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The basic ideas and history of Christianity have been presented briefly in this article because the correct way to understand a religion is to understand it directly from the people of the faith, so it is an attempt not to attribute anything to Christianity without reference to Christian scholars themselves and since the purpose of this is only to understand Christianity. No theory of religion has been commented upon. Still, only information related to its basic ideas and history has been discussed and studying Christianity by Muslims in the subcontinent, it is important to know how Christianity reached the subcontinent and then how it established its foothold in this area and how it achieved so much progress here. In the beginning of the year, Alexandria was the largest trading city in the world, Indian merchants who went to Alexandria to trade silk and pearls, and on their return brought with them a collection of books of Mustang to India. In the early 2nd century, some Indian merchants wrote a letter to Bishop Demetry Youss of Alexandria, asking him to send a capable man to India for the tabalgar mainstay, so he sent the Pontius priest, who was one of the most capable people of his time; to India and that he was the "first missionary" in India. How the British spent their energies in the spread of Christianity in the subcontinent and adopted every means that could promote Christianity, from the army of priests and missionaries to the misuse of government power and from books to magazines and newspapers and from public preaching to debate, they adopted every method by which Christianity could be spread. But Muslim scholars also continued to observe this whole situation closely and they not only closed the siege in front of the growing storm of Christianity on every front in defense of Islam, but also reined in this vicious ness and held it in such a way that they did not give it a chance to rise again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qur'ān is the basic source of Islamic sciences. It was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) within the period of about twenty-three years. Companions used to ask the holy Prophet about difficulties in understanding the meaning of the Quranic verses or words. After his life, the companions of the Prophet continued their efforts to understand the Qurān and to preach it to the entire world. For this purpose, millions of people continued to write the explanations and interpretations of the Qur'ān and the practice is being carried on. This article presents briefly the literature on the translations of the Qur'ān made by Mufti Dr. Ghulam Sarwar Qādri and his counterparts. Thus, the study tried to provide an insight into understanding the worth of the Qur'anic translations. The study focuses on the four translations: Umdatul Bayān, Zubdatul Bayān, Balghul Qur'ān and Maāni al Qur'ān. The study deals with the symbolic, stylistic, linguistic, and theoretical aspects of the translations under discussion. It also throws light on the expertise of the translators in the sciences of "Ilmul Maāni" "Ilmul Bayān" and "Ilm ul Badi'". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly Social: Religious Research Journal Noor-e-Marfat is the property of Quarterly Social & Religious Research Journal "NOOR-E-MARFAT" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the thoughts of Allama Muhammad Iqbāl and Maulana Ḥussain Ahmad Madanī related to nationality, patriotism and national state have been discussed and their critical evaluation has been done. Europe was the initiator of the political innovation of nationalism and patriotism in the nineteenth century and it is an effective political weapon in the world. As a result, many national-states came into existence, the Muslim caliphate ended and the unity of Muslims was fragmented. Allama Iqbāl visualized this political consiperacy of Europe timely. He considered it allarming for Muslim ummah. He warned all the Muslims against the Western intrigues and political tantacles. It can be concluded that Allama Iqbāl gave the Muslims of the subcontinent the dream of a separate homeland and he was active in practical politics for it. But Maulana Ḥussain Ahmad Madanī was against the separate Muslim State and had the opinon that India was their homeland and all those who lived in it were one nation. They would not allow the homeland and the nation to be divided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nahj-ul-Balagah is a collection of selected sermons and letters of Amir al-mu'minin Hazrat Ali Ibn Abi Talib (as) presented by Syed Sharif in the form of a bouquet. Those people who are unfamiliar with Arabic language and literature need a translation of Nahj-ul-Balagah to understand it. For Urdu readers, Allama Mufti Jafar has presented its Urdu translation with great effort. In this article, the translation of Mufti Jafar Hussain has been analyzed and critically reviewed. This review examines the merits of this translation and the difficulties faced by contemporary Urdu readers in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Quran and the Sunnah are accepted (by the Muslims) as the primary sources of guidance for humanity. Either of them serves as a basis for Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamic Jurisprudence is described as the human understanding, premised on a set of principles, of the ruling