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The main purpose of this research is to determine the thickness of the crust and lithosphere in the northeastern regions of the Iranian plateau. There are different methods to determine these two parameters. According to the definitions and how to determine this thickness, each of the methods has advantages and disadvantages. In this research, large-scale satellite data is used, so we do not need data acquisition that makes it a great advantage, and inversion in this way will give us the final model of the crustal and lithospheric structure in the shortest time. For this purpose, a joint inversion of geoid topography and gravity data is used. First, we obtain a 1D model that is close to reality using the simultaneous modeling of geoid data, topography, basic concepts of physics and mathematics and local isostasy, for the thickness of the Moho and lithosphere. Then we use a 3D inversion method to reduce the difference between the measured and calculated data. The initial model that is given to the program in 3D inversion is the output of 1D modeling. The studied area, the northeastern region of the Iranian plateau (including Kopeh-dagh) is an area with great potential in natural resources (mainly oil and gas). The highlands of northeastern Iran are formed in the Alpine-Himalayan folds and are similar to the Zagros mountains from a geological point of view. The Kopeh-dagh mountain range starts from the east of the Caspian Sea and enters Afghanistan after passing through Turkmenistan. The Kopeh-dagh mountain range separates the Turan plate from the central Iranian plate (a part of the Eurasian shield) and reaches a maximum height of 3000 meters. Most geologists consider Kupe-dagh to be the southern edge of the Turan shield and a part of the Eurasian plate. The main fault of Kopeh-dagh (Eshgabad) along the N130 direction forms the southern border of the Turan plate with the Kopedagh mountain range. A very small anomaly, the free-air gradient in the northeast of the Ashgabat fault, indicates the subduction of the southwest-trending Turkmenistan plate beneath Kupeh-dagh. In this way, less displacement is observed between the Turkmenistan plate and the southeastern Caspian lowlands compared to the displacement between the Turkmenistan and Iran plates that can be proved from the value of the gravity anomaly in the west. There are large gas fields shared by the three countries of Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan in the Kopeh-dagh region and its surrounding areas. Huge gas fields in Iran, Daulatabad-Donmez, Ghazli, Shatlik, Mehri and Bayran Ali in Turkmenistan and Gogar in Afghanistan have been discovered in this area. Geographically, Kopeh-dagh is part of the eastern continuation of the Alborz Mountains, but its geological and structural features are different from the surrounding areas. One of the main goals in the exploration of oil resources is to describe the structure of the sedimentary cover and underground topography. Furthermore, oil production is very sensitive to heat storage by the source rock and thus to the tectonic evolution of the entire lithosphere. Results show that the thickening of the Moho is observed under the Kopeh-dagh mountain range and the thickness decreases gradually when moving towards the northeast and southwest of the Kopeh-dagh mountain range. The depth of the Moho in the studied area varies from 40 to 60 km. According to the modeling results, the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in the southwestern part of the studied area (Central Iran) is approximately 100 km, and it reaches approximately 200 km towards the northeast of the this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to determine the basic features of the attitude of educational schools studying and teaching philosophy in Islamic and Western educational thought to identify the similarities and differences between their attitudes. Therefore, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method to highlight the educational opinions of Islamic and Western educational thinkers. The results showed that studying and teaching philosophy requires certain methods and skills, e.g., the problematic method, the constructive method, as well as the conversational, analytical, structural, and evidence-based method. Moreover, teaching philosophy in the Arab world faces problems, such as the lack of interest in philosophical lessons compared to the great interest in physical sciences and mathematics, as well as sciences that ensure technical knowledge,. The need for philosophy has been maximized in the Arab communities because the need for rational thinking is increasingly important due to the challenges. The study recommends drawing the attention of the philosophy departments at Arab universities to standardize philosophical theories away from the theories of atheism and materialists. An encyclopaedia of philosophy should be compiled to illustrate the contributions and creations of Muslim philosophers. Furthermore, those in charge of studying philosophy should make critical changes to the approaches and intentions of the philosophical lesson to be more related to the reality of the Arab world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims at determining the reasons for the students’ reluctance to enroll in the majors of Physics and Mathematics at the Faculty of Appliedand Educational Sciences in Al-Nadira, Ibb University from the point of view of the college students. To achieve the aim of the research, the descriptive analytic approach was followed. A questionnaire consisting of (25) items distributed on five fields was applied on a sample from the first-level students including (30) students. After collecting the data, the results showed that the level of achieving the reasons for the students’ reluctance was achieved with a general average of (1.61). The reasons related to the lack of school awareness of the majors of Physics and Mathematics were ranked first, with an average of (1.69). Reasons related to the difficulty of studying in the majors of Physics and Mathematics were ranked second, with an average of (1.66), and reasons related to fields of work, and completion of postgraduate studies after graduation were ranked third, with an average of (1.63). Reasons related to the student’s tendencies and desires were ranked fourth with an average of (1.55). The [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Information Technology is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)