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An identification trademark, which is a bar code bearing product data, whether industrial products, works of art, or maps. Good information can be obtained through analysis, and the beauty of flexible data security, through the codes consisting of a group of parallel longitudinal lines of different thicknesses with different spaces, and underneath them are numbers or letters as one-dimensional The two-dimensional systems also come in different patterns, consisting of a group of dots formed on geometric patterns in the form of squares, hexagonal shapes, or others as codes for pictorial symbols, where the product data is loaded on which the reading of the encrypted identification mark on it is processed by the laser beam scanner method of the devices By reading the code by measuring the width of the lines and distances or entering the numbers shown under the linear code, or by reading it with a mobile phone camera The first to invent the barcode was "Max Paddock" in the year 1880, but due to the lack of people, his project did not see the light. In the year 1932 AD, the graduate student "Wallace Flint" wrote a research on "automatic groceries" at Harvard Business School, in which he explained the use of this System to automate grocery flow systems from the shelves Since the United States was going through an economic crisis, this idea was not implemented. In the year 1948, Bernard Silver, a graduate student from the Drexel Institute of Technology, in cooperation with his friends, Norman Joseph, Woodland, and Norman Johansen, developed the first system that works with ultraviolet ink for a chain of stores in Philadelphia to read products at the time of exit, but due to the cost of this system B fail. After that, Woodland worked on developing the system and reducing its cost, and he registered his patent on October 7, 1952, after which this invention witnessed wide success.

Stylometry focuses on detecting some linguistic features such as the length and complexity of sentences, spelling errors, punctuation and phraseology analysis, the frequency of words and lexical items. Stylometric analysis identifies and classifies literary texts according to authorship. It also detects, as a serious scholarly discipline and methodology, the lexical items which characterize the style of a text. The present paper proposes a stylometric analysis of Hussien's خِطبة الشيخ khiTbat al-shaykh (1914) and its English translation rendered by M. Enani in (2020) as The Shaykh's Marriage Proposal. The linguistic features examined within the theoretical framework proposed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) are parataxis, hypotaxis and lexical choice. The study tests the validity of the translated text in detecting the style of the source text and hence creating either one profile shared by Hussein and Enani, or two different profiles. The main research questions are: (1) in what way does the deployment of parataxis and hypotaxis trace the writing style changes- if there are any- in Hussein's text and its translation? (2) what role does the translated text assume in the domain of stylometric analysis? (3) how does the lexical choice in both the source text and the target text contribute to the creation of personal profiles for the author and the translator? The study suggests that translation is a valid assessment tool in authorship identification as it creates a separate profile for the translator which discerns him/her from the author of the ST. Though stylometric analysis identifies the anonymous author of a given text by specifying its stylistic features and comparing them to other texts written by the same author, the paper offers instead profiling as a changing, style measuring tool for each literary text written by a given author. By defining the stylomeric features and the authorial discriminators of Hussein's and Enani's texts, it is assumed that the Arabic/ English literary pieces cannot be dealt with as a single text written by two authors in collaborations as each text has its own stylistic features that assign an individual profile for its author.يهدف التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي للنصوص الأدبية إلى تحديد بعض السمات اللغوية كطول الجمل ، مدى تعقيدها، الأخطاء الإملائية ، علامات الترقيم ، تحليل و صياغة العبارات، الكلمات المتكررة و الاستخدامات المعجمية، و ذلك لتحديد و تصنيف النصوص الأدبية وفقاً لهوية المؤلف. و يعتمد التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي على تحديد العناصر المعجمية و التي تميز النص ، و من ثمّ يُعتبر هذا النوع من التحليل من الأساليب العلمية الهامة (فيكرز 2002، هولمز 1992). تطرح هذه الدراسة تحليلاً اسلوبياً لرواية خطبة الشيخ لطه حسين التي صدرت عام 1914 ، و ترجمتها إلى الإنجليزية التي قدمها محمد عناني عام 2020 . في ضوء الاطار النظري الذي وضعه كلا من هاليداى وماثيسين 2014 تبحث الدراسة بعض السمات اللغوية مثل الإرداف و التبعية واختيار المفردات ، وتختبر الدراسة مدى صلاحية النص المترجم في الكشف عن أسلوب النص المصدر و من ثم رسم إما ملف شخصي واحد يتقاسمه الكاتب و المترجم أو ملف شخصي للكاتب و آخر للمترجم. و تجيب الدراسة على الأسئلة الآتية: (1) كيف تعكس الخواص الاسلوبية للإرداف و التبعية التغيرات الأسلوبية - إن وجدت- في نص طه حسين و ترجمته؟ (2) ما هي عناصر التشابه و الاختلاف في لغة كل نص؟ 3)) كيف يمكن استخدام النص المترجم كإحدى أدوات التحليل الأسلوبي الاحصائي؟ (4) كيف ساهمت المفردات المستخدمة في النص المصدر و النص الهدف في رسم طابع خاص لأسلوب الكاتب و المترجم؟ تقترح هذه الدراسة فاعلية النصوص المترجمة في إجراء التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي و ذلك باعتبار الترجمة أداة ذات فاعلية يمكن استخدامها لإضفاء طابع شخصي للمترجم من شأنه أن يميزه عن كاتب النص المصدر. و بالرغم من فاعلية التحليل الأسلوبي الاحصائي في الكشف عن هوية المؤلف الأصلي لعمل ما، و ذلك بالكشف عن السمات الأسلوبية لأحدى نصوصه و مقارنتها بالنصوص الأخرى المنسوبة إليه، إلا أن هذه الدراسة تقترح أن لكل عمل أدبي سمات اسلوبية خاصة تكسب كاتبه هوية مختلفة ومتغيرة. فبتحديد السمات الاسلوبية الاحصائية و الشواهد التأليفية لنصي حسين و عناني ، يمكن القول يأن هذين النصين لا يمكن اعتبارهما كنص واحد اشترك في صياغته كلا من الكاتب والمؤلف حيث أن السمات الاسلوبية للنص الأصلي والمترجم تمنح كل منهما طابع خاص به.

