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This study was conducted on poplar bud psyllid in Ninevah during the years 2004 and 2005. For the first time Egeirotrioza justa Burk & Laute has been studied and recorded in Iraq. The poplar bud psyllid Egeirotrioza justa Burck & Laute attacks Populous euphratica trees and as a result of feeding by newly nymphs, small galls are formed on the twig tissues near the buds. The adults appeared on the trees during May to July. Mating usually occurred during the first week of May, mean periods of pre – oviposition, oviposition and post – oviposition (1.8 ± 0.74, 5.30 ± 0.57,and 2.00 ± 0.49) days, respectively. Egg laying took place singly on the leaf petiols, and on bouth services and margins of mature as well as the tender young leaves and twigs. The average number of eggs laid per female was 21.80, hatching of eggs was 80%, and sex ratio was 1:2. This species hibernates as a second nymphal instar. This insect has one generation per year.The study indicated that the south direction of a tree from south side of the forest and at a height more than 3m for trees were represented high average number of eggs nymphs and adults (100.00, 64.48,and 57.40), respectively.

The study was conducted in Swaratuka region in Dohuk governorate during October 2002 on the occurrence of oak seed weevil Curculio longipennis Rett on oak trees of Quercus aegilops L. to evaluate the effect of interaction between the direction of forest and the direction of trees with its highest on the percentage of infestation, and the number of larvae in the seed. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences at probability 0.05 between the direction, highest for the forest and trees on the characteristic under study. West direction of forest and tree were represented high percentage of infestation and the same direction of the forest and east of the tree were represented high average number of larvae 2.23 at the highest more than 3 m for trees, but the north direction of the forest and north of tree at the highest under 3 m were represented a lower percentage as 28.16% and 0.53 larvae for characteristic under study respectively. Finally the percentage of germination of non-infesting oak seeds or which infested with one larvae, tow larvae, three larvae or four larvae and more, under natural condition of Mosul region (average temp. 12cْ and 58% relative humidity) were 72.6, 66.66, 48.22, 21.22, 8.53 % ,respectively.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Peran Kiai Dalam Pengembangan Pendidikan Modern Di Pondok Pesantren. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitataif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka. Adapun langkah-langkah dapam penelitian ini yaitu Sumber pustaka yang dimaksud dalam metode penelitian studi pustaka meliputi buku, jurnal ilmiah, makalah, laporan penelitian, dan dokumen-dokumen lain yang relevan dengan topik penelitian yang akan dilakukan. Ada beberapa langkah yang harus dilakukan peneliti dalam penelitian ini, antara lain: a. Menentukan topik penelitian, b. Mencari sumber pustaka yang relevan, c. Menyeleksi sumber pustaka yang relevan dan berkualitas, d. Membaca dan mengevaluasi sumber pustaka yang telah dipilih, e. Menyusun data dan mengekstrak informasi yang relevan, f. Analisis data, g. Menyusun laporan penelitian. Adapaun kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah perbedaan antara pesantren Salafiyah dan pesantren Khalafiyah terletak pada pendekatan dan pandangan mereka terhadap ajaran Islam, pendidikan pesantren memiliki banyak keunggulan dan manfaat bagi santri dalam mengembangkan diri. Pesantren memberikan pengalaman belajar yang komprehensif dan mendalam, serta mempersiapkan santri untuk hidup mandiri dan berkontribusi bagi masyarakatpola kepemimpinan Kiai memiliki karakteristik yang dapat membantu mengembangkan pesantren dengan baik. Kepemimpinan transaksional dan transformasional yang diterapkan oleh Kiai dapat membawa pesantren menjadi lembaga pendidikan yang lebih berkualitas. Selain itu, karakteristik kepemimpinan kiai yang efektif dapat menciptakan iklim yang kondusif bagi Santri untuk belajar, para ustadz terlibat dan bertumbuh, serta dukungan dari komunitas dapat membantu pesantren dalam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan yang diselenggarakan.

