالمياً، لتقدير مدى أمان الاستهلاك البشري لهذه اللحوم. جمعت عينات عشوائية من صدر وفخذ الفروج من أسواق مدينة اللاذقية في سورية خلال أشهر عام 2018، وتم استخلاصها وتحليلها باستخدام تقنية الكروماتوغرافيا السائلة عالية الأداء HPLC. بيّنت النتائج ارتفاعاً في مستويات كل من الإنروفلوكساسين والتولترازوريل في العينات حيث تراوحت بين (31.05- 175.77) و(9.64- 251.09) µg/kg، على التوالي، واحتوت (79.2 و87.5%) من العينات على ثمالات من هذين الصادّين, وتجاوزت (41.67 و50 %) من العينات الاجمالية الحد الأقصى المسموح به لثمالات الإنروفلوكساسين والتولترازوريل، على التوالي، مما يستدعي ضرورة وجود مراقبة صارمة لمحتوى الصادّات الحيوية في ذبائح الفروج قبل طرحها للاستهلاك البشري. أظهر التحليل الإحصائي للنتائج عدم وجود فروق معنوية(P>0.05) عند مقارنة متوسطات تراكيز الانروفلوكساسين ببعضها البعض خلال الفصول، بينما كانت الفروق معنوية (P≤0.05) عند مقارنة متوسط تركيز التولترازوريل في عينات الربع الثاني بمتوسط تركيزه في عينات باقي الأرباع.

The research aims to determine the level of social exclusion or marginalization of working women in Latakia city from the point of view of working women themselves, and to study the differences in the level of social exclusion of working women according to the variables of marital status, place of residence, and the nature of the profession. The research was based on the descriptive method and the research community included all working women in Lattakia city. The research sample is random sample of (200) working women The questionnaire was distributed to them and (193) questionnaires were returned to the statistical analysis. The research found that working women do not suffer from social exclusion in general, and the existence of differences in the level of exclusion by social status in favor of divorced women and widows, in addition to the feeling of women living in the countryside to a higher level of social exclusion from working women residing in the city, and the feeling of working women employed to a higher level For social exclusion of working women teachers. يهدف البحث إلى تحديد مستوى الاستبعاد أو التهميش الاجتماعي لدى المرأة العاملة في مدينة اللاذقية من وجهة نظر المرأة العاملة نفسها, ودراسة الفروق في مستوى الاستبعاد الاجتماعي للمرأة العاملة تبعاً لمجموعة من المتغيرات: الحالة الاجتماعية, ومكان الإقامة, وطبيعة المهنة. اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي وشمل مجتمع البحث جميع النساء العاملات في مدينة اللاذقية, أما عينة البحث فهي عينة عشوائية بلغت (200) امرأة عاملة تمّ توزيع الاستبانة أداة البحث عليهم, وأعيد منها (193) استبانة كاملة وصالحة للتحليل الإحصائي. توصل البحث إلى أنّ المرأة العاملة لا تعاني من الاستبعاد الاجتماعي بشكل عام, ووجود فروق في مستوى الاستبعاد حسب الحالة الاجتماعية لصالح المطلقات والأرامل, بالإضافة إلى شعور المرأة المقيمة في الريف بمستوى أعلى من الاستبعاد الاجتماعي من المرأة العاملة المقيمة في المدينة, وشعور المرأة العاملة الموظفة بمستوى أعلى للاستبعاد الاجتماعي من المرأة العاملة المعلمة.

The goal of this research is to study the Effect of addition beans and clover leaves to the diet layer hens on the productivity and quality of the produced eggs, The selection criteria were: egg shell, yolk color, and weight of the egg, The research was carried out in the 2016/2017 season within a special camp for raising layer hens in Tartous. The results showed that the use of fodder additive in layer hens feed resulted in a significant increase in all studied treatments compared with the non-additive added to the feed. The treatment of M2 was the best for all studied indicators and with significant differences is the use of feed additives (7% Medicago Sativa), followed by M6 (7% Medicago Sativa+ Vicia Faba). The thickness of shell was 34.26 mm at the M2 treatment. 33.92 mm at M6 compared with non-coefficient M0 30.86 mm. The treatment of M2 was also superior to the other treatments in terms of the color yolk, where the carotene ratio was 20.445 µg /g yolk, followed by treatment M6, where the carotene was 19.848 µg /g yolk compared to the M0 non-factor 18.577 µg / g yolk. The weight of the egg exceeded the M2 treatment where the average weight of the egg was 65.452g, followed by the treatment M6 with an average weight of the egg 64.526 g, compared to the M0 non-factor 62.696 g. هدف البحث لدراسة تأثير إضافة أوراق الفصّة Medicago sativa والفول البلدي vicia faba في عليقة الدجاج البياض على مواصفات البيض الناتج. وكانت المعايير المستخدمة هي: سماكة القشرة, لون الصّفار, وزن البيضة وإنتاجية البيض. نفذ البحث في موسم 2016/2017 ضمن مدجنة خاصة لتربية الدجاج البيّاض في طرطوس. أظهرت النتائج أن استخدام الإضافة العلفية في تغذية الدجاج البياض أدت إلى زيادة معنوية في جميع المعاملات المدروسة بالمقارنة مع الشاهد غير المضاف له اية اضافة علفية, وكانت المعاملة 2M هي الأفضل بالنسبة لجميع المؤشرات المدروسة وبفروق معنوية وهي استخدام الإضافة العلفية( 7% من أوراق الفصة) تلتها المعاملة M6 وهي استخدام الإضافة العلفية (7% من خليط أوراق الفصة والفول) إذ بلغت سماكة القشرة 34.26 ملم عند المعاملة M2, تلتها 33.92 ملم عند المعاملة M6 مقارنة مع الشاهد M0 غير المُعامل 30.86 ملم. وايضا تفوقت المعاملة M2 على باقي المعاملات من حيث لون الصفار, إذ بلغت نسبة الكاروتين فيها 20.445 مكغ/غ صفار تلتها, المعاملةM6 و كانت نسبة الكاروتين 19.848 مكغ/غ صفار مقارنة بالشاهد M0 غير المُعامل 18.577 مكغ/غ صفار. وكذلك بالنسبة لوزن البيضة تفوقت المعاملة M2 اذ بلغ متوسط وزن البيضة 65.452 غ, تلتها المعاملة M6 بمتوسط لوزن البيضة 64.526 غ مقارنة بالشاهد M0 غير المُعامل 62.696 غ .

