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This article aims to highlight the role of context in directing meaning and can be divided into two branches and its effective role in directing meaning through knowledge of the situation. As for the second, it came out of the phenomenon, from a narrow scope of theorizing to the breadth of application, by presenting a number of Quranic models that Al-Razi was exposed to in his interpretation, to show us and the reader in the light of the impact of that phenomenon in directing the meanings of the Qur'an. The importance of the research lies in the fact that it sheds light on the concept of context and its role in directing the semantics of words when Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, and previous studies were limited to language books and did not examine it in the books of the principles of jurisprudence, especially the book of the crop in the origins of jurisprudence by al-Razi, which is rightly a circle of science in his time, the approach imposed by the nature of the study is the descriptive approach as the research dealt with the concept of context and its sections accompanied by applied examples that show the importance of context in directing meaning.

Menurut al-Razi, ada tiga sumber pengetahuan, yaitu; logika, tradisi para pendahulu dan naluri yang membimbing manusia tanpa perlu banyak berpikir. Berdasarkan ketiga sumber pengetahuan ini, maka ukuran kebenaran yang dipegang oleh al-Razi lebih dekat dengan apa yang dipegang dalam pandangan modern sebagai seorang yang positif. Karena, kecenderungannya pada hal-hal mengenai eksperimen seperti yang dijelaskan dalam buku alHawi. Dia mengakui bahwa nubuat adalah karunia dari Tuhan, tetapi potensi untuk setiap pikiran manusia adalah sama. Jadi, tidak ada yang bisa mengklaim bahwa ia diberkati dengan kecerdasan tinggi sejak lahir termasuk seorang Nabi. Untuk alasan ini, itu tidak benar dan dapat dibenarkan pandangan yang menyatakan bahwa al-Razi adalah ateis atau mulhid (bidat), karena sebenarnya dia adalah seorang pemikir bebas.

This research is concerned with collecting the abnormal letters of Imam Nu`aym ibn Maysara al-Razi, and directing them according to the scholars of interpretation, readings, and language, with the title : )Readings reported by Imam Naeem bin Maysarah Al-Razi (d. 174 AH( From the beginning of Surat Al)Ma’idah to the end of Surat Al-Tawbah - collection and guidance) Its goals and importance are highlighted in its shedding light on Imam Naeem bin Maysara, collecting the guidance of his scattered letters, and listing his idiosyncrasies that were not attributed to anyone else. I began it with an introduction and then with two chapters. I made the first: to translate Ibn Maysara, and the second: to collect his narrations, showing who among the imams agreed with him, and their orientation in meaning and language. Then I concluded it with a conclusion in which I summarized the most important results, including: The number of recitations narrated on the authority of Imam Nu’aym ibn Maysarah al-Razi from Surah Al-Ma’idah to Surat Al-Tawbah: eighteen recitations: nine of them in Al-Ma’idah, three in Al-An’am, five in Al-A’raf, and one place in Al)Anfal, and none of them in Al-Ma’idah. There is disagreement about repentance from him . Finally, I appended the research with two indexes: In service to researchers, may God grant success and help [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah in the book Mafatih al-Gaib by Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. Which contains discussion, the first discussion: how is Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s interpretation about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah ? the second discussion: what is Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s comment on the interpretation of scholars about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah ? this research is a qualitative tafsir study based on the study of the kitab. The propose of the study is that the data is taken from the kitab related to the research title. The approach used is tafsir science approach, language and philosophy. Researchers make al-huruf al-muqatta’ah as an object of research by using several books related to it to find out the interpretation of scholars (especially Fakhr al-Din al-Razi) about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah. The reason why the researcher choose this title its because there are differences in opinions of scholars into two opinions. First opinion: these letters are the secret of Allah, second opinion: the purpose of al-huruf al-muqatta’ah can be known and there are many words of scholars about itu, even though there was no direct axplanation from the Prophet Muhammad about the meaning of al-huruf al-muqatta’ah. Therefore researchers think it is necessary to conduct research. The result of this study founds that Fakhr al-Din al-Razi strengthened the opinion that al-huruf al-muqatta’ah is the name of surah and to attract the attention of non muslims to read the Qur’an after they advised one another to turn away from the Qur’an.

