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تعاني المسارات التأريخية من اهمال لفترة طويلة نتيجة التدخلات الغير المناسبة وفقدان المساحات العامة مما ادى الى تدهورها وفقدان قيمتها العمرانية , اذ تمثلت المشكلة البحثية "بالحاجة المعرفية لتوضيح اعادة الأحياء الفيزياوي كنمط من انماط اعادة الاحياء المستدام و أمكانية تطبيقه لتجنب أهمال المسارات التأريخية عمرانياً ". لذا فأن هدف البحث هو بناء اطار نظري عن خاصية الترابط الحضري للمسارات وعلاقته باليات اعادة الاحياء الفيزياوي . وفرضية البحث تتمثل " لأليات اعادة الاحياء الفيزياوي دوراً في تعزيز الترابط الهيكلي و الفضائي للمسارات التاريخية ". اعتمد البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في وصف وتحليل عينة محلية منتخبة (مسار سوق الصفافير). توصل البحث الى ان الترابط الهيكلي و الفضائي يسهم في معالجة المسار التأريخي عمرانياً معززاً ذلك بآليات إعادة الإحياء الفيزياوي (الحفاظ ,اعادة التأهيل , الازالة واعادة البناء), و أكد البحث ان إعادة الإحياء الفيزياوي اذا ما تم استثمارها بطريقة صحيحة و مستدامة يمكن أن تؤدي الى تفعيل تلك المسارات .

This paper aims to study urban resilience as an adaptive system in a complex dynamic world along with its ability to comprehend disorder, change and reorganization to conserve identity. Urban resilience can be understood through the interrelationship between people and nature as a source-ecological system. The case study is represented by analyzing (Edlayd City in Australia) in depending on resilience advantages in which optimized by a renewable resource, zero carbon, equity in distributing energy, active environment, sustainable transportation and investing natural materials. Hence, these advantages have been applied on (Al-Karkh Haifa Street) in Baghdad in order to develop its infrastructure by employing renewable resources such as energy, sustainable transportation, refuge recycling, water system and submit suitable solutions for sewage water.

شكل مفهوم الحي السكني الأساس الذي أعتمدته التوجهات الفكرية والنظرية في مجال التنمية من الرغبة في تحسين البيئة المادية لتحسين حياة السكان ، ولهذا كان من الضروري البحث في مفهوم تنمية الحي السكني وهوما مثل مشكلة البحث ، حيث هدف البحث الى بناء إطار نظري لسد هذه الفجوة . يفترض البحث بأن تنمية الحي السكني تتحقق من خلال (تكامل الجوانب الأجتماعية والأقتصادية والبيئية المرتبطة بقيم ومبادئ الأحياء المستدامة) . أعتمد البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في وصف وتحليل العينات المنتخبة حيث شملت حي (Mashpee Commons) في الولايات المتحدة كتوجه للتحضر الجديد ، وقرية (Poundbury) كتوجه للقرى الحضرية في أنكلترا وكان معيار أختيارها على أساس مبادئ الأحياء المستدامة . عرف البحث تنمية الاحياء السكنية على أنها ايجاد أحياء سكنية ملائمة تلبي أحتياجات ساكنيها وتحقق الجوانب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية المرتبطة بمبادئ الأحياء السكنية المستدامة ، يجسد فيها مفهوم الحي السكني كنموذج حضري ذو مركز وحواف واضحة المعالم ، تهدف هذه التنمية الى تحقيق ملامح وسمات ألاحياء السكنية المستدامة. توصل البحث الى أن تحقيق الجوانب الأجتماعية تتضمن تمكين الساكنين وتعزيز خيارات السكن ودعم التنوع المجتمعي ، في حين تضمنت الجوانب الأقتصادية أيجاد أقتصاد محلي يشجع على نمو الأعمال المحلية وخلق فرص العمل وتوفير المساكن الميسرة جنباً الى جنب مع المساكن بأسعار السوق ، إما على مستوى الجوانب البيئية والتي تتضمن أعتماد الطاقات المتجددة وتشجيع العمليات الدورانية . كان لقيم التصميم الحضري حضوراً كبيراً بالتأكيد على الأنماط النابعة من العمارة المحلية والتأكيد على مواد البناء المحلية والتنوع في الطرز والأشكال والحفاظ على قيمة السياق التأريخي ، مع التأكيد على أحترام البيئات الطبيعية وأدماجها في التنمية بالحفاظ عليها وتعزيزها بالتصميم ، فضلاً عن التأكيد على التدرج الفضائي . في حين ركزت قيم لتخطيط الحضري في التنمية بالتأكيد على نمط النقل المستدام ، ورفع قيمة البيئة عمرانياً من خلال خلق أحياء سكنية تمتلك هوية مكان ، بالأضافة الى التأكيد على الكثافات العالية . وأخيراً تضمنت مبادئ الأحياء المستدامة أعتبارات أقليمية لتنمية اأحياء السكنية ، ومبادئ تصميمية تحدد ملامح وسمات الأحياء المستدامة شملت التضام ، والأستعمال المختلط ، والأرتباطية ، والشكل المبني الموجه للمشاة .