Arabic schools seek to improve the teaching of the Arabic language, through the use of activities that motivate the student to learn and use the Arabic language. Student who want to learn to speak Arabic require a lot of practice through activities that require speaking. This study aims to highlight the experience of Arabic schools in Brunei in using non-class activities. This study describes and analyses the benefits of non-class activities for teaching Arabic at the Arabic schools in Brunei. Arabic schools have taken steps to develop the teaching of the Arabic language, and have increased the activities that push students to practice and use the Arabic language. They have managed and prepared Arabic plays and competitions at the classroom level, and the winning teams represents each school and compete against other Arabic schools in Brunei. Additionally, each school conducts public speaking competitions, group speeches, singing competitions, Arabic calligraphy, and other activities. Arabic schools also organize many events to introduce Arabic culture. Arabic schools push students to use the Arabic language at all events and occasions. Arabic schools organize Arabic language festivals and exhibitions, Arabic language week and open day. This study recommends the necessity of paying attention to classroom and non-classroom activities in teaching Arabic, and urges students to use the Arabic language in research, listening, reading, writing, and speaking the Arabic language inside and outside the classroom.

This research aims to study the effect of the line and the form unit as a whole with the artist HunderTwasser and its use in creating innovative designs that suit the child costume and to enhance the feeling and develop the abilities of the child. It shows in his works the courage of the child and his way of dealing with its elements to express its components. He searches for the movement of the line, which for him is a polite and revealing movement for a strong expression, and from here the research problem is based on how to adapt the form unit in the work of HunderTwasser to apply it to the structural design of a child costume using all available skills and capabilities. The research aims to study the unity of form for the work of HunderTwasser and create designs suitable for a child costume. The importance of the research is also clear by shedding light on the fine values of HunderTwasser's works, and the research is based on the descriptive-analytical approach through the technical analytical study of selected works by HunderTwasser and the method Experimental by doing a self-experiment for the researcher to produce designs suitable for a child costume. The researcher has proven through technical and applied studies that the requirements for building a unit of printed form inspired by the work of HunderTwasser enrich the field of textile printing by creating designs that fit the child costume and help them develop their taste.