his book, Al-Razi devotes sections that deal with a comprehensive explanation of infectious diseases affecting different parts of the human body, with no distinction between male or female, nor between childhood, youth, or old age.In his book, Abu Bakr Al-Razi presented a description of no symptoms of communicable diseases, accompanied by prescriptions, and sometimes ways to prevent them, such as:* Skin diseases: such as leprosy, itching, and scabies. He says about leprosy that it is easy to treat at the beginning.He attributed the cause of the itching and scabies to the individual’s addiction to eating blood-spoiling foods, such as salt, pomegranates, hot spices, garlic, honey and others, in addition to fatigue, staying up late, and lack of bathing. For treatment of them, he recommended phlebotomy and drinking drinks.He also mentioned smallpox and measles, which both boys and boys often afflict, and ways to treat them.* Tuberculosis: a transmissible disease that affects the human body, and may lead to death. Its symptoms include emaciation, and chronic cough, accompanied by hemoptysis. Al-Razi advised the injured person to eat good, beneficial foods, such as milk and meat, and to go to the bathroom regularly

Objectives: This study aims to reveal the importance of critical practice, and to explain the methodology of reasoning in the ninety-seventh issue in Kitaab Al’ilal by Ibn Abi Hatim Al-Razi with the identification of the cause and the jurisprudential subject. It also aims to compare between the explanatory plan adopted by Ibn Abi Hatim and other critics who dealt with the same issue. Methods: This study followed the method of modern critics of hadith in reasoning in induction, analysis and deduction. Results: One of the most important results of the study is the accuracy of the explanatory approach of the first critics to the extent that they almost agreed on the reason. The study concluded with the importance of the explanatory practice, which is based on collecting the sayings of critics and studying the hadith. Conclusions: The study recommended the necessity of conducting applied critical studies to practice the correct methodology in criticism.

Abstract The story of Prophet Musa and Prophet Khidir is one of the stories that is quite representative of the stories contained in the Al-Qur'an. The narrative description in the Al-Qur'an is certainly interesting to study. In presenting the story, al-Qur'an often uses metaphorical language and analogy which is alleged to be able to bridge the limited human ratio with the language of the al-Qur'an which is completely unlimited. This article examined the moral message behind the story of Prophet Musa & Prophet Khidir according to Fakhruddin al-Razi in his Tafsir, Mafa> tih al-Ghayb. This research was included in the literature review which was presented using the maud {u> 'i interpretation method and Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutic approach. Based on the search, it was found that in interpreting this story, al-Razi considered a number of aspects such as internal relationships (aspects of munasabah) and the external context of the text (asbabun nuzul). In addition, based on Gadamer's theory of historical consciousness (awareness of historical influences), al-Razi was still influenced by his background as an ash'ariyyah. The reinterpretation of three important events in this story sequence shows the moral message of the story about the importance of tawa>d}u’(humility), so that humans are always able to guard their behaviuor from being arrogant (takabbur), be patient in facing all tests and are determined.

The word “Qarib” is an adjective in Arabic Language, Al-Quran used and declared that Allah is close to His servants, but Al-Quran also declared that Allah turned above the “arsy” which is located above the seventh heaven. In other contexts, Al-Quran declared that the Day of Judgment is close, while the revelation has passed 14 centuries but Judgment Day has not yet occurred. Therefore what is the concept of Allah closeness to His servants? And Judgment Day closeness? This research examined these concept in Al-Tafsir Al-Kabir written by Fakhruddin Al-Razi. By adopting the objective interpretation as theoretical framework. it used two approaches, Descriptive Method and Analytical Method to collect the data in analyzing them. The conclusion is Allah's closeness according to Al-Razi is not related to the place, but he interpreted it with the Knowledge of Allah, also in the context of philosophy, the Creator is the intermediary between the Essence of beings and his Being, then the Creator is closer to the essence than his own being. The closeness of Judgment Day is interpreted in three points. First, it implied the threat of Allah that the Judgment Day will come suddenly. Second, the time remaining in the world was less than what has already happened, third, the Judgment Day was easy for Allah.

In order to uncover the existence of this universe, human will find two man theories about how God created this universe: Theory of Emanation and Theory of Creation. In the view of Theory of Emanation, this universe was transmitted from the Transcendent Being trough a hierarchical levels; while Theory of Creation taught that the beginning of universe as the creation of The One Almighty God. It is interesting that every single opinion have their argumentation supported by number of famous philosopher, such as Ibn Sina who supported Theory of Emanation, and Fakhruddin al-Razi who refuted that idea and declared that Theory of Creation is more legitimate. Ibn Sina’s theory evidently was an improvement from the theory of movement owned by Aristotle. According to this theory, every entity has potential and action aspect. Movement is the process from the potential to the action, and its process can take place because of supporting cause. These causes led finally to the Prime Cause defined as unmoved mover. In the perspective of Ibn Sina, this ‘Prime Cause’ is God that Wajib al-Wujud. Wajib al-Wujud led later to the main argument of Ibn Sina about the existence of God. Al-Razi did not agree with Ibn Sina’s theory. From here, al-Razi launched his criticism against Ibn Sina’s thought about the Theory of Emanation. This paper will discuss further about al-Razi’s critique toward Ibnu Sina’s concept of God which focusced on the theory of movement and singularity.

