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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary chitosan and listeriolysin O (LLO) on the immune response against Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. L. monocytogenes isolate was obtained from the unit of Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad. It was reactivated and cultured on PALCAM agar and exposed to a confirmatory diagnostic test. listeriolysin O (LLO) was extracted and purified. Sixty mice were used and divided into four groups each one involving 15 mice; the first group was fed on diet supplemented with a chitosan for 4 weeks. At the end of the 2nd week, normal saline was injected S/C; the second group was fed on a normal diet without any addition. At the end of 2nd week, 0.3 ml of LLO was injected S/C, then the booster dose of LLO was given after 14 days of 1st injection; the third group was fed on a diet supplemented with chitosan as in G1, and treated as in G2 and the fourth group fed on a normal diet without any addition and treated as in G1. A skin test was performed on 5 mice of each group while a Challenge test by injection of 0.2ml of 1x109 CFU/ml of viable L. monocytogenes intraperitoneally was performed on other mice. The concentration of IgG titer and IL6 were measured. The results revealed that the third group recorded significantly higher values in the skin thickness, IgG, and IL6 concentrations when compared with other groups at different times which indicate that LLO and chitosan may support each other to provide the most beneficial effect by eliciting of good cellular and humeral immunity against listeriosis.

Language mitigation refers to strategies that people adopt to avoid face-threatening situations in conversation and thereby to linguistically repair the damage done to someone’s face by what one says or does. Previously, several studies investigating mitigation have been carried out from different perspectives, depending on the point of view adopted by each scholar. Some studies thus far have linked mitigation with politeness, whereas other studies have dealt with mitigation as an independent subject. Literature on mitigation abounds with reference to politeness strategies, euphemisms, hedges and other devices, yet there sounds to be no clear attempt to establish what substantiates mitigation. On this point, Caffi (2007, p.48) maintains that in politeness research, the notion of mitigation has so far mainly been used with reference to the set of strategies interlocutors employ to attenuate the impact of what Brown and Levinson (1987) call ‘face-threatening acts’ (FTAs). The present study is designed to develop a taxonomy of mitigation types, devices, functions and strategies adopted by English language users as interpersonal goals. It also provides additional evidence with respect to the use of mitigating devices to soften illocutionary force of speech acts which are unwelcome to addresses. As for mitigation devices, there are seven major devices: Indirect Speech Acts, Tag Questions, Parenthetical Verbs, Disclaimers, Impersonal Constructions, Hedges, and Euphemism, though this last type is not referred to as a main type in previous studies. The latter two types (Hedges and Euphemism) are the backbone of mitigation devices as they subsume a variety of forms and functions. Semantic procedures are the most effective ones as they result in less direct or understated meanings.

The study was undertaken in the Animal House of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basra, to explore the effect of feeding on skim milk and skim milk enriched by many type prebiotics FOS, XOS, and RS on the blood parameters and heart weights, liver and spleen in rats. Thirty Albino rats with weights ranging from 200-170 g were randomly distributed on the biomass weight to five treatments of six replicates rats. The rats fed on a standard diet. The first treatment rats dosing 4ml distilled water; second treatment rats dosing 4ml skim milk; third treatment rats dosing 4ml skim milk with 1.5 g / kg FOS; fourth treatment rats dosing 4ml skim milk with 1.5 g / kg RS and the Fifth treatment T5 rats dosing skim milk with 1.5g/kg XOS for three months. The results of the two months showed a significant decrease in P

Research in Second/Foreign language learning indicates that using English outside of the classroom is an essential part of the language learning process. However, certain studies have been cared out on university-level EFL students indicate that students use English minimally when outside of the classroom. This study furthers the research on English use outside of the classroom to more fully understand out-of-d all types of language learners and the link between language proficiency and out-of-class English language use. For methodology, three private universities in Erbil are concerned. The tools that are used in this study is a questionnaire and also interview. Validity and reliabilities are regarded here. The aims are to investigate the use of of-out-of class activity type that promotes using English and even their attitudes toward the benefits of using English outside of class. Research explores some recommendations to English language departments in the three universities which are helpful for the students’ language proficiency, the research also provides some suggestions for further studies.

In this work, sodium bentonite (Bn) was used for removal of alizarin red S (ARS) from aqueous solution using batch technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize sodium bentonite. Different parameters that would affect ARS dye removal such as initial pH, contact time, initial ARS dye concentration, bentonite dose, and temperature were explored. The realized data from kinetic studies demonstrated the high fitness of pseudosecond-order kinetic model for better interpretation of the experimental data. The adsorption isotherms studies showed that Freundlich isotherm had a high correlation coefficient among the studied isotherm models. Thermodynamic studies proposed that ARS adsorption onto Bn was spontaneous in nature at the lower temperatures and exothermic.