This paper is part of a research project deals with the study of the possible use of by-product materials such as fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in ternary system in different applicable measured properties of concrete. In this research, six concrete mixtures with water/cement ratios 0.4 and 0.5 have been investigated. Trial mixes were carried out to produce concrete with same slump and air content percentage. Also the influence of using fly ash and silica fume with Portland cement on the concrete performance against chloride attack has been studied. The potentiometric apparatus was used to measure the chloride concentrations through the concrete samples by titration chemical analysis. In addition, the diffusion coefficients were determined for the tested specimens. It is concluded that the addition of fly ash and silica fume to Portland cement in ternary system improved concrete resistance to chloride attack and reduced its diffusion coefficient as well as can be reasonably used in concrete industry with considerable proportions. Moreover, the change in the cementitious materials content, type and their replacement percent has significant effect in the studied properties of concrete. Furthermore, results show that the total and soluble chloride content for zone 10~20 mm and zone 20~30 mm are very low .This results leads that such type of concrete needs less concrete cover depth which leads to protect the reinforcement.

The importance of research: human beings are greatly affected by their surroundings, especially in learning spaces. Lighting, colors, seating arrangement, and other factors all have a physical and psychological impact on students, which is reflected in their behavior, and performance. Research problem: Although there have been previous studies that have linked a student's behavior to the interior design elements of the learning space, there is no extensive, combined study that can guide the design of university educational spaces to achieve the highest possible efficiency for the students. Research Objective: Set criteria to assess the learning space; this standard states whether or not a learning space can provide an appropriate learning environment that can help students physically and psychologically. Research methodology: (theoretical approach) relied on a review of previous theoretical and practical studies to gather sufficient information to determine the criteria for evaluating each element of the educational space and how it impacts students, this is shown by presenting definitions of human behavior and how it is influenced by the built environment, and then used to illustrate how the interior architectural design of the educational space impact students, reaching the ideal status for each element in the final table. (analytical approach) in which a questionnaire was conducted for students as a field study and then analyzed for results. Results showed that many existing educational spaces have problems with interior design elements. Some of these problems, such as lighting, ventilation, and temperature, can be avoided from the beginning by orienting educational spaces correctly and thus obtaining adequate natural lighting, ventilation, and temperature without having to rely on industrial means. Noise can also be reduced if a suitable location away from the noise is chosen, as well as careful selection of finishing materials of sound insulation material. Table 8 shows additional means of isolation that can be used in existing spaces. On the other hand, the color of the white wall, which many studies have confirmed harms the space users of students and teachers but is still used, is a problem that is easily avoidable but still recurring. It is preferable to use cold or warm colors instead, as shown in Table 8. The significance of this research is in assisting in the creation of a suitable educational space that meets the needs of students while avoiding all of the problems mentioned above in many educational settings.

Chlorine disinfection in conventional water treatment plants in Egypt is a popular and inexpensive technique for disinfecting raw surface water before distribution to consumers. Nevertheless, the chlorination process in the presence of natural organic matter and decreased water quality due to uncontrollable population results in formation of high concentrations of carcinogenic disinfection by-products, from which trihalomethanes (THMs). In this paper, the water quality of Assiut drinking water network (ADWN) was assessed in terms of THMs studying different water quality parameters. An extended period simulation based on a modelling software WaterGEMS was employed to obtain the critical locations to be examined according to key parameters namely: water age, residual chlorine concentration, water velocity, and type of storage. The study concluded that THMs concentrations from all critical locations in Assiut drinking water network would not exceed the Egyptian regulatory threshold and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. Even more, an investigated domestic roof tank should be critically operated under a planned scheme of monitoring and maintenance due to its deteriorated water quality.

Good management of flash floods requires accurate estimation for both the hazard degrees and flood risk maps. Morphological parameters greatly affect the strength of flood’s hydrograph and accordingly the flash flood hazard degree. This study uses decision-making tools such as Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) and/or Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) to estimate the Gulf of Suez’s flash flood hazard degree, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. The MAUT was applied successfully in estimating the hazard degrees of 56 basins in the coastal zone of the Suez Gulf. Based on the resulted correlation between all hydro-morphological parameters, only six equal weight parameters were selected and used to calculate the hazard degree. The results showed that, about 40 % of the 56 basins have high or moderately high hazard degree. Values of the correlation factors between the hydro-morphological parameters and the resulted hazard degrees are ranged between 0.813 for basin’s Sinuosity and 0.011 for Centroid Stream Slope. The weights of those parameters were non-linearly optimized to make the correlation of all chosen parameters with the hazard degree higher than or equal to the threshold value (0.6). Accordingly, percentage of basins with high or moderately high hazard degree have decreased to 32 %. Capability and validation of current model have been achieved using the damage information of some flood events in the last few decades. The comparison between current model’s scenarios and flood events showed that, all the affected basins that had high or moderated high hazard degree are highly coincide with the real cases.