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi adalah seorang pemikir klasik yang terpercaya. Pengetahuan nya meliputi berbagai disiplin ilmu, seperti teologi, tafsir, hukum, bahasa, sastra, tasawuf, filsafat, kedokteran, fisika, astronomi, astrologi, matematika, dan lain-lain. Dalam hal fikih, al-Razi bermazhab Syafi’i, dalam filsafat terpengaruh Muhammad Zakaria al Razi dan Ibn Sina, sedang dalam hal fisika mengikuti jejak Abual-Barakat al-Baghdadi. Tidak berbeda dengan filosof yang anti-Aristotelian sebelumnya, al-Razi mencoba menyelaraskan agama dan filsafat rasional. Keunggulan al-Razi di berbagai bidang ini belum banyak digali sehingga menjadi tambahan bagi khazanah keilmuan Islam. Artikel ini hendak memaparkan beberapa pemikiran-pemikiran Fakhr al-Din al-Razi yang berkenaan dengan kalam, filsafat, fikih, dan ilmu pengetahuan lain yang dapat ditemukan dalam karya-karyanya yang sudah diterbitkan. Dengan harapan, artikel ini dapat berguna untuk lebih mengenalkan pemikiran-pemikirannya yang masih menunggu untuk dieksplorasi lebih serius.

Filsafat merupakan induk semua ilmu, pada awalnya objek filsafat lebih luas dibandingkan ilmu. Namun pada perkem-bangannya Filsafat berkembang menjadi bagian dari ilmu itu sendiri, sehingga Filsafat tidak bisa berada dibawah awang-awang tetapi ia harus membimbing ilmu. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan peran Filsafat Islam dalam membuka wawasan berpikir umat Islam untuk menyadari fenomena perkembangan wacana keagamaan yang kontemporer yang menyuarakan nilai-nilai keterbukaan, baik nilai-nilai yang terdahulu maupun yang baru untuk terus dikaji menemukan kebenarannya. Setelah mendiskripsikan ditemukan beberapa hal yang perlu ada tindak lanjut dari hasil penelitian ini yaitu: lima hal yang kekal, moral yang mengandalkan akal semata dan tidak mempercayai wahyu, kenabian dan mukjizat. Al-Razi merupakan filosof muslim yang meng-hapuskan sendi-sendi keimanan namun ia tetap mengakui adanya Allah Sang Pencipta. Ia tergolong filosof rasionalis murni dan ia juga lebih dikenal dalam ilmu kedokteran dan dia juga memahami dalam disiplin ilmu falak, matematika dan kimia.

This research tries to concentrate on an essential and important issue in ancient logic which is the issue of predicable and the theory of definition related to Fakhr-Al-Din Al-Razi . in this search we will discuss the issue of predicables and the relationship between them by Fakhr-Al-Din Al-Razi. And we will try to show their role in the possibility of being the theory of definition and we will show if Fakhr-Al-Din Al-Razi refered to the eral definition influenced by Aristotle , or nominal definition influenced by stoicism, and if the definition refers to Quiddity or it is only refers to the properties of this thing , and we will try to explain his point of view of predicables and if they have an existence outside or they are only names havn,t any existence outside minds.

This research tries to concentrate on an essential and important issue in ancient logic which is the issue of predicable and the theory of definition related to Fakhr-Al-Din Al-Razi . in this search we will discuss the issue of predicables and the relationship between them by Fakhr-Al-Din Al-Razi. And we will try to show their role in the possibility of being the theory of definition and we will show if Fakhr-Al-Din Al-Razi refered to the eral definition influenced by Aristotle , or nominal definition influenced by stoicism, and if the definition refers to Quiddity or it is only refers to the properties of this thing , and we will try to explain his point of view of predicables and if they have an existence outside or they are only names havn,t any existence outside minds.