of God revealed in Quran u Sunnah. Identically, Fatwa (unbinding legal opinion) and Ifta (the act of issuing fatwa) are also rendered as a means to convey the rulings of Sharia. A mufti (fatwa_giver) is supposed to elucidate the God`s rulings on inquiry presented to him by the mustafti (fatwa_seeker), aimed at guiding them towards the commandments of God. The Jurists of Islam ought to be credited for their diligent and painstaking efforts in the subject of Islamic Jurisprudence. They have, evidently, added a voluminous collection of book of Fatwa in the treasury of Jurisprudence of Islam. Along the same vein, one such great contribution is entitled as Fatawa e Iqraria.Qazi Iqrar Ud din Chitrali rahimahullah is attributed to have compiled the collection of fatawa, in manuscript, containing 715 pages, almost 110 years ago.The cited manuscript, reasonably, deserves the research scholars to delve it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam is recognized as a moral and rational way of life. It is a Natural Religion. Its universal teachings attract everyone and this is the concrete reason of its rapid extension in the whole world. However, in subcontinent it is widely propagated by orientalists and prejudiced Hindus that Islam is promulgated with the power of sword. For a realistic historic approach it is necessary to study the religion, values and traditions of Hindus if that time. In this article the Arabs-Hindus relations, the role of Prophet's (PBUH) companions, scholars, saints; Islamic equality, humanity; practice against discrimination of casteism etc. have been declared the basic elements of advent and promotion of Islam in Subcontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazrat Ali paid special attention to government affairs notwithstanding the wars fought in his caliphate. Among the issues that are important for running the government is administrative affairs. If this matter is taken into account and government affairs are run, a better society can be established. Hazrat Ali also paid special attention to administrative matters so that the problems of law and order could be brought under control. In administrative matters, truth and honesty, observance of law, appointment and scrutiny of governors, supremacy of truth, justice, discipline and the concept of encouragement. In this article, we have described the administrative policies of Hazrat Ali with references of Nehjul Balagha and other Islamic books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly Social: Religious Research Journal Noor-e-Marfat is the property of Quarterly Social & Religious Research Journal "NOOR-E-MARFAT" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper entitled “Morphological processes and Active/passive Derivational morphemes in producing and deriving novel linguistic data" is an attempt to investigate the activeness of a certain group of Derivational morphemes in Kurdish language which are the derivative suffixes of group nouns of cluster morphemes: place nouns and profession nouns. Another important aspect of this research is that it depends on data and statistics for investigating the active/passiveness of those morphemes used as a sample in the research. Besides, it has followed a new linguistic method which is Generative linguistics. As for the structure of the research, apart from introduction and conclusion, it consists of two parts. The first part deals with explaining morphological processes and the role of Derivational morphemes in enriching the lexicon. The second part takes as a sample the Derivational morphemes of the two group morphemes (derivative morphemes of place nouns and derivative morphemes of profession nouns). Both concepts of active and passiveness are explained with regard to the two cluster morphemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to discuss some of the key components of Syed Ahmed's naturalism as a framework for understanding human growth, especially in the area of education within the framework of revealed text. This may make it easier to comprehend his modernist idea of education and naturalism in the context of Islam (as revealed in the book), and it may also help one recognize that, as long as one stays true to the core teachings of Islam, Islam is not a barrier to advancement. In the first section, I will briefly discuss some of the currents in naturalism that were put forth by Western philosophers in Europe during the nineteenth century (West) as background to illustrate how it differs from religious naturalism that was motivated by revelation and elaborated by Syed Ahmed. In the next part, I shall contend that Syed Ahmed's naturalistic argument is not an attempt to replace God with nature, but rather an attempt to establish a system for offering a rationalistic explanation of Islam. In contrast to his counterparts in the West, Syed Ahmed bases his theory of nature on the revealed text. Therefore, in my opinion, he believes that nature is a creation of God, much like the universe, humans, and other creatures, and that it is not real in and of itself. It implies that nature is constantly subject to the laws established by God and has no purpose when apart from its creator. The aforementioned points are not only beneficial for broadening one's understanding of Syed Ahmed's naturalism, but they are also essential for demonstrating how one may infer a modernist philosophy of education based on his naturalism.