This paper studies the concept of Pedestrian Friendly Environment in Residential complexes. It's defined it as (an environment that posses number of design and social characteristics, such as safety, vitality, connected and accessible. Also interesting, comfortable, through good design of pedestrian axes, mixed use and sustainable transportation. The research problem is that (there is a knowledge gap about the characteristics of this environment, and its treatment in residential complexes locally .The research hypothesis is that (The Pedestrian Friendly Environment in Residential complexes materialized through, planning dimensions, design and environmental characteristics and treatments). The paper found that the aim of pedestrian friendly environment is to improve the body activities, increase the quality of space and the social interaction, materialized the sustainable transportation. The planning dimensions were the intense mixed use, and the design of pedestrian axes. The main design characteristics were accessibility, vitality, permeability and safety. And finally providing shads as environmental treatment. Key Words: planning dimensions, pedestrian friendly environment characteristics, pedestrian friendly environment treatments, residential complexes.

The concept affordable housing deals with affording adequate housing to a moderate and low income households. The research defined affordable housing as housing deals with moderate and low income households (60%-80% AMI) that housing costs don’t exceed (30%) of their annual income (renting or owning) , while smart growth is defined as a development that contains a set of principles related to compact design and affordable housing .The research problem is embodied as (a knowledge gap about the effects of smart growth principles at a micro scale on the costs of affordable housing).The research built a theoretical framework including both of affordable housing and smart growth concepts. It included two terms, the first one was the ( smart growth principals) , and the second one was ( the smart growth at a micro scale (community)). The measurement included indicators driven from the theoretical framework, which had been applied on three national, Arabic and local projects. Finally the research finding showed different results varied between the different projects and the most effective principal was (affordable housing choices). Key words: Smart Growth , Affordable Housing , Compact Smart Growth development, Smart Growth development scale.

Planning standards are considered as one of important concepts. The role of such standards appear in guiding the sustainable development plans , and the transformation to sustainable residential communities .So, the research problem which arised is that there is a knowledge gab about the role of the growing standard in achieving sustainability in residential community. The research studies the sustainable residential community, in order to deduce the main indicators related to it , which include (social , economic , environment and physical standards). The paper focused on the physical standards only,so research hypothesis is represented by : "the growing standard is a standard, which can achieve sustainability in residential communities through the flexibility in area standards for housing plots and the variation in housing options according to the changing in the family need". So the paper depends on the flexibility of the standard as a main concept for the research to achieve the variety in the housing options as a main indicator for measuring flexibility in the planning standard which can sustain residential community. This variable had been used in case study in (Al- Qahira Quarter) in Baghdad City .The paper prepared questionair for data collection , and test hypothesis to reach the findings, conclusions and recommendations . Keywords :Planning Standards , Housing Policy , The Growing Standard , The Residential Community , Flexibility and Diversity

This paper studies the concept of residential land re-subdivision, and the role of regulations, instructions and standards in organizing this process, to provide residential plots which are suitable in their dimensions and areas to the residence. Residential re-subdivision affected by many factors such as number of new households, their economic situation, and the plot areas; which enable the families to adopt this solution The residential land re-subdivision is a good solution to reduce shortage in housing stock, and minimizing the pressure on the residential demand , but at the same time it is a reason for increasing the accommodation and population densities and the floor area ratio ( F.A.R) ,as well as increasing the demand on the social and technical infrastructure . The aim of this papers is to build a theoretical framework to the residential land re-subdivision, determined the factors that affect on it, and its effects on the residential area. The research problem is that, "residential re-subdivision effects on planning standards of the plots and residential areas ", while the research hypothesis is that," the residential re- subdivision produced new planning standards which have negative effects on the plots in residential areas”. The research finding was that the residential re-subdivision was a main reason for reducing the housing shortage, getting the new household a private residential space, at the same time; it was the reason for raising the population, accommodation densities, and the floor area ratio. Also the paper found that the residential re-subdivision has been according to the household need, and according to the space left from the residential plot, without adherence to planning and standards related to residential land subdivision ,this was the reason for the appearance of plots of different areas and dimensions ,and some times of very small areas .