This study focuses on employing a hybrid pretreatment approach for lignocellulosic Sugarcane Bagasse (SCB) as a major problematic solid waste. The applied technique depended on SCB physical pretreatment via freezing, followed by chemical hydrolysis using alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) and enzymatic hydrolysis. The changes occurred in macrostructure and the entire lignocellulosic compounds during the pretreatment stages were evaluated. Freezing pretreatment resulted in relatively low glucose yield and saccharification ratio at -20 °C for 2 h of 307.52 mg/gm native SCB and 48.5%, respectively. Further AHP pretreatment was performed for the frozen-pretreated SCB at -20 °C and 2 h with assistance of Box–Behnken Design response surface methodology (RSM). The investigated key parameters were H2O2 concentration (3, 5.5 and 8 %v/v), temperature (25, 42.5 and 60 °C) and pretreatment duration (1, 3 and 5 h). The results revealed that the statistical modelling was able to predict the response of glucose yield and TRS production with R2 = 0.8221 and 0.8814, respectively. Applying the optimization tool of RSM, the optimum predicted values of glucose yield and TRS production were (886.51 mg/gm native SCB and 1.44 mg/mL), respectively; confirmed by the experimental analysis (898.5 mg/gm native SCB and 1.32 mg/mL), respectively. The coincided saccharification ratio was 97.5%. These results were obtained at H2O2 of 3 % (v/v), 56.93 °C and 1 h which were 4.32 and 2.01 times higher than that obtained during the freezing pretreatment phase for glucose yield and saccharification ratio, respectively.

This research aims to unveil a trace of Islamic antiquities that are not registered in the list of Islamic antiquities in Cairo, as none of the researchers have dealt with before, in light of the founding written book in the storehouse of Salah El-Din Citadel in Cairo, and it is for a way bearing the name of its owner "descendant of Al-Rifai Al-Fakhr And Ibn al-Danushri Muhammad ", and the date of creation" in the year 1127 AH and the research will address the study of written painting in terms of form and content, and the type of line and the work of a discharge and a table for the development of letters and their forms in that period, This water splash is considered part of the charitable endowment, which means the stand behind it to give charity to the faces of righteousness, whether it is on certain people such as the poor, the poor, and the elderly, or whether it is on one side of the public land, such as mosques, hospitals, schools, etc., which will benefit the community, The study will address the study of the biblical painting in terms of form and content, and the study of Arab archaeological writings in terms of content is of importance in archaeological, historical, social and economic studies 00 and other other studies, as these writings contain different contents, as the topics of Arab writings vary on Islamic effects, including: Writings Religious (Qur’anic verses, propaganda phrases), foundational writings, and funerary writings, as well as writings in property contracts and marriage contracts, texts of endowments and documents of various kinds; By studying these writings, all their content can be used by comparing them with what is found in historical literature and contemporary archaeological studies.

حاول هذا البحث إظهار الجانب الصوفي والميول التزهدية لمدرسة الكرامية، وتطرق إلى تحديد موقف الكرامية من العمل والكسب المادي، ومسألة الولاية. واستدل على الملامح والقسمات التي تجمع بين الصوفية والكرامية عن طريق الخانقاه وأثرها التربوي والاجتماعي، وحلقات الذكر، ونمط الملبس. ثم أبرز أوجه الاتفاق والاختلاف بين الكرامية والملامتية.

Moringa Oleifera seeds (MOS) coagulant has been used as a coagulation agent in water purification. In developing countries, usage of MOS addresses many advantages namely eco-friendly, biodegradable, available and cost-effective coagulant, resulting in a powerful alternative to chemical coagulants. This research revealed the positive effect of MOS with the aid of sponge at different operational conditions and showed a great influence in the purification efficiency without any observed clogging of sponge pores or bad smell emission. Supplementation of the sponge improved the purification efficiency in terms of turbidity and UV254 substances removal from 96% and 72% to be 99% and 93%, respectively with reduced MOS coagulant from 500 to 150 mg/L, respectively. Finally, response surface methodology (RSM) has been employed to get the optimum operational conditions for a residual turbidity value less than 1.0 NTU, which occurred at MOS dose of 250 mg/L and pH value of 6.15 after 12.17 minutes of treatment.

