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The parametric design methodology is an updated methodology that aims to employ computer design programs (such as Maya and Rhino programs) to find a new and important design pattern that appeared after modernity. It takes care of finding a suitable design for various areas of life, starting with architecture, product design, passing through metal furniture and the smallest details of treatments. Automatically, which saves effort and time, and is unique in its smooth handling of complex blocks and highly complex structural systems in the design of metal furniture to employ these concepts in impressive designs of very complexity adapted to the era, and is characterized by the possibility of obtaining from it a dynamic design as well as sustainable design through the principle of re-employment and the use of materials, making it an almost integrated design. This research aims to clarify the role of the parametric design methodology in upgrading the design of metal furniture. The design thinking of metal furniture has evolved from the traditional approach to the parametric design methodology, and the research found that parametric furniture is now manufactured using algorithmic thinking through certain parameters and variables that are renewable and implementable, where products are made on solid supports with unconventional creative flowing shapes. The parametric design methodology gives each metal furniture design a great level of adaptability to different materials, tools and individual preferences. The parametric design methodology for manufacturing enables manufacturers anywhere to download the design file, and modify the design to suit local materials, available CNC tools, or any specific uses or needs

The tremendous development in computer technology, communication technology and information circulation is an inspiring and influential source in modern design trends, which led to the expansion of design capabilities and facilitated the preparation of designs for complex shapes quickly and accurately. The design and manufacturing process is always closely linked, starting from the stage of generating the initial ideas to the final products, especially in curved and complex shapes that are difficult to implement in traditional ways, which led to the search for new ways and methods that help in preparing and implementing their designs. The widespread spread, along with the low cost of computers, has led to its increasing use in design instead of manual means, and the computer with its superior ability to deal with many, multiple and overlapping data quickly using mathematical algorithms, which in turn facilitated the architects to use Multiple methods and programs helped to prepare and develop many different types of designs and to show problems in them before starting implementation, which helped to save time, effort and money. With the help of the computer, it was possible to design and produce virtual models from ready-made full-size molds from aluminum, iron and plastic ores. The diversity in design and manufacturing programs made possible by modern technological progress has opened the way for designers and manufacturers to prepare highly innovative and quality geometric shapes and designs, and by using these programs it has been possible to translate those shapes and designs into three-dimensional models.Hence the concept and importance of digital manufacturing systems as a link between the design process and the manufacturing process, and this is what gives the current research its importance, which crystallizes its objectives in exploring the role of digital manufacturing systems in the design, manufacture and production of metal systems with application to glass metal ceiling systems where the problem of the current research emerged from the need To keep pace with the technical development in the design and manufacturing processes of metal systems to achieve effective performance and quality, which can be achieved by taking advantage of the advantages of digital manufacturing systems.The research used the descriptive approach in theoretical studies and the experimental approach in applied studies.

The target of this work was to study the effect of adding HHO to gasoline fuel on engine performance and emissions. HHO gas production per input power was achieved by designing, manufacturing, and optimizing the HHO cell. The optimized parameters were the amount of HOH added to the Gasoline as the experimental Study is done by measuring the thermal efficiency and exhaust emission effect in many cases. First case Neat Gasoline and the remaining cases after adding HOH in different percentages of 5, 10, and 15 L/ min and then repeating the experimental tests with three different commercial Octane Boosters. The used engine is a Honda commercial OHV engine, air-cooled, four-stroke, and single-cylinder. Additionally, the Gasboard exhaust gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions of NOx, HC, and CO. The results indicated that the impacts of HHO and gasoline fuels on engine performance metrics like braking power, brake-specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and exhaust emissions such as CO, NOx, CO2, and exhaust gas temperature were evaluated at different engine loads (lighting) (EGT). Except for CO and HC emissions in comparison to neat petrol operations, the results revealed that adding HHO-gasoline combination with additives is the most successful in boosting engine performance and offering a more ecologically acceptable attitude toward exhaust emissions.

