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One of the most important issues in the national and international arena in recent decades, especially in the present era, is the issue of the drug phenomenon and its harmful effects on human societies. All societies and most governments agree that drugs and crime As a result, it poses a serious threat to the human race. However, you have to think of a solution to this sinister phenomenon. The solutions that have been implemented in recent years have been based on a kind of criminal strictness in punishments. Thus, the main policy of the deterrence view is to threaten or enforce criminal penalties to reduce the motive for the crime; That is, the use of punishment as a deterrent that prevents the offender from repeating the crime and also reduces the motivation of others to commit the same crime in general. In Iran's anti-narcotics criminal law, too, a strict approach has always been taken towards drug offenders and with severe punishments of deprivation of liberty and deprivation of life. However, in recent years, a fundamental question has been raised in this regard, whether the imposition of severe punishments such as execution and life imprisonment, etc., has had the effect of deterring the commission of drug-related crimes? In the present article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method, using library resources and texts, with the aim of explaining and explaining the deterrence of severe punishments related to drug crimes, and in this regard, different dimensions of the issue in terms of field, statistics, policy The criminological and sociological studies have concluded that the intensification of punishment does not play a significant role in crime prevention and that recognizing the causes of crime and adopting preventive and corrective approaches is more necessary and effective than necessary. In this article, in addition to brief references to the purposes of punishment, deterrence as one of the most famous and oldest theories of justification of punishment and its types, the subject of this type of application is severely restrained. Punishments do not in principle have the effect of deterring drug-related crimes, and it is better for the legislature to pay more attention to non-criminal methods of prevention.

Based on the well-known jurisprudence and law of Iran, the fault doesn't has independent function in the civil liability system and only is a means to establish causal relationship in civil liability. This conclusion is based on the surface of traditions in this field and is in conflict with certain principles such as the nought of civil responsibility principle, freedom of trade and the sanctity of work and efforts in Islamic jurisprudence. For this reason, it seems that, Contrary to the views of those who do not recognizes the fault as a stand-alone requirement in civil liability, at least in cases of causing loss, has substantial role, even based on rules such as principle of harm, the conduct of the wise, etc., which are draft to reject the independence of the fault can not use the elements in the moral theory of corrective justice to deny the effects of the element of fault as a supreme principle and a independent pillar in civil liability. In this research, through a descriptive-analytic approach, is tried to analyze the role of fault in civil liability as a stand- alone element.

Joint tortship in its general sense is the intervention of more than one personin committing tort. In this sense, the jointness acompanicity and participatesin it. The jointness, in a special sense, is limited to interfere more than twopersons in the commission of the operation and the material element of thetort. In the US legal system, in addition to cases where two or more peoplereally commit actus reus of tort, there are instances where with use of titlessuch as "attribaution", commition of actus reus is attributed to more than oneperson, Virtually. In this legal system, this is based on goals such as redressand deterrence. In Iranian law, according to the well-known Opinion, thejointness in tort, is subject to the commission of actus reus by two or morepersons and apparently in some cases, like the American law, with implicitusing of the title "attribution", realization of jointness in tort is ruled thatdoes not look right. Because, contrary to the US law and some veiws inpopular jurisprudence, when the legislator in the latter part of Article 535 ofthe Islamic Penal Code of 2013 considers intent to have an impact on thematerial reality of the jointness, he does not abide by all its effects andassumption. In the case of criminal responsibility, it imposes the lesspunishment on the accomplice and in the case of civil liability, he assumesthe distribution of damages on multiple causes. In the present study, it hasbeen proved by a descriptive-analytical method that, unlike the US lawwhich because of its instrumentalist nature, jointness in wrongs has widescope, in Iranian law, because of its ethical basis, jointness in wrongs, hasnarrow scope and Accordingly, it is proposed to amend or delete the last partof Article 535 of the Islamic Penal Code of 2013