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Abi Hatem’s " al-ʻIlal " book is one of the important references in identifying ilal " hidden defects " of hadiths, and among the most detailed ones in explaining the hidden defect " illah ", it’s indispensable for any researcher in ilal. Abu hatem had independent reasoning in clarifying ilal and giving preference between opinions. Based on this importance, research highlighted these hadiths in which the independent reasoning of Abu Hatem changed. To my knowledge, they are (12) hadiths. In studying them, the analytical and critical methods. Among the most important reasons for Abu Hatem for changing his independent reasoning finding out corroboration for the hadith in hand or other methods form another books or persons ask him about it. This may turn the hadith to be defective of weak after being well-secured for him or turn it to be well-secured after being in doubt and changing his opinion towards that hadith and his review thereof. His independent reasoning, may Allah’s mercy be upon him, changed through using indications of giving preference after having the all opinions. in giving preference to opinions in most of hadiths, he had never adopted a single opinion permanently but searching for corroboration thereof from other scholars and imams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the interpretation of Abu Muslim Al Asfahani's from mu'tazila to the verses from Surat Taha. The method of this study is the inductive critical method. The words of Abu Musallam Al Asfahani are compared with the words of Fakhr Al- Din al-Razi and other interpretations of Surat Taha. The research aims to clarify the issues that Fakhr al- Din alRazi contrasts Abu Muslim Al-Asfahani in his interpretation of Surat Taha, most likely what he thinks right. The importance of this research is that it enables the researchers to understand Quran in the right way, by comparing the interpretation words and distinguishing the most likely meaning. The research includes two approaches, the first one translation for both Abu Muslim Al- Asfahani and Fakhr Al- Din al-Razi. The second approach is the criticism of Abu Muslim Al-Asfahani. The research concludes that Fakhr Al- Din al-Razi agrees with Abu Muslim Al-Asfahani in fourteen points in Surat Taha and disagrees in only one point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disease that involves skin, joints and different organ systems. It is associated with Multiple morbidities such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Due to the high importance of the association between psoriasis and CKD which results in major side effects the aim of this study was to evaluation of CKD and associated factors in Psoriasis patients at Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted as a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study to evaluate the frequency of CKD and associated factors in psoriatic patients admitted to the Razi Hospital whose last time of admission was from June 2018 to January 2019. According to the K/DOQI guideline, CKD is defined as the GFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m² during at least a period of three months. GFR was calculated based on the MDRD formula. The sample size was equal to 265. The hospital documents of inpatients who have been admitted to Razi Hospital wards or follow-up clinics during 2017-2019 were used for collecting information and data. This information has been extracted based on the initial checklist for data collection. Collected data has been analyzed and performed by using SPSS 25 software. Results: The study found that 18 (6.8%) of psoriasis patients had CKD. Patients were in the age range of 3.5-92 years, the majority of them were in the age range of 18.65–79.7 years. 171 (64.5%) patients were male and 94 (35.5%) were female. 41 (15.5%) patients had diabetes, 94 (35.5%) had hyperlipidemia and 41 (15.5%) had hypertension. History of NSAID, Methotrexate, Cyclosporine, Acitretin, Infliximab, and Adalimumab medication use among 9 (3.4%), 205 (77.4%), 56 (21.1%), 147 (55.5%), 30 (11.3%), and 28 (10.6%) patients were observed, respectively. Also, 54 (20.4%) had a history of phototherapy. 217 (81.9%) of the psoriatic patients had CPP (Chronic Plaque Psoriasis) and 48 (18.1%) had PP (pustular Psoriasis) and finally, 21 (7.9%) of the patients had psoriatic arthritis. Conclusion: The prevalence of CKD was shown to increase by age. The other correlated factors are diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. On the other hand, there was not found any significant correlation between drugs (NSAIDs, Methotrexate, Cyclosporine, Acitretin, Infliximab, Adalimumab) and CKD prevalence. There was also no significant correlation between phototherapy, psoriasis type and psoriatic arthritis, duration of psoriasis and CKD prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Reincarnation is a basic Hindu belief according to which the soul of a person is recreated for second time in different shapes according to their different actions. It is known as the belief of Samsara or reincarnation in Hinduism. If the person who passes away is good, his soul is transferred into a beautiful and nice body like that of birds etc. But if he is an evil person, his soul is transferred into ugly insects and animals etc. According to this belief, the difference between two human beings is due to the difference in their previous action or “karma” that he has committed in his previous birth. Human actions cannot be fruitful in this world and this is why a second birth is needed. This belief is wrong from Shariah perspective and it contradicts the basic Islamic belief of resurrection. Reincarnation assumes that there is no specific day on which actions will be rewarded; rather it is Auagun or Juni Cycle through which a human being deserves positive or negative reward. Imam Razi has refuted this belief through both logical and textual evidences. He has also replied the objections raised against the covenant of “alast”. (الست) "