Five probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus plantarumATCC 14917,Lactobacillus caseiDSM 20011, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC20552, Lactococcus thermophilus DSM 20259,and Bifidobacterium longum B41409) were used as monoculture, and combined with them as co-cultures for the fermentation of soymilk. The total number is 20 co-cultures, separated similarly into two parts, the first half of each co-culture consisted of two strains, and the second half of each co-culture consists of three strains. The findings revealed that these cultures were capable of fermenting soymilk at only 8 h with a pH drop of between 4.42 and 4.89. Among 25 cultures, eight cultures (3 monoculture of L. plantarumATCC 14917 (C1),Lc. thermophilusDSM 20259 (C4), and B. longum B41409 (C5) and co-cultures of two strains L. plantarum ATCC 14917+ Lc. thermophiles DSM 20259 (C8) and of three strains L. plantarum ATCC 14917 + Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 + B. longum B41409 (C18), L. plantarum ATCC 14917+ L. caseiDSM 20011+ Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 (C19), L. caseiDSM 20011+ L. acidophilus ATCC20552+ Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 (C22), and L. acidophilus ATCC20552+ Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 + B. longum B41409 (C25)) which recorded the greatest significant viability of bacterial cells, titratable acidity, total organic acids (lactic, acetic, and propionic acids) contented, and pH in fermented soymilk ranged from 9.26 to 9.98 Log CFU/mL, 3.06 to 3.32 %, 19.90 to 18.40 g/L (lactic acid), 13.30 to 12.30 g/L (acetic acid), and 16.35 to15.00 g/L (propionic acid), and 4.38 to 4.62. The soy yogurt produced from the selected fermentation of soymilk was more preferred in the chemical composition of protein, carbohydrate, and fat contents than non-fermented soymilk.So the results show that the integrative use of probiotics may achieve the nutritional value of soymilk after fermentation had been improved by probiotic strains, therefore, making it a more health-beneficial functional food.

Garments packing is one of the most important factors which support the marketing and promotion of garments products, save these products from damage, and show them in the best image. A great development was happened in the production technology of garments packing materials. Waste recycling, to produce new products, is one of the most important issues which a lot of researchers, all over the world, need to achieve it using creative methods. Waste recycling achieves also sustainability by saving environment and saving economical sources. This study detects to recycle some kinds of waste to design and produce sustainable creative packs of children’s wear. This study was done on students of ready-made garments department in Damietta university in course of garments packing and storage. Students are divided into three groups: the first group uses the waste of plastic bottles, the second group uses the waste of cartoon paper, the third group uses the waste of wood. Opinions of garments experts are taken on these sustainable pack through questionnaire. The first group, which uses the waste of plastic bottles, was had the best evaluation from garments experts, then second group and the last third group. The first design from the first group was had the best evaluation. The design of packs was suitable for age category of children, suitable for the usage of garment product and gave aesthetic value to garment product. The waste recycling was, to develop sustainable packs, achieves aesthetic value of product, economical value of product, and good means to get rid of waste.

This research presents a model for solving the problem of designing production lines in ready-made garment factories where a program using modern technology and the programming language JAVA to achieve an ideal program that designs the production lines. The design of production lines in the garment factories needs a lot of time and time The clothing industry means money where the less time the less the cost and in this research we solve this problem through the use of modern technology in terms of drawing the production line in reality reality and knowledge of the efficiency of the line before implementation in real reality Also in this research we mention the forms of production systems in ready-made garment factories and look forward to the modern systems of manufacturing and the modern methods in drawing production lines and training the workers on the production stages so that we can raise their performance and design and arrange the production lines is a basic factor as it helps to reduce the time used in the production process And increase in the quantity of production, and in this research we study the case of Vai factory production of men's shirt, we do this as the factory arranges the production line by traditional methods, where the model changes, the factory needs to rearrange and design the production line to suit the requirements of the model In the traditional ways, time will take place and the cost will increase. The design may be inappropriate for the current situation, but with the use of modern technology, the "virtual reality" in the design and arrangement of the production line and the consideration of indicators that lead to increased efficiency and the use of productivity standards that balance production lines The efficiency of the workers' performance is increased through training in a variety of production stages. Modern manufacturing systems are used, including the use of automated handling systems and the production line in the virtual reality to see the efficiency of the line before starting the production process The purpose of the program is to have a balanced production line with no problems and to have less production time, high efficiency and low cost.