The research paper seeks to distinguish the way in which the applications of artificial intelligence were utilized during the outbreak of the Coruna virus epidemic, as the facts have proven to the conditions of acceleration and facilitation that these applications have contributed, especially in terms of data and information analysis, and the conclusion of accurate results, a huge amount Of the information directly related to the Coronavirus, to which is added the largest amount of information related to diseases close to it, providing effective reading based on comparison and inventory. It has been called the applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning, in reducing the element of time, whether in terms of discovering the genetic strain of the virus, or at the level of vaccine manufacture. While these applications have proven their utmost benefit in monitoring the movement of the epidemic and limiting the speed of its spreadProblematic The research attempts to indicate a major problem on which most human efforts are based. Despite the threat that coronavirus poses to human life on the planet. Except that some ofInstitutions working in the field of artificial intelligence or drug manufacturing companies are still thinking about how to keep their trade secrets. Hence, openness, cooperation, exchange of experiences, and serious participation in uniting efforts are considered as the gateway to developing solutions to the crisis that humankind is going through.ImportanceArtificial intelligence applications have proven their importance in the face of the most serious epidemic facing humanity in the aftermath of the Spanish flu pandemic in the year 1920. These applications were characterized by accuracy, organization, rigorous comparisons and reliable results. The information that reaches millions of documents was taken advantage of, based on the classification and sorting provided by the mechanisms of applying artificial intelligence. Otherwise, control or even benefit from this mountain of information was considered an impossible blow, and if the human race had the benefit of This store of information, the benefit remains very limited.

Bu makalede Celâledddin es-Süyûtî (ö. 911/1505)’nin,ictihadın hükmü, lüzumu, mertebeleri ve ictihad ehliyetinin şartlarına dairgörüşleri ele alınmaktadır. İctihadın dinî bir yükümlülük olduğunu belirtenSüyûtî’ye göre, farz-ı kifâye olan bu ilmî faaliyetin, her asırda bir kısımmüslümanlar tarafından yerine getirilmesi ve şer’î ahkâmı açıklamaya ehliyetlibir müctehidin bulunması zaruridir. İctihad kapısının kapanmış olduğudüşüncesini isabetli bulmayan Süyûtî, böyle bir iddianın sorunlu olduğunubelirtirken, bunun en başta şer’î açıdan geçersiz olduğuna dikkat çeker. Onagöre, ictihad kapısının kapandığı iddiasında ısrar etmek, şeriatın ömrünütamamladığını zımnen kabullenmektir. Süyûtî, kendi dönemine kadar her asırdapek çok âlimin ictihad faaliyetinde bulunduğu olgusu da dikkate alındığında buiddianın geçerliliğini yitirmiş olduğunu belirtir. Buna ek olarak Süyûtî, “hulüvvü’l-asr”yani herhangi bir asrın müctehidsiz kalma ihtimalini de geçerli kabul etmez.Herasırda en az bir müctehidin bulunmasının zorunluluğu konusunda Süyûtî’nindikkat çeken tezlerinden biri de, kendisinin ictihad etmek için gerekli bütünşartları taşıdığını ve “mutlak müctehid” olduğunu vurgulamış olmasıdır. Fakatmutlak müctehid kavramı Süyûtî’nin kullanımında farklı anlama sahip olduğu içinyanlış anlaşılmış ve çağdaşları tarafından şiddetli bir eleştiriye maruzkalmıştır. Bu çalışmada Süyûtî’nin fıkıh ilmindeki yerine değinildikten sonra,başta er-Red ‘alâ Men Ahlede ile’l-Ard olmak üzere ictihad konulurisâleleri temel alınarak, ictihad konusuna nasıl yaklaştığı tesbit edilmeyeçalışılmıştır.

Ali Haydar Efendi, son devir Osmanlı âlimlerinden olup döneminin önde gelen hukukçularındandır.Yargı görevlerinde bulunmuş ve yükseköğretim kurumlarında uzun yıllar Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliyyeve Arazi hukuku derslerini okutmuştur. Dürerü’l-Hukkâm adlı eseri Osmanlı medeni kanunu olaraknitelendirebileceğimiz Mecelle’nin önemli şerhlerinden biridir. Fetva emini olarak kanunlaştırmahareketi içinde yer almış ve komisyonlarda görev alarak başta Kitâbu’n-Nafakât olmak üzere çeşitlikanun taslakları hazırlamıştır. Ali Haydar Efendi, Osmanlı kanunlaştırma çalışmalarında esas alınmasıgereken kaynağın İslâm hukuku olduğunu savunmuş ve Batı hukukunun iktibas edilmesini tenkitetmiştir. Ona göre Osmanlıdaki problemlerin temelinde şer’î hukuktan kopma yer almaktadır; Şer’îkaynaklara dayanan kanunlar, müktebes kanunlara nazaran her zaman adalete daha uygundur.