Affordable Housing represents one of the main attitudes depended universally at the main time, to meet the developed housing need, which reflected on the development of the concept to what is called now the contemporary affordable housing which must be differentiated from the traditional affordable housing and determine its privacy according to architectural special thesis, and that brings research problem "there is a gap about the role of contemporary affordable housing principles in the development of residential in general and local projects". The research determined the main items reflected to the concept, which are represented by the contemporary affordable housing principles, site planning and the dwelling units. The research hypotheses was that "the site planning consideration and the dwelling unit have a role according to the contemporary affordable housing in international and local housing projects. The paper studied two examples, one of them is the national, and the other is the local, analyzed them according to the theoretical framework and finally submits the conclusions which shows the integration response system that achieves dimensions of housing development from residential units with high quality technological designs with suitable locations and sizes that achieve high density at low rise, connection to infrastructure, proximity to work and transportation. Keyword: Contemporary Affordable Housing Principles, site planning, dwelling unit.

The development of the means of transportation lead to travelling to new areas, and settled in suburban, so it was necessary to study the relationship between sustainable transportation and urban form .The research problem was that (there was a gab about the role of sustainable transportation in urban form). The aim of this paper is to build a theoretical frame work about this relationships. The paper described and analyzed two, Arabic and international samples, which have been chosen according to the variety of sustainable transportation as an urban strategy .The paper concluded that, the urban form based on sustainable transportation distinct, by cohesion and compactance at the local level, and multiplicity of nuclei in the large cities .The sustainable transport patterns by walking enhance the preservation of heritage and historical areas, also meets the human needs . Key words: sustainable transport, , urban form characteristics, cultural heritage, human need

اكتسب موضوع الفضاءات الخارجية في المدارس المستدامة اليوم أهمية كبيرة ، في عصر المعرفة ذا التطورات الجوهرية والذي يتناول مكونات النظام التربوي بالتعديل، والتركيز بصورة أساسية على المتعلم، والانتقال من دور المعلم الملقن إلى المعلم المدرب، والتأكيد على التعلم الذاتي والنشاط لتحقيق أهداف التعلم المعاصر التي تمثلت بالتعليم المستدام أو التعلم من اجل التنمية المستدامة. وأصبح ضرورياً تكيف البيئة المدرسية مع الحاجات التعليمية الجديدة، التي تدعو إلى تطوير العلاقة بين المعلم والتلميذ والانفتاح على البيئة الخارجية، فظهرت أهمية البحث الحالي الذي ارتأى أن يسلط الضوء على دور الفضاءات الخارجية المدرسية وأهميتها في تفاعل التلاميذ مع محيطهم من خلال خصائصها المميزة ، فبعد الاطلاع على الدراسات الخاصة، برزت أهمية الفضاءات الخارجية في المدارس المستدامة في تحقيق الاستدامة في (الجانب التعليمي والبيئي و الاقتصادي و الاجتماعي والجمالي والنفسي و الأمني). تمثلت المشكلة البحثية ب(عدم وجود تصور واضح بشأن أهمية الفضاء الخارجي المدرسي في عملية تعليم التلاميذ محليا وفقا إلى المتطلبات المعاصرة للتعليم) ، وافترض البحث (أن تعليم وتفاعل التلاميذ في الفضاء الخارجي المدرسي مرتبط بمدى أهلية هذه الفضاءات). ولحل المشكلة البحثية سيتناول البحث المحاور التالية (مفهوم المدرسة المستدامة و الفضاءات الخارجية المستدامة واهم الدراسات التي تناولت كلا منهما في هذه المدارس) ولاختبار فرضية البحث فقد تم اعداد استمارة استبانة وانتخاب عينتين قصدية تمثلت العينة الأولى بنماذج من المدارس الابتدائية والتابعة لمديرية تربية محافظة بغداد/الرصافة الثانية، وتمثلت العينة الثانية ب(تلاميذ مرحلة السادس الابتدائي) لغرض اجراء البحث الميداني. توصل البحث إلى وجود رغبة لدى التلاميذ في توجيه الدروس نحو الخارج ،إلا أن هذه الرغبة تتسم بالخمول وتواجه عقبات متعددة أهمها غياب فضاءات خارجية مؤهلة لذلك، كما إن طبيعة المناهج الدراسية التي تعود التلاميذ أخذها داخل الصفوف التي غالبا ما تكون بطريقة التلقين ،جعلت التلاميذ مركزين على الجوانب النظرية أكثر من العملية وبذلك فهم يقضون زمنا أطول داخل الصفوف مما جعل استعمالهم للفضاء الخارجي لغرض اللعب فقط. قدم البحث أنموذجا تصميميا لأحد الفضاءات الخارجية لأحد المدارس المنتخبة، والذي عد تأهيلا له باتجاه فضاء خارجي مدرسي مستدام.