Nanomaterials (NMs) like copper oxides, titanium oxides, and aluminum oxides have been developing into some of the most promising fuel additives for diesel engines in recent years. in order to create a practical nano fuel. A significant amount of laboratory testing has been conducted up to this point to investigate the impact of using nano fuels on several aspects of diesel engine characteristics, particularly on hazardous emissions and engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption, effective power, brake thermal efficiency). This study provides an overview of the findings so far and the current situation regarding the use of nano fuels in diesel engines. Additionally, among the group of the most tested fuel additive nanoparticles, the best NMs/base fuel combinations are found based on two criteria that either involve all diesel engine parameters or simply diesel emissions. There are numerous techniques for improving engine performance. Nanoparticles can be used as catalysts in chemical reactions and feedstock pretreatment processes to produce biofuels. According to the overall findings, adding nanoparticles significantly reduced the amount of fuel used for brakes by 20% to 23% when compared to biodiesel-diesel blends with and without the addition of alcohol. In addition to improving the combustion process and boosting the brake power by 2.5% to 4%, nanoparticles have a high thermal conductivity. Emission data revealed that while HC, CO, and PM emissions all dramatically decreased in most reviews, NO emissions increased by up to 55%.

This study aims to investigate the use of waste cooking oil biodiesel blend (B30D70) in CDC mode and the use of different premixing ratios of diesel vapor (15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) through manifold injection at a manifold premixed temperature of 110 ⁰C in PCCI mode when using biodiesel blend (B30D70) as the main fuel and diesel as the premixed fuel. The experiments were carried out on 4-stroke, single-cylinder, air cooled, DI diesel engine which was modified to run in PCCI mode with adding a fuel vaporizer to create the external homogeneous mixture. The engine combustion parameters, performance, and emissions characteristics were fully discussed, and the results were compared with these of CDC mode fueled by diesel. The obtained results for the use of B30D70 fuel indicates a certain decrement for exhaust gas temperature, HC, and CO emissions, but with a penalty in brake thermal efficiency, NOx, and smoke opacity. The experiments revealed that the best results were indicated for 20% diesel vapor in PCCI mode as CO, HC, NOx, and EGT reduced by 34.62%, 43.75%, 2.65% and 8.53% respectively and almost has the same BTE compared to CDC mode fueled by diesel. While increasing PR to 25% and 30% decrease the volumetric efficiency leads to rich mixture and deterioration of combustion and increase CO, HC and smoke emissions.

The use of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as an alternative to traditional petroleum-powered cars has risen due to climate change, air pollution, and fuel depletion. The transportation sector is the second largest energy-consuming sector that accounts for 30% of the world’s total delivered energy and about 60% of world oil demand. In 2008, the transportation sector accounted for about 22% of total world CO2 emissions. Within this sector, road vehicles dominate oil consumption and represent 81% of total transportation energy demand. This review discusses opportunities to reduce energy consumed and greenhouse gases in this sector and briefly discusses the Hybrid electric vehicles as a solution to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. Also, the Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and the General architectures of hybrid electric vehicles and their subtypes have been discussed. Hybrid electric vehicle system components, system analysis, and fuel economy benefits are also explained. As the comparison results proved that the benefits of improved engine thermal efficiency outweigh the losses caused by longer energy transmission paths and showed that hybridization can improve fuel economy by about 24% in typical urban cycles. This study offers a thorough analysis of hybrid electric vehicles, including information on the designs, and energy management systems, created by different researchers. According to the thorough analysis, the current systems can execute HEVs rather effectively, but their dependability and autonomous systems remain not satisfactory. Several variables, difficulties, and issues related to the future generation of hybrid cars have been highlighted in this research.

The transportation sector is a major source of worldwide carbon emissions and represents a significant contributor to air quality issues, particularly in metropolitan areas. To address the enormous carburization issues, the transportation sector must embrace low-emission vehicle technology. The team is presently developing a passenger electric hybrid car with the goal of reducing the environmental pollution. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which have a record of success in lowering hydrocarbon usage, stand as an intermediary technique between fully electric cars and internal combustion engines. In the present work, the conventional gasoline car has been tested on road at different trips condition. The gasoline fuel consumption as well as the SI engine emissions have been tested. A complete Hybrid electric system has been impeded instead of conventional driving gasoline engines and tested at a different charging rate of the battery. A comparison between the tested systems shows increased fuel efficiency as a key advantage of using HEVs technology. However, there are still unresolved issues about the system's energy reliability. HEVs emit up to 21.0, 5.8, 9.0-, and 23.3-times lower NOx, UHC, CO, and particle number emissions than comparable gasoline vehicles. The development of after-treatment systems, enhanced engine management methods and the use of renewable fuels are emerging as research strategic priorities