Feminist criticism emphasizes the position of women within society. The novel Alati Ta'ud al Salalim (She who counts the staircases) was authored by the Omani author Hoda Hamed. In her novel, she takes a critical approach to women's position in society critically in her novel, addressingconcepts like social class inequality among women, cultural challenges they face, and masculine dominance. The present study aims to investigate this novel based on four gynocriticism models that Elaine Showalter has proposed: biological, linguistic, psychoanalytic, and cultural. The objective of this study is to provide an answer to the following inquiry: "how does the writer reflect women's components in her novel?" She has brought up concerns regarding childbirth, female circumcision, and pregnancy, considering the biological model. In terms of the psychoanalytic model, she has made reference to bipolar disorder, obsessions, compulsions, and sleep. Hamed has produced an exemplary and enlightening piece by utilizing noticeable linguistic characteristics, including vocabulary and Arabic dialect, to address women's concerns and cultural challenges, like women trafficking and physical abuse. According to the findings of the research, she has effectively identified women who are concerned with the social and cultural issues of women. Furthermore, its feministic nature is confirmed by the high frequency with which the components of Showalter's model appear in the novel under study. The narrative places such an emphasis on the cultural dimension of women that fundamental and profound cultural concerns are overshadowed by biological and psychoanalytic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: High efficiency in the operating room may significantly improve the overall performance of the hospital and the service quality provided to patients. The operating room is the de facto financial hub of the hospital and maximizing its efficiency may lead to considerable improvements. To this end, we seek ways of accelerating the patient flow in order to save time and cost in healthcare facilities. Methodology: In this study, we use agent-based simulation to simulate patient care in the operating room. After performing the required validations, a number of improvement scenarios were developed and evaluated. Findings: A hybrid scenario including modifications to the referral time of the patient by the surgeon, transfer time of the surgical set and supplies to the operating room, and the timing of anesthesia proved to have the most positive impact on the criteria i.e. activities, reducing the average Length of Stay (LOS) by 9.69 minutes. The second-most effective scenario involved modifying the referral time of the patient by the surgeon, reduced the LOS by 7.31 minutes. Originality/Value: Through this research, it became apparent that minimizing the patients' LOS improves the efficiency of the operating room as it helps reduce the overall idle time and increases the number of operations carried out in each shift. Making time even for one additional operation per day significantly increases the operating room income. Moreover, a shorter LOS means less fatigue for the medical staff and reduces the total cost of running the operating room by reducing the staffs overtime hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Location-Routing Problem (LRP) is a strategic supply chain design problem aimed at meeting customer demands. LRPs involve selecting one or more depot sites from a set of potential locations and determining the best routes to connect them to demand points. With the rising awareness about the environmental impacts of transportation over the past years, using green logistics to mitigate these impacts has become increasingly important. Methodology: To compensative a gap in the literature, this paper presents a robust bi-objective Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for the Green Capacitated Location-Routing Problem (G-CLRP) with demand uncertainty and the possibility of failure in depots and routes. Findings: The final result of this robust multi-objective model is to set up the depots and select the routes that offer the highest reliability (maximizing network service) while imposing the lowest cost and environmental pollution. The paper also provides a numerical analysis and a sensitivity analysis of the solutions of the model. Originality/Value: Determining backup depots and increasing network serviceability for LRPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Validity and extent of the influence of people′s opinion in the decisions made by the political system run under the guardiance of the jurisprudent sometimes have confused the Muslim nation due to extremist views. Claiming human rights for the purpose of creating relationship between the Islamic government and western liberal democracies on the one hand, and marginalizing peoples opinion under the pretext of defending the authority of infallible Imams and outstanding jurisprudents on the other hand motivated the author to analyze the presence or absence of such a right , determine the borders of vindication of such a right, and the duty of the Islamic ruler to recognize it relying on Quranic proofs, and prophetic and Alid Sunna which have generally dealt with this issue under the institution of Council(Shura) . The origin of right in Islamic thought refers to the divine will and is not inspired by the vote of the majority. Thus wherever public opinion is sought, its original existence and its extent must be authorized by the divine legislator in advance.