Acute renal failure (ARF) was induced by glycerol or paracetamol in experimental rats to evaluate the curative effects of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. through different blood biochemical assays and hematological analyses. Results revealed presence of significant (P

Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding of rats on a high cholesterol diet (HCD) that contains cholesterol (1%), bile salts (0.25%) and coconut butter (15%) to evaluate the protective effect of steroidal saponins extracted from fenugreek and asparagus, and triterpenoidal saponins extracted from soapwort and licorice. The rats were divided into 6 groups, and the first one was fed on a basal diet and served as a negative control group. The second group of rats received HCD without any plant extract and served as a positive control group. The other four groups of rats were fed on HCD plus the plant extracts separately at a dose of 250 mg/kg/day during the experiment period (6 weeks). The protective effect of various saponin extracts were monitored through assays of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in blood, liver tissues and feces of the rats as well as other blood analyses and histological examinations of liver tissues. The data indicated a significant (P

In this paper, a novel design of robotic fingertip has been proposed to detect slippage between the robotic fingertip and the grasped object in multi-direction under different types of loads (static and dynamic loads). The detection process is based on the monitoring of variation in the normal to the tangential component of contact force ratios. The fingertip is composed of a compression springs and a conventional force sensors that are mounted to be able to measure the contact force components continuously. A mathematical model has been derived relative to a proposed design with the help of Matlab-Simulink program. Furthermore, the robotic hand mechanism contains the flexible parts to adapt the grasping force during the slippage occurrence period in spite of the hand actuator is in a stopped status. The grasped object is designed in a cube shape with two unbalance DC motors to generate an excitation that is used as an external dynamic load. The experimental results revealed that the proposed design for detecting slippage in multi-direction is feasible and effective for improving the stability of the grasping process.

To evaluate the oral side effect of amlodipine in patients with cardiovascular disease, also to study the effect of improving oral health on the possibility of development of gingival over growth. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 25 patients (pretreated group) with cardiovascular disease who had been prescribed amlodipine for the first time, aged ranged between 30-63 years. Clinical examinations (plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and gingival over growth scores) were conducted under standardized illumination with plain dental mirror and a periodontal probe. The screening was done twice, the 1st assessment was collected at base line (pretreatment) visit before the first dose of the amlodipine and they received non surgical periodontal therapy (scaling, root planning and home care instruction) to get them to base line, but the 2nd assessment was done at the end of trial period at 12 week assessments (post treated). Results: The result obtained showed that the mean values of PI and BOP in post group were significantly lower than pre group (p0.05).Conclusion: The study concluded that amlodipine therapy had got its influence on GO and that improvement in oral health represent a scientifically sound complementary intervention in reducing both the occurrence of GO and inflammatory levels in the systemic circulation.

Centrifugal fans are used widely in most of the manufacturing processes for ventilating and/or air conditioning the working areas. Because of relatively limited documentation on the design of this type of fans, experimental and theoretical works are investigated in this paper for forward backward centrifugal fan to calculate the average dynamic pressure and axial thrust forces at different speed conditions. The flow in centrifugal fan is highly complex with taking place on the impeller. The centrifugal fan simulated using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approach. Flow in centrifugal fan with duct is simulated by Navier – Stokes equation and performance curved are obtained. Most of companies creates in 3D model in Solid works version 2013 and the conduct analyses by the CFD programs. At first step, an experimental step was developed and prototypes of impeller was made to carry out at the south Baghdad power plant for the sake of flow measurements and next, computational fluid dynamics model was developed for the above step and the result are validated with experimental measurement. Fine mesh is generated for centrifugal fan with duct in GAMBIT programs to carry out analyses for whole computational domain in fluent programs. Further parametric studies were carried out to calculate the average dynamic pressure when rotating the impeller backward and forward rotation modes. The parameter considered in this study are changing in dimension of outlet duct at different speeds...