As internal combustion engines (ICEs) produce serious emissions and a big part of greenhouse gases from fuel combustion. Due to the universal concerns about degradation in the ambient environment, limitations on exhaust emissions, depletion of petroleum reserves, and global warming, many strict regulations have been launched on the standard emissions released from engines. Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) is a promising technique to overcome these challenges in recent years which can simultaneously reduce NOx and soot emissions and substantially improve thermal efficiency. The PCCI combustion concept has the advantages of both SI and CI engines, like SI engines as the charge is premixed which produces low emissions and like CI engines the fuel-air mixture is auto-ignited as a result of compression which leads o high thermal efficiency. Normally, PCCI combustion is a single-stage combustion process achieved by employing early injection timing to increase the time available for mixing fuel and air by using single-fuel and split fuel (pilot/main) injection tactics, in which a large fraction of fuel burns in premixed combustion phase resulting in relatively lower in-cylinder temperatures compared to compression ignition (CI) combustion. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide an inclusive review of the effects of fuel injection timings, ratios, pressure, and fuel properties on the PCCI engine combustion performance improvement and emission reduction, this review has been analyzed extensively based on the published studies to provide and discuss different strategies for the control of PCCI technique of combustion at wide range of speed and load.

Recently the world has a very important need for replacement fossil fuel with renewable sources of energy. Greenhouse effect is considered one of bad effects of fossil fuels. In this study diesel fuel will be replaced with blends of diesel and biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil(WCO) is created using a catalytic transesterification reaction (CTR). With the addition of a low concentration of alcohol over the period of an hour at a reaction temperature of 65 °C, (CTR) converts (WCO) to methyl esters. Blends consisting of (40 % diesel, 60 % biodiesel and CuO nano- martial with different concentration) will be prepared for fueling direct injection engine four-stroke. The engine will be run at 1400 rpm with natural aspiration under various loads. Using blends of (pure diesel, B40 [consist of 60 % biodiesel and 40 % diesel], 50b40 [consist of 60 % biodiesel, 40 % diesel and 50 mg CuO],100B40 [consist of 60 % biodiesel, 40 % diesel and 100 mg CuO], 150 [consist of 60 % biodiesel, 40 % diesel and 150 mg CuO] and pure diesel). On engine performance and emissions, the impact of using copper oxide has been studied. The results of the experiment demonstrate that diesel engines can run on various mixtures of fuel, biodiesel, and CuO nano-material under the same operating conditions. The obtained data indicates that a 10% increase in brake thermal efficiency was noted, decrease in exhaust temperature with 11.6 % and decrease in brake specific fuel consumption with 6.66 %

Abstract: One of the major issues, the energy crisis, makes the globe dangerous and violent [1]. Every day, there is an increase in energy demand. Resources of energy are running out swiftly, and all indicators point to their impending demise. In such cases, renewable energy sources must be given more consideration. The widespread use of fossil fuels renders them unsustainable because they increase CO2 levels and emit greenhouse gases that harm the environment [2]. With several trials of usage of HHO gas or compressed natural gas as a fuel performance improver on both internal combustion engines powered by gasoline or diesel up until this point, many advancements have been made in this field[3]. This paper comprises a survey of the numerous advancements that have occurred in this area. There was a net lead to an amplified in brake power from 2.1% to 5.8% and an increase in brake thermal efficiency from 10.27% to 35% with the addition of HHO gas. The usage of traditional fuels decreased by 20% to 30%, and HC and CO exhaust emissions decreased by an average of 14% and 18%, respectively