يهدف البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على التوجه نحو الحياة لدى طلبة مدارس المرحلة الإعدادية في مركز قضاء زاخو وعلاقته ببعض المتغيرات الاجتماعية و الثقافية والتعرف على الفروق تبعا للمتغيرات (الجنس، والمرحلة الدراسية ، والحالة الاقتصادية، و مستوى التعليمي للوالدين، ومحل السكن وهل الوالدين " على قيد الحياة ، أولا ")، وتألفت عينة البحث من (271) طالب و طالبة اختيروا بطريقة عشوائية. أعتمد الباحثون مقياس جاهز ( ليونتيف، 1992) لتوجه نحو الحياة ، والمؤلفة من (20) فقرة مزدوجة ، وتم ترجمتها و استخراج الخصائص السيكومترية لها، وتم استخدام التكرارات، والترتيب التنازلي، والأوساط الحسابية، والإنحرافات المعيارية، والقيمة التائية لعينة الواحدة، والقيمة التائيةلعينتين مستقلتين، وتحليل التباين. وأشارت النتائج الى وجود توجه إيجابي نحو الحياة لدى غالبية أفراد عينة البحث مع عدم وجود فروق ذا دلالة إحصائية في متغير الجنس و المرحلة الدراسية و محل السكن و وضع الوالدين ( على قيد الحياة ، أو متوفي ). كما تبيّن أن توجهات أفراد الأسر التي تتمتع بوضع اقتصادي جيد نحو الحياة ايجابية أكثر من غيرها، وكذلك عندما يكون كلا الوالدين متعلمين. على ضوء ذلك قدم الباحثون مجموعة من التوصيات والمقترحات.

In this work, A STATCOM of 12-pulse two levels is used to regulate the bus voltage at specific bus bar under many cases of abnormal conditions like load and source disturbances. The proposed system consists of a single machine, transmission line and load. The compensation process are performed and compared between the two suggested control methods, first, the conventional control by using PI controller only which is used to improve the voltage profile. Second, the adapting controller uses self-tuning fuzzy PI controller for improving the voltage profile. At the time of disturbance gets occurrence, the PI controller must change its parameters to recover the voltage profile into the stable state at the disturbance moment. The simulation results show the improvements of voltage profile for both two types and then compare them. The improvement of voltage profile using adaptation method is less over shoot and attains a steady state faster than the conventional PI when the system is subjected under many disturbances. The results of the harmonic effect show low values of total harmonic distortion (THD) of supply voltage and current. Moreover, it is acceptable with IEEE standards because a new technique of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is used.

This study aimed to determine the effect of newly introduced 0.020” slot size brackets on di-mensional positions and space closure ratio of mandibular canine. Material and Methods: The study includes six groups according to slot sizes (0.018”, 0.020” and 0.022”) and materials of canine retrac-tion (elastomeric power chain and closed coil spring). A 200 gm of retraction force was used on 0.017” X 0.025” stainless steel wire ligated to brackets by elastomeric ligatures along 13 mm available space. After immersion of the typodont in water bath with (50-55) C for 5 minutes, the rate of space closure were measured in millimeter using vernier (from the distal wings of canine bracket and the mesial wings of the second premolar), In both vertical and horizontal directions, digital images were taken by camera and the angle between canine extension bar )C B) and bite plane extension bar (BPB) was measured by protractor to determine tipping and rotation. Results: The results showed that 0.022” slot bracket groups had highest amount of rate of space clo-sure tipping and rotation, while 0.020” slot brackets groups had higher space closure rate than 0.018” slot brackets groups. Conclusions: bracket slot 0.022” groups showed higher tipping, rotation and space closure rate, while 0.020” slot brackets groups had higher rate of space closure with same or bet-ter rotation and tipping control in comparison with 0.018” slot bracket groups

Aims: This in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the effect of acid etching and/or diode laser (1064 nm) irradiation on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: Thirty freshly extracted human premolars were included in this study. Laser irradiation was done by using the new 1064 nm diode laser with output power of 2.5 Watt in continues mode, also use stainless steel orthodontic brackets (Roth, 22–slot size), and use orthodontic flowable composite resin which needs no bonding fluid. The 30 human teeth were divided into 3 groups (each group consist of 10 teeth): Group A–use acid etching (37% phosphoric acid) for 1 minute to bond bracket to tooth surface (control group), group B–use laser irradiation for 30 seconds with Indian ink (coated on teeth). Group C–use laser irradiation for 30 seconds with Indian ink after that use acid etching for 1 minute. Shear bond strength measured by using unconfined shear testing machine at a cross head speed of 5 mm/min. Results: The shear bond strength means were as follows: Group A: 11.27 MPa, group B: 6.21 MPa, group C: 14.04 MPa. The acid etching after 1064 nm diode laser irradiation (group C) has significantly higher bond strength (p ˂ 0.05) than remaining groups. In group B, orthodontic brackets had significantly lower shear bond strength (p ˂ 0.05) than remaining groups. Conclusions: These results indicate that acid etching after laser irradiation enhances and improves the bonding of orthodontic composite resin to human enamel. In the same time 1064 nm diode laser irradiation with ink coating is not consider as a replacement to acid etching in bonding of orthodontic brackets to human enamel

Aims: To determine the amount of force degradation of three types of orthodontic traction aid polyure-thane elastomeric chain (PEC), nickel titanium closed coil spring (NiTi CCS) and stainless steel closed coil spring (SS CCS). Material and methods: Samples were extended to a specific distance which was 18 mm in case of PEC and 20 mm in case of NiTi CCS and SS CCS. Each extended sample will then incubated in dry condition, artificial saliva, and mouthwash solution, for total incubation period of three weeks. Results: showed that samples in dry condition always showed minimum force degrada-tion percent than in wet conditions. It also showed that the increase of incubation time leads to increase in force degradation percent with major degradation percent located within first twenty four hours. Conclusions: in dry and two wet conditions, NiTi CCS reflects the lowest percent of force degradation, PEC showed highest percent, while SS CCS showed intermediate one