In accordance with what is necessary for the common good, the State has the right and the ability to impose responsibilities and organise obligations on persons within its borders. A tax is one of the most significant compulsory duties placed on individuals by the state. To impose mandatory levies on persons or corporations by governments was the definition of taxation. Almost every nation collects some form of taxation, usually from its citizens, to fund governmental operations and services. The tax is collected for the benefit of the State Treasury by forcibly deducting a portion of individual income. To meet these commitments, governments impose taxes on their citizens as a means of raising revenue to fund essential services and advance the nation's economic, social, and political agendas.

Wild Caucasian squirrels are commonly seen in the mountain forests of the northern Iraqi and are sometimes kept as pets. However, no hematological or physiological reference values are set for these animals, even though they are often taken to private veterinary hospitals in the region. So, setting these values is necessary. A selection of hematological and physiological parameters is measured in 24 wild Caucasian squirrels (20 males and four females) in the mountain areas of Pshdar district, Sulaymaniyah, north of Iraq. The hematological parameters included the leukocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and examination of blood smears stained with Giemsa. The vital signs included the heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), and rectal temperature. The physiological parameters were scored, and blood was taken from the animals without being sedated or anesthetized by immobilizing them using a specially designed jacket. Most values were as expected compared to other rodent species, and no significant differences were observed between the sexes. All squirrels are successfully rehabilitated and released after the experiments are conducted.

Magazines are an important asset and interpreter of the nation, which contains a vast source of knowledge. This repository of knowledge guides every individual and class of the nation without distinction. In Islamic world in general and in subcontinent of Pakistan and India in particular, various magazines at different levels, associated with Islamic journalism , are active in the glory and propagation of the religion of Islam. There are also Urdu Islamic magazine and Journals whose great religious, journalistic journey is short but their effects are evident in all walks of life. Of these, “Zia e Haram” is considered to the one of the most prestigious journals in subcontinent. This journal is highlighting the true and universal concept of Islam on the basis of knowledge and rationality for the last five decades. In its monthly and special publications, Islam is presented as a comprehensive system of life by bringing the issues of life in line with the modern age. Zia Haram has always played a good role in the protection and promotion of religious tradition.

The history of madrasas is as old as back to the 11th Century. The prime aim to establish the madrasas was to educate the people, especially the Muslims, and transfer their religious understanding. During Muslim rule, the madrasas got popular, and later in the British era the growth of madrasas was there and the madrasas also played a vital role in independence later after the creation of Pakistan the madrasas played an important role. The paper will examine the history of madrassa in Pakistan.

War and atrocities are not new to this world, Islamic law and IHL both have addressed this subject and have described the principle of warfare such as that the belligerents must minimize incidental harm to civilians and civilian objects including religious site, and that this limits the means and methods that they can use. Islamic law which comprises of sharia and fiqh discusses this subject but it is not codified. Islamic law has not yet been acknowledged when it comes to IHL -even article 38 recognizes general principles of nation as a source. Islam is the second largest religion in the world which mirrors the modern framework of IHL and is complementary to that regime.

The present study has been designed to analyses moral literacy and Islamic values among students in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Pakistan. Moral literacy and Islamic values are taught in all educational institutions in Pakistan directly and indirectly. A sample of 1512 university students of the BS program (4 Years) has been selected through a proportionate random sampling technique from two faculties of the University of Gujrat i.e. Faculty of Arts and Faculty of Social Sciences. A cross-sectional survey has been conducted using a structured questionnaire from the students. Pilot testing has been conducted on 30 randomly selected students to proceed to the final data collection. The study findings show that moral literacy and social justice have a favorable effect on the teaching of Islamic values to students at the tertiary level of education. It is worth stating that the study also shows a similar nature of results in favour of forgiveness and kindness to predict Islamic values. It is believed that faith plays an important role in the promotion of social justice, forgiveness, kindness, humanity respect, sincerity, and moral literacy in Pakistan.

Motivation means a lot when human does something which is not very common in day to day life. Literature review indicates that there are rarely available studies on motivation for reading the holy Quran in Pakistani context. Therefore, the current study intends to find out basic types of motivation for reading holy Quran, factors involved that motivate to read with and without translation in their L1. Last but not least, gender based motivational (if any) difference. To research a quantitative study was adopted in which a survey-based questionnaire was filled via Google form from randomly selected 218 students of 7 universities of Sindh, Pakistan. Collected data is descriptively analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 22). The findings revealed three most important motivating factors for reading the holy Quran: (1) it is the best book for mankind (∑4.6422); (2) it is a guideline to live better and happier life (∑4.6009); (3) it is compulsory for every Muslim to read (∑4.5642). Moreover, university students are more intrinsically (∑41.1651) than extrinsically (∑34.0642) motivated for reading the holy Quran. Meanwhile a great difference is being found in university students’ motivation for reading the holy Quran with and without translation. The Mean score of reading without translation is ∑9.8073 and with translation is ∑4.9862. An independent t-test informed that there is no significant difference between male and female students’ motivation for reading the holy Quran. The research claims that youth are losing their intrinsic motivation for reading the holy Quran because of extensive use of social media. It suggests that university students should read with translation because it helps their academic as well as personal life.