Background and Aim: Biomechanical conditions of limbs can affect on motor unit recruitment (MUR) markedly. Surface Electromyography (SEMG) is an approach for evaluation of muscle activities and onset time during different functions. The purpose of this study is to use SEMG for detection of central motor control in different functions of knee extensor muscles. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy subjects contributed in this study. They were done five repetitions of knee flexion/extension in open and close chain separately during recording of SEMG simultaneously. Integrated EMG (iEMG) of three middle repeated cycles were detected according to chain (open- close) and kind of contraction (concentric- eccentric).then the Average of three slope of iEMG compared to each other. Results: There were not significant differences in MUR of three extensor muscles for concentric and eccentric contractions in open chain but vastus medialis and lateralis muscles showed significant changes in close chain (P<0.05). Result showed that there were significant differences of MUR for two kind of muscle contractions between open and close chains (P<0.05). Conclusion: Recruitment of motor units has not shown difference in open chain between concentric and eccentric contractions. This process indicates representative similarity of control pattern in two kind of contraction in open chain. Concentric contraction at close chain cycle has more MUR in comparison with eccentric contraction. It is equal to more interference of contractible compartment in concentric to eccentric contraction. This happens due to the nature of two kind of contraction particularly in close chain cycle. Comparison between two chains indicated that more motor units contribute in close chain (concentric and eccentric). It means that motor unit recruitment increased due to effect of increase of load in close chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common disease with unknown etiology. There is no curative treatment. Purslane is considered as a rich source of antioxidants with anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Purslane in the treatment of RAS. Methods: A total of 50 patients were selected for this randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial from School of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2011. All subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Groups A and B received placebo and Purslane, respectively, for three months. Pain intensity based on the visual analogue scale (VAS), the mean intervals of lesions occurrence, number of lesions and the mean duration of complete healing at baseline and at months 1, 2 and 3 were recorded. Results: While no patient complained from increased severity of pain, decreased severity of pain for 4, 3, 2, and 1 grades were recorded in %16, %20, 20%, and 40%, respectively, which were much higher than 4%, 8%, 8%, and 28%, respectively, in the control group. A significant decrease in pain intensity in VAS scores were seen after treatment in group B (P<0.001). The mean duration of complete healing showed significant differences (P<0.001) between groups A (-1.52±4.07 days) and group B (-6.56±4.50 days). The mean intervals between lesions also showed significant differences (P<0.001) between group A (17.88 days) and group B (33.12 days). No significant differences were found between group A and group B regarding to number of lesions. No serious side-effects occurred in either group. Conclusion: According to our study, Purslane is clinically effective in treatment of RAS and considering the lack of side-effects during the study period, this medicine may be a favorable alternative treatment for recurrent aphthous stomatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gag reflex is one of the most common problems during dental procedures, especially during radiography and impression taking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia drug film on gag reflex. Materials and Methods: One hundred patients referring to the Radiology Department of Isfahan School of Dentistry were selected for the purpose of this double-blind clinical trial and randomly divided into two groups. The gag reflex was provoked and then in 50 patients, medication A (placebo) and in 50 others medication B containing Elaeagnus angustifolia were placed for 3 minutes in zones which were trigger zones for the gag reflex. Then the patients' gag reflex was evaluated again. Data was analyzed with Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and chi-squared tests (α=0.05). Results: In group A (placebo), frequency of distribution of gag reflex in the soft palate, tonsils and tongue were not significantly different before and after drug use. However, in group B, frequency of distribution of gag reflex exhibited significant differences in the tonsils (p value < 0.001) and soft palate (p value < 0.003) after drug application. In addition, there were no significant differences in sex distribution between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that a thin film of a medication containing Elaeagnus angustifolia has a positive effect on gag reflex in the tonsil and soft palate areas, and it can be used during dental procedures such as radiography procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Periodontal disease with alveolar bone resorption and tooth loss is common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA subjects show inadequate plaque control due to physical disability as well as compromised immune response, both of which might result in a greater predisposition to periodontal disease in these subjects than in the normal population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease among rheumatoid arthritis patients. Materials & Methods: Periodontal status (plaque index, papillary bleeding index, and missing teeth) was examined in 70 individuals including 35 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and 35 healthy individuals as control group. The results were analyzed using SPSS software and student t-test. Results: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis included 31 females (88.6%) and 4 males (11.4%) with a mean age of 45 years. Healthy control group included 26 females (74.3%) and 9 males (25.7%) with a mean age of 37 years. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed significant increases in Plaque index (P=0.0001), papillary bleeding index (P=0.002), and number of missing teeth (P=0.03) compared to the healthy control group. Three patients also had secondary Sjogren's syndrome. Conclusion: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a greater level of periodontal disorders compared to control group. In addition to the effects of this chronic inflammatory disease and immune host deficiened, this could be attributed to physical disability in maintaining oral health and gingival effects of anti rheumatic medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This investigation was designed to determine the effects of a selective A1-AR antagonist (DPCPX) on renal hemodynamic and excretory dysfunctions induced during the early hours of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, rats were anaesthetized by sodium pentobarbital, and their renal arteries were, then, occluded for 30 min, four hours after the reperfusion period. There was a clearance period during the last one hour of reperfusion period throughout which urine was collected under 30-mm of paraffin, and arterial blood samples