The research sheds light on the explanatory mechanisms of the interpreters, to show the most important points of convergence and divergence between them, as they both relied on the same mechanisms, but they differed in the method of offering and dealing with each of those methods, and the governing criterion in that is due to the origin, culture, era, and doctrine of each Among them, the scientific connection had a great and clear impact on the analyzes of the interpreters, and it appeared in a larger way at Al-Fakhr Al-Razi, as he sometimes tended when presenting opinions in a specific verse to the analysis that is revealed by the scientific linkage, so he tended to it completely, and preferred it over the one that was devoid of scientific linkage.

This research is concerned with studying the phenomenon of the limitation of the methods of verbal connotations among Al mutakallimun- team of scholars of uṣul al-fiqh (Principles of Islamic jurisprudence)- down to the approach of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. In this paper, the researcher has followed the inductive or the semi-structured approach to the madhahib (ways of act) of uṣul al-fiqh scholars, while relying on the analytical deductive approach to thoroughlyexamine the views of uṣul al-fiqh scholars in order to reveal the facts implied within these views. The aim of this study is to highlight this phenomenon and to identify the orientations of its figures by focusing on the criteria adopted in determining the proposed approaches to semantics as used by uṣul al-fiqh scholars, in an attempt to interpret this phenomenon anddefine its stages and effects within the area conflict and weighting. The study has found that Al-Ghazali was the first to present a comprehensive specification of semantics from the perspective of uṣul al-fiqh, without any restricting criteria, while Al-Razi was one of the scholars who first provided limiting criteria for verbal semantics from the perspective of uṣul al-fiqh. Theresearcher has concluded that Al-Razi’s method, through the criteria that he proposed, may be attached to deep systematic problems that prevented from benefiting from it in the section of ‘moral conflict between the connotations of meanings,’ which weakened its legislative effect in mentally understanding the captured meanings when weighting between the conflicting evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper is based on deviation of mindset, attitudes, and human behavior that happened this nowadays. The deviation can be captured through the attitudes and behavior that is no longer based on human nature, but based on the lust. As a result, there is a moral degradation that led to the multi- dimensional crisis. Actually, the previous Islamic scholars, such as Fakhruddîn ar-Râzî had stressed the importance of establishing the mindset, attitude, and behavior on the basis of tawhid or human nature. In Islam, tawhid has a central position. It is the source of mindset, attitudes, and human behavior. Therefore, if tawhid is true, the behavior should be true, and also on the contrary. In Islam, between tawhid and mindsets, attitudes and behavior, have a close relationship, even they may not be separated. The attitudes of a believer, according to ar- Râzî, are being pious, keeping away from dirty deeds, do not hurt others, and do not do things that are prohibited. Meanwhile, the attitudes of musyrik are stubborn, do not believe and reject the truth. Likewise with the deeds. The kindness which is performed by people with correct tawhid should be different with the kindness done by others. The people who has correct tawhid do good thing simply because the worship of God, while those who has not correct tawhid do something based on humanitarian grounds. This matter, in the perspective of tawhid, can be categorized as riya’ and therefore, according to ar-Râzî, can be called by disobedience.

Background and purpose: Coronavirus Disease-2019 )COVID-19) is a respiratory infection which was recognized as a pandemic by the world health organization on march 11, 2020. This study aimed to evaluate new treatment modalities therapy in management of COVID-19. Materials and methods: A descriptive-analytical, retrospective study was performed in patients over 17 years of age with suspected COVID-19 admitted to Qaemshahar Razi Hospital in March and April 2020. The case group included patients treated with methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), Beta Interferon, Ribavirin, Arbidol, Remdesivir, Favipiravir and Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir. The control group was selected from hospitalized cases who were treated only with lopinavir/ritonavir and Hydroxychloroquine. This study evaluated the efficacy of these drugs. Data was analyzed in SPSS V18. Results: The mean ages of case group (n=217) and control group were 54.23±16.64 (17-88) years and 53.8±16.23 (19-80) years, respectively. The need for ICU admission and mechanical ventilation were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05) but no significant difference was seen on mortality rate (P>0.05). Conclusion: Using anti-inflammatory and anti-viral drugs in hospitalized patients seems reasonable until widespread vaccination and development of effective drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderation, peace and tolerance are core teachings of Islam that are explained in many religious texts. Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib explained several hadiths related to moderation, peace and tolerance in several of his books and speeches. This study aims to discuss the thoughts of Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib regarding the hadiths of moderation, peace and tolerance. This research uses qualitative research with library research method. The results of the study state that Islamic moderation teaches humans to provide freedom and independence and equal rights for women, and not to discriminate among fellow human beings. Then to maintain peace between humans, a sense of security should be created and there should be no attitude of fear or threat to others. Tolerance between religions is also needed to create a sense of peace, one of which is by allowing people to choose their religion and not forcing them to convert to Islam.