This research deals with the transformation in urban design , as a concept , which has been focused on by the Structuralism, and the Theorist and Designer of Late Post -Modern, for its importance as a Strategy in the Design Process. The concept had been studied in many Disciplines , such as Linguistics , Biology , and Architecture. The Linguistics indicated that each systematic knowledge is composed from basic structure called the Deep Structure . This structure formed the basic rules of transformation, on which the system is stand , this structure is called by ( Chomesky) the Generating rules . Biology showed that the transformation which occurred on form , are external changes and connected with the external form . While the substantial characteristics of the being are fixed during the operation of development and growth. In Architecture , the Literature submitted the types of transformation , which were the transformation in the elements and the transformation in the relationships . Also they submitted some transformation mechanisms , directly or indirectly . Also did the Ethics Literature. The research aims to built a theoretical framework of tansformation, and determine the basic mechanisms used in Architecture and Urban Design. The research reached to five items determined the theoretical framework of the transformation which were , the aim of transformation , the transformation formulas , the types of transformation , the transformation mechanisms, and the behavior of the systems during tle process of transformation.

This research is an attempt to study the discontinuity as a catastrophic event in Urban Design, where this phenomenon had been studied in many displines such as Mathematics, Planning , lv{edicine ,Surgery and Biology. The research studied this phenomenon from linguistics and conceptual points of views, and submitted its basics in Mathematics according to the Theory of Catasffophe. The research try to borrow this Theory from this field and built a Programme to measure and explore the Discontinuity as a Catastrophic Event in Urban Design. The case study was The fabric surrounded by a new one Casaba of Algeria , rafuch is a traditional urban The research had prepared the axial maps of the Casaba of Algeria for the years (1830,1846,1880,1996,2001), and studied the Relative asymmetry,which was considered as a Behavioral variable affected by two Control variables rvhich were the Connectivity and the Local Control. The research found that there was Bimodality in the behavior of the traditional urban fabric where the Trajectory of balance Manifold moved from segregation to integration by the effect of the new fabric. The research also found that there were two Catastrophic Events happened in the traditional fabric at the years (1830 and 1880) , as a result oflhe unstability of the system ,there types were a Cusp Catastrophe. The Theory of Catastrophe add a new items to the Urban Design such as Singularity, Unstability , and Conflict Nuclei, where the research had proved their appearance in the traditional urban fabric by the effect ofthe new one This research stands as a pioneering attempt in this field.

Many ol criticism studies have focused on the concept of aurhority . These studies vary in their intentions, about the type of authority , according to their theoretical criticism direcrions. Also they varied in their disciplines, from lhe attention to the author, to co,nplete care to the text; eventually they transferred to the reader in thc last decade of the t\\'entieth century .The research problem rvas "There is no conrprehensive image about the concept ofauthority in Architecture and specially in Academic architectural criticisnr". This study aims to define the specialty of authority in architecture and architectural criticisnr .The research hl,pothesis rvas " the authority in architecture is convenient have rnultiple resources ,meanings ,and disciplines of enfolding. tt is appear in the text exhibited to criticism through external items expresses the era and the rules of art. The methodology of the research is based on(theoretical study rvhich defines the theorctical framework for authority concept in architecture and architectural criticisrn in general and practical study rvhich investigated a group of academic critics, about the item ofthe framervork .The results obtained are analyzed to reach to the conclusions about the lraqi specialty ofauthority in architeclure and architectural criticism .Research findings u,as (rhe authority in architecture and criticism is convenient, its resource is the text, includes many meaning. the most lamous is the creativity . the elfects and the superiority .l he authority emerges in exhibitions, local and international competitions, and in the students producls .The authority depends on some means, the most famous are .the designers continuous encouragement .grades gir en . and the explanation. in order to produce products responding to the era , through dealing u,ith rhe design process, and the context used).