were taken during its beginning and end. Animals were divided into four groups; DPCPX (2 mg/kg) or normal saline were injected 30 min before renal ischemia to the two groups of I/R+DPCPX and I/R, respectively, and to DPCPX and Sham groups which were subjected to surgery without clamping of renal arteries, respectively. Results: I/R resulted in elevations of plasma osmolality, plasma concentrations of Na, K, creatinine, and urea, fractional excretions of Na, K, and bicarbonate, absolute bicarbonate excretion, and urinary pH, but it induced reductions in arterial bicarbonate concentration, pH and Pco2, creatinine clearance, absolute excretions of Na and urea, free-water re-absorption, and urinary osmolality in the I/R group in comparison to the Sham group. Comparison between I/R+DPCPX and I/R groups showed that applying DPCPX could improve I/R-induced alterations in most of these parameters. Conclusion: Activation of A1-AR during the early hours of reperfusion following renal ischemia definitely contributes to the development of disorders in hemodynamics, tubular Na reabsorption, as well as excretions of K, urea, and acid-base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Since there is a relationship between the tooth size and race, it seems that having statistical information about the tooth size in a society in which the orthodontic treatments are done, is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the mesiodistal width of permanent incisors and first molars in both jaws with unerrupted permanent canine and premolars. New regression equations for prediction of the sum of mesiodistal width of canine and premolars were established. Materials and Methods: A total of 715 dental casts (526 female, 189 male) were recruited from the department of orthodontics of Shiraz dental school and private offices of orthodontists for this cross sectional study. The greatest mesiodistal widths of all teeth were measured with digital caliper with accuracy of 0.01 mm. All data were analyzed with SPSS software and Pearson Correlation, independent T-test, paired sample T-test and multiple linear regression tests. Results: Tanaka-Johnston equations and Moyer's prediction tables had significant difference with mesiodistal dental width of south Iranian population, so new regression equations (based on incisors and first molars) for different jaws and sexes were presented in this study for south Iranian population. The best suggested regression is the regression that is based on all maxillary and mandibular incisors and first molars and has 12 variables. The suggested regression for prediction of maxillary canine and premolars based on the summation of mesiodistal width of all incisors and first molars in both jaws was Y=0.177X+4.227 and for prediction of mandibular canine and premolars was Y=0.188X+2.730, which a the greatest in r2 prediction of unerrupted teeth in comparison with the regressions based on incisors alone or incisors and first molars in one jaw. Conclusion: Tanaka-Johnston and Moyer's prediction tables are overestimated the actual size of south Iranian's teeth width. So new regression equations based on incisors alone and incisors and first molars are suggested to increase the accuracy of space analysis in both jaws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Axillary block is used for inducing anesthesia in outpatient hand and forearm surgeries. Few researches have studied hemodynamic and blockade effects of low doses of Epinephrine. The aim of the present study was to compare the duration of analgesia and hemodynamic changes following the injection of high/low epinephrine doses in such surgeries. Methods: The present randomized clinical trial study was conducted on healthy individuals (ASA I-II) who were candidates for hand and forearm surgeries. The patients were randomly divided into three groups. The first two groups were allocated to receive lidocaine with low (0.6μg/cc) and high (5μg/cc) doses of epinephrine whereas lidocaine plus normal saline was injected in the third group. The hemodynamic changes (Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate) and the occurance of any side-effects along with the duration of analgesia and motor block were recorded. Results: From among the total of 75 patients, 15 cases were excluded due to incomplete blockade or failure needing general anesthesia. The duration of analgesia and the motor block were longer in the high dose epinephrine group, the difference, however, was not statistically significant. Heart rate changes within the groups was significant in the 4th- 7th and 10th minutes. Mean arterial blood pressure changes was only significant in the 4th minute, within the groups. Conclusions: Administering low doses of epinephrine plus lidocaine as a local anesthetic not only provides acceptable analgesia compared to higher doses of the medication, but also is associated with fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical analysis of the discourse of the companions of the cave in the Holy Qur'an Based on Norman Fairclough's theory Abstract Evaluating different levels of discourse provides the possibility to discover and achieve its hidden meanings and reproduces the way language interacts with meta-linguistic structures. Critical discourse analysis is a new approach in text analysis that, in addition to paying attention to the linguistic context of the text, considers the non-linguistic context of the text to be effective in discovering and explaining the meaning and examines the relationship between language, power, ideology and discourse. Most of the texts such as the literature of the nations, narratives and some types of stories of the Qur'an can be analyzed and interpreted in this framework. It is a monotheistic discourse in which two opposing forces are placed in front of each other and each chooses a specific type of speech to prove the validity of their claim. Paying attention to selected language patterns along with explaining the cultural, social and political situation of that time can unlock many semantic secrets of the language. Therefore, in the light of the importance of this issue and the need to interpret the Qur'anic text from various angles, this research aims to use analytical-descriptive methods based on the approach of critical discourse analysis of Norman Farklough in three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, the hidden layers of the Qur'anic text. to discover and analyze in this story. From the linguistic and meta-linguistic studies of this story, it is found that each linguistic unit follows a specific linguistic structure, which has special features such as highlighting, choosing words, and arranging them due to the specific ideology of the actors of the discourse. . At the upper level of the dialogues in this story, the repetition of the word "Lord" in contrast to "God" was caused by the monotheistic thinking of the companions of the cave in contrast to the polytheism of the king and the people of that time. The conversation between these two currents in addition to explaining the specific type of ideology. Like monotheism, polytheism, resistance, and unity, it was definitely not exclusive to a historical time, but it was also effective in the intellectual and cultural direction of the audience and future relationships, so that after many years of their death, as a sign of respect for the ideology and belief in this group and spread their religious foundations, a dome was built on their graves.

