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The present study was included, treatment of the lab mice with thyroxin hormone after 10-12 weeks of age. Ninety females, which divided into 2 equal groups, 45 females of each; for study effect of Thyroxin hormone on blood parameters of females, (pregnant and non-pregnant). The animals were divided into two groups, control group and the treated group with 0.5mg/kg/day of thyroxine hormone . the non-pregnant females, treated pregnant, and non-treated females were Sacrificed during consecutive days (8,9,10,11,12,13,14 and 15) days post coitus, while the blood parameters varied during the periods and the groups between decreasing and increasing during the normal rang, except in few cases were found significant decreasing in; white blood cells count, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes granulocytes%, monocytes% and lymphocytes% during various periods and significantly decreased red blood cells values, HGB, HCT%, MCH, MCHC, MCV, RDW, PLT, MPV, PDW and PCT% in different periods, and also the results was explained significantly increasing in white blood cells, monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, granulocytes%, monocytes% and lymphocytes% during various periods and MCHC, HCT%, MCV, RDW, PLT, MPV, PDW and PCT% in different periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Anxiety and depression are experienced following addicted patients durg withdrawal. This study was done to determine the effect of methadone and valproate combination on morphine withdrawal-induced anxiety and depression in male mice. Methods: In this experimental study, ninety-eight male mice were allocated into acute and chronic categories. Animals in acute chronic categories allocated into seven groups including: saline, morphine, methadone (10 mg/kg/bw), valproate (150 mg/kg/bw), three groups of valproate+methadone, in of ratio 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2. Animals were received escalating dose of morphine for 8 consecutive days except saline group. In chronic group, drugs were injected for 30 minutes before morphine administration, while in acute group; the drugs were used only at day 8. Anxiety and depression due to naloxone injection (5 mg/kg/bw) was investigated by elevated plus-maze, tail-suspension and open field tests. Results: In the chronic group, valproate + methadone (2:1) combination therapy showed a significant increase in the percentage of open arm entries (53.86±1.9) and percentage of time spent in the open arm (58.58±4.15) compared to the morphine group, with a percentage of entering (28.12±2.03) and percentage of time (17.88±1.77) (P<0.05). In open field test, the ratio of the number to the duration of time spent in the central square, in the combination therapy groups of methadone+valproate (27±2), valproate+methadone (1:2) and valproate+methadone (2:1) were significantly increased in compare to the morphine group (P<0.05). In tail-suspension test, duration of immobility as an indicator of depression, in the treatment group of valproate+methadone (2:1) was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion: Valproate and methadone combination therapy particularly in ratio of 2:1 can reduce morphine withdrawal-induced anxiety and depression in animal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study discovers the analgesic and anti- inflammatory effects of diphenhydramine in mice that result from formaldehyde injected 1% concentration s/c in right planter of adult mice after 15 minutes of diphenhydramine injection I/M in comparison with control group which it injected with normal saline. Intramuscular injection of diphenhydramine in mice at 1, 2 mg/kg respectively caused analgesia and anti- inflammatory effect that result from pain induced by formaldehyde through significant decrease in licking numbers of formaldehyde injected foot, significantly increase its onset of licking, significant decrease the time elapsed of licking and significant decrease in depth of planter injected foot in comparison with control group. The data of this study suggested that diphenhydramine has anti- inflammatory effect and of analgesic effect in doses 1, 2 mg/ kg I/M in adult mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Garlic components may change due to its enzymes activity such as alliance. In this research the effect of three months old garlic on the growth of WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells was examined in comparison with fresh garlic in Balb/c mice. Material and Methods: In this interventional study 40 female inbred Balb/c mice were designated into 5 groups. WEHI-164 cells were injected subcutaneously in the chest of animal. Two weeks before and three weeks after injection of cancer cells, 0.2 cc of normal saline or 20 mg/kg extracts of fresh or three months old garlic was injected intraperitoneally (IP) to mice. Five days after cells' injection until day 21, every other day, and the mean size of tumors was measured and compared with each other, using ANOVA test. The antioxidant potential of extracts and the amount of total phenolic were also measured. Results: The amount of phenolic compounds in fresh garlic extract was 12.61mg/g and in three months old garlic was 2.89 mg/g. The efficiency of fresh garlic (35.63) was further compared with three month old garlic (10.2) in prevention of oxidation (p<0.05). The mean size of tumors in groups which received fresh garlic was smaller than that of control group. This tumor size was increased by time, so that a significant difference in mention groups could be seen on days 17, 19 and 21 (p=0.001). Injection of 3-months old garlic had no effect on inhibition of growth of cancer cells compared to control group (P=0.61). Conclusion: Findings showed that garlic consumption might have important role in control and prevention of fibrosarcoma growth. But along with time the beneficial effect of garlic on cancer cells is reduced. Therefore, fresh garlic consumption is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carboplatin is one of the anticancer drugs used in chemotherapy for cancer patients. Cytogenetic effects were evaluated by employing bone marrow micronucleus test, one of the short-term tests that adopted in such studies. Micronucleus test was used by injecting the mice with the three doses for five consecutive days into the intraperitoneal injection. Toxicity of carboplatin was observed in stimulates the production of micronucleus in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow of treated mice. A dose-response relationship was observed giving evidence that carboplatin is positive clastogene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Leishmanization (LZ) is an effective tool to prevent cutaneous leishmaniasis. Standardization of Leishmania is the main drawback of LZ. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of various preservatives on the infectivity of Leishmania. Methods: L .major harvested at different stages of growth; logarithmic, early and late stationary phases were frozen using various preservatives of saccharose, glycerol, trehalose, glucose, sorbitol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The harvested parasites were inoculated into BALB/c mice before and after freezing. The infectivity of the parasites was checked. IFA test was used to assess the rate of metacyclic parasite. Results: The ratio of live Leishmania in different growth stages and various preservatives were 89.0% to 98.2%. The lesion development in groups of mice which received Leishmania in sacarose + glycerol or DMSO was started from 3rd week and at 5th week all the mice showed lesion. The group of mice which were inoculated with early or late stationary phases in saccharose + glucose, saccharose + glycerol, glycerol 15% or DMSO showed lesion from 4th to 5th week and in 100% showed lesions at 8th week. The rate of metacyclic parasites increases from log phase to early and late stationary phases. Conclusion: There was a correlation between percent of live parasite and the rate of lesion development in BALB/c mice. Saccharose 22.5% + Glyserol 22.5% were the most appropriate preservative to freeze L. major. IFA test is used to detect metacyclic Leishmania. A correlation was seen between the rate of lesion development in BALB/c mice and IFA positivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Harmane, norharmane and harmine are β-carboline members of the family of Harmala,s alkaloids (Peganum harmala, Zygophillaceae). The β-carboline alkaloids bind to benzodiazepine site of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors as inverse. This finding suggest that the harmane, norharmane and harmine should be able to attenuate the hot plate-and formalininduced nociceptions in mice. In this study, the antinociceptive effects of harmane, norharmane and harmine in the mice of hot plate and formalin tests were assessed. Materials and methods: All experiments were carried out on male BALB/C mice (20-25 g). In the hot plate test, antinociceptive effects of drugs were assessed using a hot plate apparatus (Harvard, UK). The hot plate temperature thermostatically set at 52.5 ± 0.5 &lowbar;C. The latency to licking or kicking of the fore or hind paws was recorded at various times after drug injection. An cut-off time of 45 s was imposed to avoid tissue damage. In the formalin test, total time spent in licking injected paw was recorded in 5min intervals from 0-5min (as early phase) and 15-50 min (as late phase) after injection of formalin. A decrease in the duration of the time spent in licking showing antinociceptive response. Results: In the hot plate test, i.p. injection of harmane (5-20 mg/kg, 7 mice per group), norharmane (5-15 mg/kg, 7 mice per group) and harmine (10 and 15 mg/kg, 7 mice per group), significantly produced an antinociceptive effect. The antinociceptive effects of harmane, norharmane and harmine were antagonized by flumazenil (2 mg/kg, i.p.). In the formalin test, i.p. injection of the doses of 2.5-5-10 mg/kg, harmane, norharmane and harmine significantly produced an antinociceptive effect. The antinociceptive effects of harmane, norharmane and harmine were antagonized by flumazenil (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Conclusion: The results suggest that the antinociceptive effects of harmane, norharmane and harmine may be mediated through an inverse agonistic mechanism located in the benzodiazepine receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin synthesis. Olig1 and Olig2 are known to regulate the development of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OLPs). Myelin basic protein (MBP) is the main component of myelin sheath. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) plays an important role in myelination and pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study the effects of LIF on the expression of MBP, Olig1 and Olig2 in the cerebral cortex of Cuprizone induced MS mice was investigated. Materials and methods: The mice were treated by Cuprizone for 5 weeks in order to induction of MS. The mice were then divided into three groups. The first group was injected intraperitoneally (IP) by LIF for 6 weeks in the amount of 25 µg/kgBW per day. The second group (SHAM) was injected IP by normal saline and the third group was left without injection as the control group. After six weeks the mice were killed and the cerebral cortex was harvested and MBP, Olig1 and Olig2 expression was studied by western blotting. Results: It has been shown that MBP, Olig1 and Olig2 expression in the cerebral cortical extracts was significantly increased in the LIF injected group as compared to control and SHAM groups. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that LIF not only increases Olig1 and Olig2 expression in the oligodendrocytes and thus enhances oligodendrocytes activity and MBP expression, but also LIF plays an important role in the pathophysiology of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Embryonic stem cells are identified with two unique characteristics. First, they can be maintained and expanded as pure populations of undifferentiated cells, a characteristic which is known as self renewal aspect of embryonic stem cells. Second, these cells can give rise to all body cell types. In the current study, we used a feeder-free condition to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells into lymphoid lineage by IL-7 and FLT-3 ligand. Materials and Methods: Mouse embryonic stem cells cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts were separated from the feeder layer. Then, embryoid bodies were formed from mouse embryonic stem cells. Following that, differentiation was performed by FLT-3 ligand and IL-7. In order to demonstrate the differentiation into lymphoid lineages, the expression of CD25, CD19 and CD3 was assessed by RT-PCR technique on days 7 and 14. Results: After 14 days of differentiation into lymphoid lineages by defined factors, RT-PCR results showed the expression of CD25 and CD19 markers. Conclusion: In all previous studies, mouse embryonic stem cells were differentiated into lymphoid lineage by OP9 stromal feeder cells. In this study, a feeder-free condition was used to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells into lymphoid lineage. It is hoped that the present study can lead to new insights in cell therapy of lymphoid deficiency disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Histaminergic and dopaminergic systems influence anxiety-related behavior. Furthermore, interaction between histaminergic and dopaminergic receptors has been demonstrated in the modulation of some behaviors in the hippocampus. In the present study, the interaction between histaminergic and dopaminergic receptors of dorsal hippocampus in the anxiety-related behavior has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out on 140 male NMRI mice. Mice were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two cannuales were placed in the CA1 region of hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for one week before the beginning of the behavioral testing. The elevated plus-maze test was used to evaluate anxiety-related behaviors. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by LSD test were done for the statistical analysis of the data. All experiments were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines for animal care and use. Results: Intra-CA1 injection of histamine (10 µg/mouse) or apomorphine (0.1 and 0.3 µg/mouse) 5 min before testing induced anxiety. Intra-CA1 injection of apomorphine (0.01 and 0.1 µg/mouse) 2 min before the effective dose of histamine (10 µg/mouse) inhibited the anxiogenic effects of histamine. Conclusion: It seems that both histaminergic and dopaminergic system not only play a role in the modulation of anxiety in the dorsal hippocampus of mice but also demonstrate a complex interaction as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One way of embryo preservation is cryopreservation, but this process may damage and lead to the loss of the embryos, and bring about chromosomal abnormality. This has led researchers to seek techniques for short term preservation of embryos in 0-10 °C temperatures. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short time exposure to 4°C temperature on the expression profiles of mono-carboxylic transporter genes 1,2 ,3, and 4(MCT1-4) in 4-cell mouse embryos. Materials and Methods: In this fundamental study, forty 4-cell mouse embryos from NMRI strain were randomly divided into two groups. The first group consisted of fresh 4-cell embryos, and the second group included 4-cell mouse embryos that were exposed to 4°C temperature for 24 hours. After RT-PCR, the samples were electro-phoresised for expressing the MTC1-4 genes. Results: The expression of MCT 1-3 was observed in the first group, but the obtained results did not indicate their expression in the second group. Conclusion: Preservation of 4-cell embryos in 4°C for 24 hours inhibits the expression of MCT 1-3 genes. Keeping embryos in 4°C temperature is not a proper way for their short time preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The development of pre-implantation mammalian embryos in vitro is compromised, compared with those grown in vivo. Selecting embryos with a high implantation potential is one of the most important challenges in the field of assisted reproductive technology. The aim of this study was to postulate morphometrical characteristics of good quality embryos, with comparisons between in vivo and in vitro produced mouse embryos. Materials and methods: Embryos was obtained from NMRI female mice after super ovulation. In vivo developed 2-, 4- and 8-cell embryos; morulla and full blastocyst were isolated from mice on 18, 36, 52, 60, 72 and 96 hours after hCG administration respectively. Ham, s F10 medium was used for in vitro culture of embryos. External and internal diameter of embryos, zona thickness and number of cells in full blastocysts were evaluated and compared between in vivo and in vitro groups. Results: External and internal diameter and zone thickness in oocyte and zygotes were 99.9μm, 75.4μm and 4.9μm respectively. These values did not change prior to the blastocyst stage in both in vivo and in vitro groups; but in full blastocyst stage, the diameter of embryos significantly increased and zone thickness decreased compared to prior stages in both groups (P<0.01). The diameter of full blastocysts of in vivo group (116.5 μm) were significantly larger than those of in vitro group (104.3 μm, P<0.05). Moreover, the full blastocysts of in vivo group had significantly more blastomeres (49), compared to in vitro group (43, P<0.05). Additionally, cultured embryos reached full blastocyst at 110 hours after hCG administration, while in vivo condition the time frame was 96 hours. Conclusion: Based on the above results, embryo size and zona thickness can not predict embryo quality prior to blastocyst stage, however, in this stage; larger embryos and those that have more blastomere may show greater viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]