Aims: To assess the effect of acute psychological stress on some salivary glands functions. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three undergraduate dental students participated in this study. They were asked to provide two samples of unstimulated whole saliva for 5 minutes, the first sample before amid- year oral academic examination and subsequently the second, one month later in a non stressful situation (after holiday break) as control group. Salivary flow in one minute was determined, in addition, total protein, albumin, uric acid and calcium levels in saliva were assessed using determination kits method from Biolabo (France). Results: The results showed a significant stress mediated decrease in the sali-vary calcium concentration (0.230.21 mmol/L) by -78.50% in comparison with non stressful condi-tion. Salivary flow level (0.62  0.28 ml /min) and albumin concentration (16.3913.69 mg/100ml) were decreased by (- 4.62% and -37.30% respectively), while uric acid (1.671.13 mmol/L) and total protein concentrations (1.030.69 g/100ml) were elevated by 9.56% and 10.60% respectively. Not all these changes were statically significant. Conclusions: These results suggest that the acute psychologi-cal stress exerts its influence on salivary composition and this will increase the value of saliva as dy-namic biological fluid in controlling the oral health.

Aims: The purpose of this study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of grapefruit (Citrus Paradisi Rutaceae) seeds. Materials and Methods: Aqueous and alcoholic (ethanol) extracts of grapefruit seeds "GSE" in 20% (w/v) concentration were investigated for activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans and a mixed oral flora. The level of antimicrobial effects was established using in vitro disc diffusion method. Their antibacterial and antifungal activity was compared to the activity of Chlorhexidine (CHX) solution in two concentrations (0.12 and 0.2%) as a control. Results: The aqueous GSE (20%) solution used in this study gave positive results with lethal effect on the tested organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 10mm-18mm in diameter, which is comparable to that of chlorhexidine (7mm - 22mm) and (13mm - 20mm) for 0.12% and 0.2% solutions respectively. Ethanolic GSE did not show any antimicrobial activity. Conclusions: Aqueous GSE has a good antimicrobial effect, which makes it a good natural preparation for use as antiseptic or disinfectant.

Aims: This work aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of three Citrus Juice on Staphylococ-cus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: The antibacteri-al activities of juices of three types of Citrus (C.) fruit, C. limon (lemon), C. aurantium (bitter orange) and C. paradisi (grapefruit), against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria using four concen-trations of these juices by agar diffusion method with measurement of diameter of the zone of inhibi-tion around the extracts. Results: The results confirmed the presence of anti bacterial activity of the Citrus juice. The highest inhibition zone (18 mm) was observed with a 10% concentration of C. para-dises juice on Staphylococcus aureus, but Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resis-tant. C. limon and C. aurantium juice at 10% and 5% concentration gave positive results with bacteri-cidal effects on the three tested bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The zones of inhibition of C. limon were 10, 12 and 13mm for 5% and 15, 21 and 20 mm for 10% respectively. For C. aurantium, they were 18, 19 and 20 mm for 5% concentration and 16, 19 and 19 mm for 10% concentration respectively. Those effects were better than those produced by stan-dard antibiotic disc used for comparison. Conclusions: The use of different concentrations of Citrus juice extracts had an effective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The vibration problems are accomplished in many application areas, such as in automobiles, aircraft, helicopters, machines...etc., vibration may cause systems failure or reduce their performance. This paper studies the experimental and theoretical control of vibration using a developed tuned damper (based on variable piston area( to provide optimal vibration reduction at different conditions. The experimental work was carried out on a particular system, which is mainly composed of the beam, harmonic excitation source (exciter), passive spring, and tuned damper. Also, the system is provided by an electronics system to acquire the sensor signal and drive the damper according to the control algorithm. The neural network system identification (NNSI) was utilized to identify all system components as one model based on the inputs - output data that is collected from the experiment. In addition, the mathematical model of the system was derived and used with an experimental damping ratio at different damper piston angles (0-60) to verify the experimental results. The implemented controller is a model predictive controller (MPC), which was designed based on NNSI in MATLAB Toolbox to control the system vibration. The MPC explicitly handles the measurable disturbance (excitation frequency) of the predictive model. The results showed that the model predictive controller with a semi-active tuned damper effectively reduced the root mean square (RMS) of acceleration in the resonance region in which the maximum time of vibration reduction from higher RMS to a minimum level is 1.39 seconds...

This study aimed atevaluating the effect of calving season, age at first calving, age at first conception, and finally the effect of first calving-first conception interval on the milk production of buffaloes in Al-Ghab Plain. The study is based on data collected from a number of farms for breeding swamp buffaloes in Al-Gab Plain. The data was collected for one season starting from the beginning of spring 2010. The study was conducted on 33 buffaloes aging between 3-9 yearsand weighing 36-550 kg (average 420kg) and over different seasons starting with the first season till the fifth one. The results showed that the total amountof buffalo milk was on average 1421 kg; and the best females were those with 50 days calving-conception interval;the age at first conception was 20 months; the age at first calving was 30.14 months; and finally most calvings occurred in spring(seasonal calvings).