From a cognitive linguistics viewpoint, metaphor not only is a linguistic process but also is connected with human thought and we can be aware of the speaker's method of thought with it. The main cognitive application of metaphor is to provide an understanding of an abstract concept through a more tangible concept. Then it plays a significant role in the determination of mystical concepts. One of the main and fundamental issues in religious literature is the concept of "Love" due to its abstractness, it is expressed generally at the framework of conceptual metaphor. Imam Ali has used this art structure in Nahj Al-Balagheh as a tool to understand abstract concepts. Therefore, in the current study, those metaphorical statements containing the concept of "Love" are extracted from Nahj Al-Balagheh's speeches adapting a quality approach and analytical-descriptive method and they were analyzed and studied based on cognitive metaphorical theory. The conceptual metaphor has been categorized from different aspects. Metaphors in the first category are studied from the role viewpoint (structural, ontological, and orientational), and in the second category from the nature viewpoint (propositional, pictorial-schematic, and pictorial). According to the results of this study, Imam Ali made the abstract concept of "love" understandable for the audiences at the cognitive metaphorical framework, schema, and tangible and objective areas of destination. In structural metaphors, he depicted the concept of "love" using "Hijab", "Disease", "Commodity", and "Object' as the areas of origin for the audiences. The ontological metaphors play an important role in the description of the "love" concept and the sentences implied it. He tried to stabilize its meaning in the mind of the audience by objectification to abstract concepts, sometimes using description and animatism. He used the volumetric schema for conceptualization of the "love" and introduced the love of God internalized in the angels' beings as the cup of love. On the other place imagined the concept of "guidance" as a place where its doors are open for the entrance of lovers and the people should use this opportunity, to enter the atmosphere of divine mercy, and be on the way of guidance before the door is closed. Imam Ali at a motion schema used the motion that is an inevitable and objective behavior of every person to do daily affairs to describe the concept of "love". In such a way, using "God" visualization at a place framework, encouraged the God lovers to step and move toward the path of salvation through jihad and fighting which is a means to reach the true god.