parametricdigital systems havebeen relied on to findartistic aesthetic formal systems that take intoaccount form and function.Where the analysis represents Parametric has recently been a trend that allows designers toexplore new forms ofmeaning within morecomplex geometric systems.The design systems resulting from this trend are characterized by being mathematically based in an algorithmic form,where the methods taken bythedesigner can be determined when modeling his designand thus can besimulated digitally.Where modern digital design methods can play a role in the emergence of the parametric form as one of the most important pillars of the physical image of metal furniture the focus ofresearch through its ability toachieve connotations and visual messages that it presents to the recipient,and the parametric form can be realized in the design of metal furniture by realizing Laws regulating perceptions from a parametric viewpoint in furniture design.Therefore,this research aims to explore the mechanism of employing the principles of parametric analysis in the design of metal furniture, andto achieve this goal,the research was divided into three parts.The first dealt with metal furniture (concept anddesign methods),While the second reviewed the methods of analyzing and finding the parametric form.The research ended with the third part,which concerned with studying the principles of parametric analysis for thedesign of metal furniture.The research concluded that parametric design tools can explore important relationships by achieving design and engineering purposes,which are carried out through the designer’s interaction with parametric tools through rule algorithms to capture andprocess these relationships,in addition to generating parametric forms and relationships between different design elements

The process of product development in general, and the metal furniture product in particular, is what determines the ability of industrial enterprises to continue their products in competition within the local and global markets. Hence the question arises: Are the development and improvement processes that take place on metal furniture products according to a specific system and methodology that deals with all the standards necessary for its development so that it is a process capable of accommodating the functions of the basic products (usual, engineering, economic and environmental) or not?Hence, the aim of the research was to study a quality system that is applied within the product design process as an entry point for the development of the metal furniture industry. To achieve this goal, some concepts have been discussed, such as the concept of quality, who is responsible for the quality system, and how to apply them in the design process? The research tried to reach a system to improve the quality of metal furniture through the following research axes: the concept of quality, analysis of the stages and steps of applying the quality system, a case study through the application of the quality system within the design of a product for metal furniture [Locarbezia chair].

This review summaries several studies on the emission and performance characteristics of biodiesel, as well as the various proportions of diesel blended with biodiesel, in an oil burner in terms of the specific fuel type that can be used, types of emissions such as NOx, CO, soot, and CO2, and other operating conditions that can be used to improve the performance of the biodiesel burner system. A brief description of the production of biodiesel, as well as its physical and chemical properties, is presented at the outset. Biodiesel has emerged as the most promising replacement diesel fuel. Because of its renewable origin, the availability of current production technology, biodegradability, high combustion efficiency, the potential for sustainability, economic viability, environmental friendliness, and chemical and physical qualities identical to regular diesel oil. The experimental setup used in various investigations and their results related to performance and emissions with respect to biodiesel and different mixing ratios of it with diesel, as well as methods for maximizing the benefit of it in the combustion applications of industrial burners, have been presented in brief to a large number of studies. The emission and performance characteristics of a biodiesel burner system demonstrated unequivocally that biodiesel fuel may be a viable renewable alternative energy source for a burner system.

This paper aims to investigate the impact of water ammonia solution (WAS)-gasoline fuel (GF) blends on SI engine exhaust emission and engine performance characteristics and compare the obtained results with those using base gasoline. This investigation used a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, and SI engine coupled with an AC generator to achieve this experimental work. Water ammonia solution fuel was blended with neat gasoline in volume rates of 5, 10,15,20, and 25%. The experimental investigation was conducted at an off-road engine under a constant engine speed of 3000 rpm and different load conditions. The results show that the use of ammonia solution as an addition to gasoline fuel increase the overall thermal efficiency, and G75Was25 blend obtained the maximum increase ratio of overall efficiency by 38.96% at maximum load condition in comparison to neat gasoline and reduce the specific fuel consumption compared with that of gasoline fuel. This alteration results in an elevation in CO, HC, and NOx emissions.