The aim of the study to evaluate 181 cases of different types of fractures in age and sex of the different breeds that were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, over the years 2014 -2018. From a total of 734 clinical cases, 181 were diagnosed as fractures. From cases, dogs represented 49.72% (90/181), whereas cats represent 18.23% (33/181) and birds represented 22.09% (40/ 181). The etiology of the fractures multifactorial, but car accidents represented the main cause of fractures particularly in dogs. Femoral fractures were reported as the most prevalent types of fractures that represented 26.51% (48/181), followed by fractures in radius-ulna 19.33% (35/181), tibia-fibula 13.81% (25/181) and the pelvis 9.94% (18/181). All the cases were diagnosed on the bases of case history, clinical signs, physical examination and finally confirmed by using digital X-ray which offered an excellent scope and contrast than the traditional method. From a total of 181 cases, 6 cases were found hopeless, 45 cases underwent surgical internal fixation and the remaining 130 cases were fixed by external coaptation. Internal fixations were found to be very convenient and without any difficulties, on the contrary to the cases with external cooptation were not. We recorded postoperative inflammation in 4 cases, as well as mal-union was recorded in 5 cases and incomplete alignment in 2 cases was found. We concluded that fractures in pet animals are common in Sulaimani province, which must be considered, and the best-employed methods of fracture repair were the internal fixation techniques, particularly intramedullary pinning. The aim of the study to evaluate 181 cases of different types of fractures in age and sex of the different breeds that were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, over the years 2014 -2018. From a total of 734 clinical cases, 181 were diagnosed as fractures. From cases, dogs represented 49.72% (90/181), whereas cats represent 18.23% (33/181) and birds represented 22.09% (40/ 181). The etiology of the fractures multifactorial, but car accidents represented the main cause of fractures particularly in dogs. Femoral fractures were reported as the most prevalent types of fractures that represented 26.51% (48/181), followed by fractures in radius-ulna 19.33% (35/181), tibia-fibula 13.81% (25/181) and the pelvis 9.94% (18/181). All the cases were diagnosed on the bases of case history, clinical signs, physical examination and finally confirmed by using digital X-ray which offered an excellent scope and contrast than the traditional method. From a total of 181 cases, 6 cases were found hopeless, 45 cases underwent surgical internal fixation and the remaining 130 cases were fixed by external coaptation. Internal fixations were found to be very convenient and without any difficulties, on the contrary to the cases with external cooptation were not. We recorded postoperative inflammation in 4 cases, as well as mal-union was recorded in 5 cases and incomplete alignment in 2 cases was found. We concluded that fractures in pet animals are common in Sulaimani province, which must be considered, and the best-employed methods of fracture repair were the internal fixation techniques, particularly intramedullary pinning.

Fatigue failures in Francis turbine runner are frequently occurred in hydropower plants, causing unexpected plant downtime and considerable financial loss. Decades of operational experience have shown that turbine runners develop fatigue cracks in areas, where stress concentrations and material defects coincide. In Francis turbine runners, cracks tend to propagate from the transition of the welded T-joint between the blade and the band or crown. This type of turbine runner, which operate under a wide range of heads and outputs, are subjected to considerable dynamic forces which can lead to fatigue cracking. The magnitude of these forces is a function of the hydraulic pressure, the water velocity and the geometry of the stationary parts guiding the water into the runner. This paper presents the water pressure and bending stresses for different operational conditions in a Francis runner of a Derbendikhan hydropower station. At the first step, the dynamic fluid calculation is used to determine the fluctuating water pressure on the blade of the runner. At the second step, for a period of operational nominal bending stress due to the fluctuating water pressure are determined. The result indicates that the hydropower plant was operated with the high fluctuating water pressure which is responsible for inducing bending stress response. The high bending stress on the blade is a probable reason for fatigue failure. Furthermore, the paper discusses the fatigue analysis of the runner. Typical results are presented and discussed.

Catholic Christianity has established organised theological institutes both for men and women all over Pakistan. These theological institutions- generally called Formation Houses – can be categorized into three types; Seminaries (Minor and Major), Novitiate Houses (inter-congregational formation houses) and Catechist Training Centers. In this article, we would only be focusing on the Seminaries (minor and major Catholic Seminaries) and its syllabus which is related to ‘Islam’ whether it is a complete course or part of a course with segments on Islam. It starts by introducing the academic and pedagogical structure of the Minor and Major Seminaries, the historical overview of incorporating Islamic Studies as a major subject, the nature of all Islamic courses, a brief survey of Seminary syllabus through years and the current situation of the academic study of ‘Islam’. It also examines the place of Islamic Studies in the broader curriculum of Ecclesiastical Studies and the approaches which have been adopted to teach Islam. For that purpose we have gone through all the scheme of studies in Minor and Major catholic Seminaries of Pakistan.