The life cycle of Adoretus irakanus Ohs. Which attack poplar species was studied in Iraq in 2007under laboratory conditions ( 30.5 C° and 25.5% ). The study showed that the mean length of incubation ,eggs viability and larval stages ( 7.51 day, 82% 342.8 days ) respectively ,It was appeared that the larval stages live inside the ground and feed on the decayed material and roots of different plants present in the soil . The mean period of pupa was 7.1 days. After the emerge of adult it laid the eggs in the soil singly and separate . The study also indicated that the mean number of eggs laid by a single female were 106.5 . The sex ratio of male to female was 1.1:1. The longevity of adults, males and females were 27. 35 , 30.75 days respectively. Also it was found that this species of insect has one generation per year. The hibernation appeared in the second larval instar. Ecological study has shown that the area and percentage of damage started with the primary appearance of the Iraqi beetle adults at the beginning of April.The increasing of insects number caused an increase in the area and percentage of damage which reached their maximum means 16.20,12.11,10.7cm2, 44.87,17.35,41.07% respectively for Populus nigra, P.deltoides and P.euphratica respectively this happened when the insects number means reached the maximum 2.81,2.31 and 2.0 insect/leaves for the above mentioned poplar species to mean temperature 27.42°C and R.H 34.5%.the statistical analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between the mean insect number and mean of area and percentage of damage in the 3 poplar species with r value (90.64,93.05 and 89.62) for damaged area, and for damage percentage (90.31,88.32 and 89.49), respectively.

The life cycle of Epinotia abbreviana Fabi (Tortricidae : Lepidoptera) was studied and recorded for the first time in Iraq in 2006 under laboratory conditions (30.5°c and 25.5%R.H). The study showed that the mean length of incubation period, larval stages and longevity of adults, males and females, were 7.51, 19.92 and 7.37, 7.27 days respectively. The study also showed that all larval instars have the ability to tie two or more leaves together and feed on the epidermis of the tied up leaves. The study indicated that the mean number of eggs laid by a singles female were 98.70, and the egg viability 82%. The sex ratio of male to female was 1.2:1. Also it was found that this species has 5 generations per year. The average duration of each generation was 38.10 days. The toxicities of some insecticides on the second and the fifth larval stages were evaluated. These insecticides were Alphacypermethrin, Diazinon, Endosulfan and Sevin with concentrations ranged from (0.0010-0.0300) %. Alphacypermethrin showed higher toxicity effect on larvae and significantly difference from other insecticides. And Sevin toxicity has the lowest effect of the tested insecticides. Diazinon and Endosulfan had less toxicity effects on larval than Alphacypermethrin respectively.

The life cycle of Epinotia abbreviana Fabi (Tortricidae : Lepidoptera) was studied and recorded for the first time in Iraq in 2006 under laboratory conditions (30.5°c and 25.5%R.H). The study showed that the mean length of incubation period, larval stages and longevity of adults, males and females, were 7.51, 19.92 and 7.37, 7.27 days respectively. The study also showed that all larval instars have the ability to tie two or more leaves together and feed on the epidermis of the tied up leaves. The study indicated that the mean number of eggs laid by a singles female were 98.70, and the egg viability 82%. The sex ratio of male to female was 1.2:1. Also it was found that this species has 5 generations per year. The average duration of each generation was 38.10 days. The toxicities of some insecticides on the second and the fifth larval stages were evaluated. These insecticides were Alphacypermethrin, Diazinon, Endosulfan and Sevin with concentrations ranged from (0.0010-0.0300) %. Alphacypermethrin showed higher toxicity effect on larvae and significantly difference from other insecticides. And Sevin toxicity has the lowest effect of the tested insecticides. Diazinon and Endosulfan had less toxicity effects on larval than Alphacypermethrin respectively.