Due to innovations in construction technology and increasing land prices, the number of high-rise buildings has increased dramatically. These buildings are known for their high energy consumption, which caused by many factors including architectural and operational factors. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC) is one of the operational factors which led to intensive energy consumption. In the light of the global energy crises along with advanced simulation tools, architects have been motivated to improve the energy performance of buildings through controlling design parameters. This research discusses the impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR), as an important parameter of building’s envelope design, on the total annual energy consumption of high-rise office buildings. It aims to determine the optimal WWR in terms of energy performance across the Egyptian different climatic regions. Many related previous works, in different climates, have been reviewed in order to theoretically extract the variables employed in this work. According to the review, nine WWR ranging from 10% to 90% in two shapes, square and rectangular, were adopted to be modeled using the DesignBuilder simulation tool. The proposed models were simulated within seven Egyptian cities (Alexandria, Cairo, Minya, Assiut, Hurghada, El-Kharga, and Aswan) representing the seven classified climatic regions in Egypt. The findings revealed that the optimal WWR is (20%) for the rectangular shape and (20-30%) for the square shape across all Egyptian cities. The energy conservation ranged between (53.3- 60.8%) and (41-49%) in the rectangular and square models, respectively, in comparison to the worst case

Excessive exposure to lead may damage the liver by increasing oxidative stress, leading to many serious diseases. Dietary antioxidants may protect the liver from damage. Therefore, the effect of ethanolic and aqueous turmeric extracts against lead-induced liver damage was evaluated by estimating liver function and antioxidant/oxidative stress biomarkers. Forty rats were divided into group (A) served as the control and group (B) was treated with 93 mg/kg b.wt. lead nitrate; while group (C) and group (D) were treated as group B in addition to 400 mg/kg b.wt. of turmeric aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Group B showed a significant increase in the activities of alanine transaminase by 10 folds, aspartate transaminase by 9 folds, alkaline phosphatase by 3 folds and the level of malondialdehyde by 10 folds, while showed a significant decrease in albumin by 60%, total protein by 54.5%, and superoxide dismutase by 80.5%, catalase by 75% and glutathione by 71.6% in comparison with those of the control group. On the other hand, turmeric treatments (groups C and D) led to a readjustment of levels for such biomarkers. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of turmeric extracts (particularly the ethanolic extract) to improve the fatal effect of lead in a rat model.

In New Damietta city, many residential neighborhoods have the appearance of empty, dull, and monotonous places. These neighborhoods have low levels of urbanity in terms of vital and flourishing street life. Some researchers attribute the low levels of urbanity in new cities to the urban planning approaches undertaken (the neighborhood unit). To conduct this research, we used space syntax analysis as a key method to study urbanity in New Damietta city. In addition to other methods such as direct field observations through which we observed land use patterns and activities occurred in the study area. Observed land use patterns and activities were mapped in Geographical Information System (GIS). This study finds out how space syntax is an effective tool that can evaluate the current situation of urbanity and how it can be used as a predictive tool in the planning processes in the forthcoming generations of new cities.

Biodiesel is a promising alternative solution for the energy crisis, as it is renewable, biodegradable, non - toxic and it has a fully competitive edge with petrol diesel in most technical aspects. Because of the increasing global request for diesel fuel consumption, consumption of non-renewable fossil fuels, exhaust emissions, all these led to search about alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one of the potential alternatives for depleting fossil fuels. Biodiesel fuel is an eco-friendly and renewable source of energy. Biodiesel fuel is an eco-friendly and renewable source of energy. Biodiesel is one of the best solutions and alternatives available to all countries of the world. Inedible plants and vegetable oils such as Jatropha oil, Karanji Pongamia oil, Neem oil, Jojoba oil, Cottonseed oil, Linseed oil, Mahua oil, Deccan hemp oil, Kusum oil, Orange oil, and Rubber seed oil were used as biodiesel in diesel engine. Biodiesel is produced by chemical methods from vegetable oils, but the use of vegetable oils is a high cost.Scientists searched for other sources and at the same time has a low cost. They found that waste cooking oil is the ideal solution to that problem. Four methods to minimize the high viscosity of vegetable oils to enable their use in common diesel engines without operational problems such as engine charges have been investigated: blending with petro diesel, pyrolysis, microemulsification (solvent blending), and transesterification. Transesterification is by far the most common method. Only the transesterification reaction leads to the products commonly known as biodiesel, i.e., alkyl esters of oils and fats. Biodiesel was produced from waste Cooking-oil by transesterification process have been applied for most countries to improve and raise the national energy return. Blends of WCOB and diesel were used instead of pure diesel fuel in diesel engine. However, the spray characteristic of the injected fuel depends on different parameters such as fuel injection pressure, the temperature of the injected fuel, ambient pressure, fuel viscosity, and fuel density.In internal combustion engines, such as the diesel engine used to conduct the experiment, a 20 mm window and a transparent glass box are used to facilitate the visualization of spray characteristics. The spray characteristics of the diesel/ waste cooking oil biodiesel blends fuel were studied experimentally at different injection pressure and temperature. Spray characteristics of biodiesel WCOB / diesel under various injection pressures of 150 to 300 bar and injection temperature of 25 to 275 ºC have been measured and illustrated by sparing the fuel blends in a surrounding area using a high-speed Digital camera. In this work, the biodiesel/diesel blend of B40D60 has been tested. The experimental data shows the WCOB biodiesel of B40D60 gives longer spray tip penetration and spray angle are smaller than those of diesel fuels at different pressure and temperature.