New educational approaches focus on the attention on teaching and application of appropriate methods as well as improving the quality of educational tools such as textbooks. In this regard, the education experts recommend the necessity of validation and the effective factors on educational activities based on valid and scientific theories. The purpose of the present study, "analyzing the comprehension exercises in Arabic textbooks of junior high school in Iran's school using Barrett’s classification (1976)", is based on analytic-descriptive method. In the present research the researchers apply reviewing, including different levels of this theory i.e. literal comprehension, reorganization, inferential comprehension, evaluation and appreciation (understanding) and then classify the questions of exercises according to frequency and percentage. The Kruskal-Wallis Test has been used to compare the Arabic textbooks to see whether there is a significant difference in the field of comprehension questions among them or not. Also the mono variable Test has been used to find out if there is a significant difference between the number of comprehension questions with its different levels (according to Barrett’s classification) in Arabic text books of junior high school. In this research, the statistical population and sample coincide and include 126 exercises which come after the texts in the Arabic textbooks in curriculum year (1398-99/ 2019-2020). The results of this analysis illustrate that the authors of these books mostly concentrate on the lowest level of comprehension questions namely literal comprehension. This negligence causes the students’ weakness in critic and analytic thinking skill and these exercises do not help the students’ progress and promotion.

One of the most important concepts and indicators in the Islamic Economic System is fairness. The present study intends to examine this important rule in the economics literature and Islamic texts in order to analyze its various dimensions and aspects. In the present study, the functions of fairness are described in four field in the legal system of economy, international trade, transactions and banking. The added value of the present research is that fairness is one of the policy instruments for evaluating and monitoring the Economic System performance. Finally, some teachings of this important rule are presented to improve domestic and international Economic Systems. Institutionalizing and realizing fairness in the Economic System leads to the justice of the information system, reduce the control cost, realize the fair system of information flow in order to secure the right, fairness in determining the production profit or the added value of commodity, resolve the problem of transparency and symmetry of information in financial markets, the social balance in economic issues, improve the accountability in Economic System.

One of the ways to know God is to acquire self-knowledge. This kind of knowledge is intuitive and in complete harmony with the soul of the mystic because it arises from the depth of our being. This kind of knowledge of God is as old as the history of mankind. There are different versions of the give and take between these two kinds of knowledge, the introduction to most of which is a comprehensive study of self and being. This paper, in an analytical way, seeks to explain the threefold narrations contained in Mulla Sadra's books. 1. Intuiting God through the intuition of the soul and the intuition of the truths of the creatures that are embodied in the active intellect. 2. Intuiting God through the connection and association of the soul with its powers and actions, and paving the process from the creative self to God as the ultimate creator, 3. Intuiting God through man's position as a caliphate and that the caliphate is a sign of the believer. This kind of self-reflection has two consequences: intuitive knowledge of the presence of God and the limited knowledge of the existence and qualities of God, not his essence. Summarizing Mulla Sadra's narrations in relation to knowing God through self-knowledge and associating Sadra's analysis and interpretations with the knowledge of the presence of God are the main findings of the present study.

Maghamate Lozumiyeh by Abu Taher Serghesti is one of the most important literary sources of Andalusia literature and time element is one of the most striking elements that is revealed in these Maghamat. Therefore, this element is significant due to an important role in narrated works in revealing the meaning. That is why it has attracted many critics and researchers’ attention. Hence, the basic issue in narrated context, is the time problem. Gérard Genette’s research is one of the most important scientific projects in this field that distinguished in three dimensions between time of the story and the anecdote and they are: order, continuity and sequence. The author relying on the analytical method and with regard to Genette and his followers’ scheme has analyzed time element in these Maghamat. From the results of this article we can conclude that in most of Maghamate Lozumiyeh, order links have got schematic balance in a way that the incidents are compatible with reality temporally. As Maghamat’s incidents are not repeated because of framework’s limitations and the article text size and the narrator has replaced some other expressions instead. However, comparing to continual links, Maghamat are full of two techniques of Liberating and scenery.

No doubt myths have played an essential role in contemporary Arabic poetry and Arab poets have frequently used different myths for the purpose of enriching and enhancing their poems, as well as preventing them from being purely lyrical. From among Greek myths, the myth of Prometheus has different significant implications and therefore has attracted the attention of Arab poets in such a way that they have used different aspects of this rich source to express their internal feelings, conflicts and crises in life. The purpose of this research is to study Prometheus myth in Arabic contemporary poetry and the way it has been applied in the poetry of five contemporary poets, namely Aboul-Qasem Echebbi, Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Boland-al- Heidarai and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. All these poets were attracted to this resource because they wanted to emphasize the instability of civilizations and show the political and social upheaval of different periods in spite of their differences. Their outlook vary from hope to hopelessness and from convergence to divergence.