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The subject of physical and spiritual resurrection is one of the most challenging theological issues among Islamic scholars. Meanwhile, Fakhr Razi and Allameh Tabataba'i believe in spiritual resurrection. In this study, we intend to analyze the content and approach of the two great thinkers about the most significant resurrection doubts. A closer look at the works of Razi reveals that his words are more explicit on physical resurrection. He responds to the Corrosive and Eaten of deceit and man. Since he considers restorations permissible and God Almighty, he concludes that Restoration of Non-being is not abstained. Razi, in the immateriality of the human soul Doubt, refers to the contradiction of the soul and the body, which is separated from him when he dies and ascends to the universe. Also, the verses quoted by him do not indicate that the soul that is other than the body is Immateriality or not Immateriality. In contrast, Tabatabai avoids the Corrosive and Eaten and the Restoration of Non-being Doubt. In his view, there is nothing in the body and soul, because the body changes to other elements, and the soul is a Immateriality thing that is not corrupted by the death of the body. Tabataba'i, in response to the immateriality of the human soul of self-objectification Doubt, considers the regards the object as object, not matter. He believes that our body in the resurrection is like the earthly body. He also considers being objective in the self and preserving the human personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of IUG Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Arabian Sciences Heritage is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research in Educational & Human Sciences Arts & Languages is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sheikh Najmeddin Razi and most of mystics in early times of Islam have described the concept of epiphany in the field of Islamic Mysticism. From the viewpoint of Sheikh Najmeddin Razi, epiphany is the beginning of the Creator and Nurturer's Beauty shining in the wayfarer's heart and it is achieved when the wayfarer's heart is pure from darkness and what is other than the Plane of Reality and turned into His mirror image. Mohyeddin Ibn Arabi, whit special attention to Sheikh Najmeddin's description and the grades which he has given about epiphany, almost narrates them completely in the book "Tohfat Olsafar Ela HazratOl Barrah".But description's defect in theoretical grades makes the founder of theoretical mysticism to create and offer new concept and more modern grades from epiphany in his the most comprehensive works on the books"fotouhat Makieh and Fosous Al Hikam" based on theoretical mysticism. The base of the Great Sheikh's statements about epiphany's concept is that Divine Epiphany cause to manifestation of Immutable Archetypes in knowledge, the being and its orders in out of it. Ebn Arabi based on this statement begins to express various Grades of Disclosure and offer specific principle for its concept in theoretical mysticism. The main issue in this essay is to clarify Sheikh Najmeddin Razi's viewpoint and following other mystics in early times of Islam about Visible Manifestation(epiphany's concept and its visionary aspect)and express its shortcoming in theoretical mysticism; besides is to clarify Ibn Arabi's viewpoint about Existential Manifestation (being aspect of epiphany)and express its grades in both category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sentence studies that are rarely discussed in the realm of linguistics are complex sentences. This article aims to describe the construction and types of complex sentences based on their clause formation in the novel Mā Lā Nabūh Bih based on Kenneth L. Pike's Tagmemic theory. This research was a qualitative and descriptive study, with the primary data source were the novel Mā Lā Nabūh Bih by Sandra Serag. Each type of complex sentence was selected and described according to Tagmemic theory. The results of this study found that four ‘harf’ functions were used as subordinating conjunctions based on the formation of the clauses, which consists of the arrangement of musnad (subject), musnad ilaih (predicate), and maf'ul bih (object). The distinguishes among four ‘harf’ functions are in the form and position of the subordinating conjunctions that separate the main sentence and its subordinate clauses, namely time relations (mundzu/since), causal relationship (lianna/because), complementary relationships (anna/really), comparative relationship (kaanna/as if). Complex sentences in the Tagmemic perspective are more complex than other types of sentence structures since they may consist of two slots, two classes, two roles, or two cohesions. In contrast, other sentence structure types have only one slot, class, role, and cohesion.