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Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drought is a natural phenomenon that is mainly caused by less than normal precipitation over a long period that occurs in almost all climates. Since the late 1970s, the occurrence of drought has increased globally due to increased evaporation (caused by global warming). This phenomenon occurs slowly and can be short-term or terminated within a few months or continue for several years. drought has increased significantly in Iran in recent decades. The increase in droughts has many negative consequences in different areas of agriculture, water resources, and wildfire. The purpose of this study is to investigate the drought situation in the vegetation areas of Iran using the Keetch-Byram drought index (KBDI). For this purpose, the KBDI drought index derived from the data set of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fifth edition (ERA5) with a horizontal resolution of 0.25o during the period of 1981-2020 has been used. Also, the combined product of surface soil moisture (SSM) from microwave sensors AMI-WS (ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites) and ASCAT (MetOpA-B satellite) with a horizontal resolution of 0.25 o to evaluate the KBDI drought index results as well as the moisture condition. The results showed that the khalij-Omani and Irani-Turani vegetation areas have very low soil moisture and high drought in Iran. The amount of soil moisture in these areas is low and the area-averaged is equal to 12.65% and 18.42%, respectively, which has been somewhat constant in all months, in other words, dryness is the predominant climate feature of these areas. The monthly analysis of the KBDI index shows the spread of drought severity towards the west, i.e., the vegetation area of Zagros, in the hot months of the year. A decrease in soil moisture and dryness can be observed in a major part of Iran from early spring to mid-autumn. Also, in the Zagros region, from mid-summer to mid-autumn, increasing values of the drought index and decreasing soil moisture can be observed. The minimum drought index is in the vegetation areas of Hyrkani and Arsbaran. The correspondence between the results of the surface soil moisture (SSM) of the satellite product and the KBDI drought index obtained from ECMWF-ERA5 shows the appropriate efficiency of the KBDI drought index in identifying drought centers in Iran and investigating the spatio-temporal patterns of drought occurrence. frequent low-intensity drought may favor more drought-tolerant species and adapt forests and grasslands to future conditions without the need for management measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to clarify the impact the climate change on the hydrological conditions of the Amman - Zarqa Basin using the gradual scenarios method, the soil and water assessment model, and geospatial techniques for the purposes of supporting the water management plans of the basin, making the most of the available water resources in the basin, and building a hydrological database for the basin through the availability of climatic and hydrological data available by the Jordan Meteorological Department. In addition to facing future challenges in light of potential climate change, whether it is positive towards increasing precipitation rates and the prevalence of humid conditions or negatively towards decreasing precipitation rates and thus dry conditions prevail. The study concluded that the Amman - Zarqa Basin receives a rainfall rate of 293.2 mm annually, the bulk of which is lost through the evaporation process, as 69.9% of the total precipitation goes to waste as a result of the actual evaporation, while the surface runoff accounts for 10.1 percent of the total precipitation. on the Amman - Zarqa Basin. The study also showed that 21.7 percent of the precipitation received by the Amman- Zarqa Basin goes to what is known as water yield. The study recommends the need to intensify reliance on the soil and water assessment model and geospatial techniques in the processes of surface hydrological modeling of basins, because of the effectiveness and efficiency of the results given by it in the water management of water basins, whether in the current or future reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Water & Soil Conservation is the property of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the increase of development in modern technology which entered in most fields of life including sustainable agriculture; most studies revealed that most lesions result from over irrigation which causes fungi in plant and soil salinity. Recently; some very important terms emerged and changed most agricultural concepts such as the sustainable agriculture, green cities and smart irrigation systems. Most of these systems improved the quality of production and reduced lesions. In this paper a smart irrigation system was designed depending on Field Capacity F.C value, Wilting Point W.P value. In addition to the ranges of moisture that are measured in the field which are important in decision making of irrigation and selecting the best values to rely on such as threshold value in designing for the sake of maintaining moisture in the soil permanently. The best field moisture value was recorded when designing was %24 at threshold value in a clay soil field. Finally; the best types of microcontrollers ESP8266 & ESP-32S and moisture sensors, which are used to upload the data to Adafruit server. Also, the fast and light Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, was used to transfer the ranges of moisture through the system and cloud computing.