Mask is one the main artistic and stylistic features of Amal Donghol(1941 â 1983). The concept of mask plays a major role in the artistic essence of his poetry. The present study is an effort to shed some light on the style and themes of mask poetry of this poet. Since this issue has not yet been elaborated on sufficiently, the researcher has tried to tackle this issue comprehensively. It has been stated that confrontation, resistance and autonomy have been involved in the mask poetry. This is the reason why this poet has worn the mask of rebellious and revolutionary characters and identifies himself with them. In addition, his mask poems are indicative of the fact that he concentrates on the failures and misery of his heroes. And the main reason can be the possibility that he himself has been a failure in his personal live.

Nostalgia is a term frequently used in recent years by poetry critics. Though recently gaining momentum in Arabic criticism, it had existed since per-Islamic era and is motivated by personal, political, social, and emotional factors. A poet living in exile or suffering from the socio-political situation may resort to nostalgia. Taking the above-mentioned factors into consideration, we can categorize this technique into personal and social types. At present, nostalgia originates in political, social, and personal concerns and AL-Siab, the pioneer of blank poetry, is a one of the most popular poets whose poems reflect his desire and enthusiasm for his childhood, country and homeland. The findings of the present research indicate that Badr Al-Shaker often took refuge in his happy, cheerful past to forget the sorrows engulfing his life. This article studies nostalgia ,types, and reasons in Al-Siabs poetry.

  Really the religious tradition has a lofty position in the poetry at the contemporary Lebanese poet, Khalil Hawi.In fact it comprises a basic and hidden factor of his odes. Using the potentials of this tradition gave the poet an opportunity to create diversity in his poetical methods by avoiding lyrics and oratorical. And therefore, to enhance the aesthetics dimension of his poem words.  This study attempts to examine the reference to the religious tradition ( the Torah, the Gospel, the Quran) and its application in Hawis poems by means of intertextual technicues. Thinking that the who poets are noble and unique, return to the tradition and are involved in things that Roland Barthes calls "remembring". absolute unigueness is difficult for a man. Unless he wants to connect the words. It is inferred that Hawi tries to challenge political and social issues of Arabic countries with the help of religious intertexyuality. In addition, he paysparticular attention to reverse intertextuality. and gives a tragic implication to his hidden religious text for certain causes.

Simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric rnethod for the determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride in a bulk sample and in dosage forms is described. The method depends on the oxidative coupling reaction of metoclopramide. HCI with promazine. HCI in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide to form a bluish-green product which absorbs at 600 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range 0.4-28.0 pg/ml with good accuracy (average recovery) 100.92% and precision (RSD) is less ihur, 2.0%. The molar absorptivity is t4917 l.mol-'.cm-' with detection and quantification limits 0.11 pg/ml and 0.37 pglml respectively. Common excipients used as additives in pharmaceuticals do not interfere in the proposed rnethod. The method is successfully employed for the detennined of metoclopramide.HCl in pharmaceutical preparations and the results agree favourably with S.D.I. and British pharmacopoeia methods and also with certified values.

A batch and flow injection (FIA) spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of promethazine in aqueous solution and in pharmaceutical preparations. The methods are based on the reaction of promethazine with sulphanilic acid in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide as oxidizing agent. The water soluble bluish- green dye produced is measured at Xmax 600 nm, linearity is observed from 2-30 and from 2-100 p-gml"1 promethazine with detection limits of 0.20 and 0.43 ^ig ml"1 promethazine by batch and FIA procedures, respectively. The effect of chemical and physical parameters has been carefully considered and the proposed procedures have successfully been applied to the determination of promethazine in pharmaceutical formulations.

A simple and sensitive spectrophotornetric method for the determination ofphenol has been developed. The method is based on the oxidative-coupling reaction ofphenol with 4-amino-N,N-diethylaniline in the presence of potassium dichromate at pH 6 solution to form an intense bluish-green water-soluble dye that is stable and has a maximum absorption at 670nm. A plot of absorbance versus concentration shows that Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2.5-250 jag of phenol in a final volume of 25ml,(i-e 0.1-lOppm) with a molar absorptivity of 3.95 x 104 l.mor'cm"', a percentage recoveries of 98.10-100.75% and a relative standard deviation of better than ±0.4%, depending on the concentration level. The optimum conditions for full colour development are described and the proposed method is extended to some other phenolic compounds.