The objective of the study is developing a procedure for production and characterization of rice husk ash (RHA). The effects of rice husk (RH) amount, burning/cooling conditions combined with stirring on producing of RHA with amorphous silica, highest SiO2, lowest loss on ignition (LOI), uniform particle shape distribution and nano structured size have been studied. It is concluded that the best amount is 20 g RH in 125 ml evaporating dish Porcelain with burning for 2 h at temperature 700 °C combined with cooling three times during burning to produce RHA with amorphous silica, SiO2 90.78% and LOI 1.73%. On the other hand, cooling and stirring times affect the variation of nano structured size and particle shape distribution. However, no crystalline phases were found in RHA in all cases. Results proved that the Attritor ball mill was more suitable than vibration disk mill for pulverizing nano structured RHA with 50% of particle size (D50) lower than 45 mm and 99 % of particle size (D99) lower than 144 mm to nanosized RHA with D50 lower than 36 nm and D99 lower than 57 nm by grinding time 8.16 min to every 1 g RHA without changes in morphousity of silica.

Resulted in the information revolution and technological progress to break the border in the educational process have changed the teaching methods, teaching and methods of interaction and communication between teachers and students. So, there is a requirement for modern teaching methods keep pace with the requirements of the global market. The research aims to visualize design for space engineering education using modern technology and also bring the highest functionality and psychological for the user. The methods of advanced education; access to contribute to the development of engineering education in line with the development of a fast-in all technical areas. It also discusses the possibility of changing technologies to shape the environment engineering education in Egypt, which will raise the level of engineering education, where students can have access to different environments, which are difficult to access, which opens up other teaching methods, and gives diversity in the form of educational spaces in the premises of engineering education.

The Arabian regions exposed a cultural, social and ecological revolution, and olso the desert communities in Egypt, which changes many aspects of traditional life that have passed through its urban history. Urban development in many of egyption desert, specially in oasis community in Western desart, is not compatible with the surrounding environment, for many reasons, the most important are: transfering old valley patterns or other environments whose climate and characteristics differnt from those deserts, making it unsuitable for same urban development or design. Oases differ in importance and weight, whether historical, space or population, The historic of oases fluctuates from one oasis to another and its golden age is Pharaonic and Roman. This paper aim to develop a vision for the future urban development plan suitable for the culture of the target oases communities in Egyptian deserts with their application on Bahariya oases as it is the closest development areas to the governorates of nile valley.

The study aimed to identify what interlending is in university libraries, its objectives and features, and to present a set of regulations and rules governing interlending in university libraries globally and in the Arab world. A set of regulations and rules governing interlending in university libraries globally and internationally, and highlighting On the interlending service in the unified catalogue of Egyptian universities by identifying the practical application The researcher also presented a set of experiences that dealt with the service globally and internationally. The researcher presented a set of experiments that dealt with the service globally and in the Arab world and identified the most important results and recommendations from them, in addition to identifying the opinions of The researcher presented a set of experiences that dealt with the service globally and internationally, in addition to identifying the most important results and recommendations from them, in addition to identifying the opinions of university library managers about the activation of the service. overcome them. The researcher adopted the empirical approach to achieve the objectives of the study.