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Surra Man Raa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In forest ecosystems, forest production, storage and carbon flow are calculated based on biomass measurements. The aim of this study was to compare the biomass and carbon stock of the above-ground, litter and soil in the oak decline and control plots in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Four one-hectare sample plots were selected in the healthy (control) and declined stands of oak. Then quantitative information of all trees were measured. Allometric equations were used to calculate the above-ground biomass and carbon stock. Ten microplots were established in each sample plot and all litters were collected. Wet and dry weights and carbon content of the litter samples were measured. To measure soil organic carbon, five soil samples were taken in each sample plot. The results showed that above-ground biomass in the control and decline sample plots were 31.4 and 15.8 tons/hectare respectively. Also, the average of the aboveground carbon stock in the control and decline plots were 15.1 and 7.7 tons/hectare, respectively. The mean of litter carbon in the control plots was 1584.1 kg/ha and in the decline plots was 1148.6 kg/ha. The amount of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and soil moisture content showed a significant difference between the control and decline plots. The results of this study indicated significant changes in biomass, carbon stock and soil in declined stands of oak which may cause irreparable damage to the Zagros forest ecosystem, in the long term. This issue highlights the need for the attention of managers and decision makers of natural resources, regarding the provision of management solutions to control this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted to identify suitable sites for planting Avicennia marina in Soltani Khore of the urban coast of Bushehr. The most effective criteria for Avicennia marina planting include land characteristics (i.e. land use, slope, elevation, soil electrical conductivity, soil texture, and soil type), seawater (i.e. tidal range, wave, acidity, electrical conductivity, and salinity), and climate (i.e. temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, absolute minimum and maximum temperatures) were considered. Ten soil and water samples were collected, using a systematic-random sampling network and their physicochemical variables were measured. The thematic maps of the criteria were prepared and the geographic information system was used to analyse and present spatial data. Using expert opinions and literature review, the priority of the criteria was determined by Delphi method and the criteria were weighted by the Best-Worst method (BWM). Based on the overlay of weighting criteria, using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC), suitable sites for planting and development of Avicennia marina were classified as suitable, relatively suitable and not suitable. The results showed that 24% (18.25 ha) of the total areas were suitable, 24.3% (18.5 ha) of the land was relatively suitable, and 51.8% (39.4 ha) was not suitable for planting and development of Avicennia marina species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Field experiment was preformed to determine the effect of soil moisture state on the runoff volume and soil loss by using standard flumes with dimension of 100*12*30 cm. The flumes were filled with soil materials The results of this study pointed out that the moist state primarily appeared increasing the runoff volume and soil loss in comparison with dry state. The rate of soil loss under water erosion was found to be proportionally related with the soil moisture content. Also the results of the statistical analysis by regressing rainfall depth against runoff depth showed that threshold value of the surface runoff resulted from moist soil state were less than that of dry state.

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Basra Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A computer simulation model is developed to study the effect of adding one supplemental irrigation of 75mm on the relative yield of wheat. The growing season of wheat is divided into 26 weeks and a single irrigation is added to any one of the weeks. The model is run for 28 years through the growing season of wheat with two different scenarios for initial water contents in the root zone. The results show that for the first scenario the best single supplemental irrigation is at the first or second or the fifth week, but for the second scenario is at the first or sixth week, it can be said that with good initial moisture in the root zone at the beginning the best choice is to add single irrigation at the 19th week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a laboratory study on the influence of different compactive efforts, curing and soaking periods at no-delayed and up to 4-hrs compaction delay periods on compaction, strength and swelling characteristics of untreated and 3%, 5% and 8% by dry weight of lime-treated Semeel soil. The results of the tests without and with compaction delay of lime-treated soil show that for both of standard and modified compactive efforts, as the lime content % increases the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) decreases while the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) increases. The decrease in MDD is occurred due to alteration of the material's gradation as a result of the flocculation and agglomeration of the soil particles upon lime addition. Whereas the increase in OMC is mainly referred to the more water required for the hydration of lime and cation exchange. It has been found that as the compaction delay period increases, the strength properties of lime-treated soil decrease for unsoaked and soaked conditions. This loss in strength therefore needs to be considered in design and construction and the durability of the UCS specimens should be assessed by evaluating their resistance to strength loss after 7-days curing followed by 4-days soaking. The swelling characteristics measured on remolded soil samples at no compaction delay show that Semeel soil is classified as highly expansive soil. While, at small lime contents %, as the compaction delay increases, swell percent and swelling pressure values are slightly increased from that at no compaction delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]