In addition to the lack of research on the effect of structural factors and the different seams process on the functional performance of the upholstery fabrics, this study was conducted to identify the effect of some structural factors for these fabrics. Synthetic yarns such as (polyester texture, polyester flat, polypropylene) used as wefts, densities of these wefts (15-20-25) per cm, and some types of seams during fabric production (simple seam - compound seam - French seam), For the purpose of producing furniture fabrics with more characteristics suitable for the functional performance produced for it (upholstery fabrics) using some structural structure variables (different yarns of different density) and different seams, with consistency of fabric and texture composition used, showing the importance of research in determining the most important factors affecting Producing distinct types of upholstery fabrics suitable for efficient use as upholstery fabrics, and their reflection on their functional performance. The applied statistics were used to compare the above variables, and the statistical radar was used to select the best research samples produced after the mechanical tests on the finished products. There was a clear variation in the test results of the samples under study (tensile strength, friction resistance and tear resistance), which showed a direct effect of the materials and the density of the wefts and the quality of the sewing seams on the different characteristics of the functional performance of the fabrics produced, Of the final product1- Polypropylene yarns achieved the highest values for tensile strength and tear resistance, while texture polyester achieved the lowest values for these properties in the produced fabrics.2- Polypropylene and flat polyester yarns achieved the highest values for friction resistance, while texture polyester yarn achieved a lower value for friction properties.3- (25)weftcm achieved the highest values of the properties of tensile strength and resistance to tear, while (15)weftcm the lowest values of these properties, in the fabrics produced.4- Polypropylene yarns achieved the highest values for the strength of the sewing strength, while the polyester yarn was the least value for the strength of the sewing strength.5- The composite (English) seam achieved the highest values of the sewing tensile strength, while the basic seam achieved the lowest values of the strength, and achieved the French seam intermediate values between the two mentioned above.6- The highest sewing strength for the best research samples were all for the English composite seam.

This experiment was implemented in the experimental farm of (Misr hytech seed co. Giza, Egypt) during winter growing seasons 2014 and 2015 to evaluate the inheritance of some cucumber vegetative and yielding traits using a complete diallel cross among five inbred lines. The results showed that the mean square of genotypes, parental inbred lines, crosses and parent vs crosses were significant for the studied traits. The hybrids P2xP4 and P2xP5 exhibited a useful heterosis relative to Mp and Bp for the fruit yield per plant and number of leaves per plant. The mean square of general and specific combining ability was significant for the studied traits. The higher GCA/SCA ratio than the unity of the studied traits indicating to the greatest role of the additive gene action in the expression of these traits. The inbred lines P1 and P 2 exhibited significant positive i g ˆ effects in the traits of number of fruit per plant and fruit yield per plant, so these inbred lines could be act as a good combiner for developing high yielding genotypes. The F1 hybrids P1xP3, P2xP4, P2xP5 and P4xP5 as well as the reciprocal hybrids P4xP1, P4xP2, P4xP3 and P5xP3 recorded a significant positive ij S ^ effect but the reciprocal hybrids recorded a significant rij effect. The results revealed to more than one hybrid distinct in some traits that could be utilized in the greenhouse cucumber cultivation and the future breeding programs.

This study is concerned with the tools and methods of calculating time. As we went back to the earliest times, we found that time was not important in primitive man, and then the modern age began, in which man settled relatively. The Egyptian civilization began to make its own hours, and then the Greek and Roman civilizations developed various kinds of clocks. Plato invented a water clock and an alarm clock in Athens, And when we came to Islam, Muslims were in dire need of precisely defining the prayers. Hence, the Arabs were able to develop the time machines where the Muslim Philosophers set up a set of religious clocks. (9h / 15m), high towers that were located next to the main mosques in each city, The plan was a huge tower with a square base, and a tower opening to the bottom of the tower leading to the interior. Which includes a wooden ladder Construction of the building began in the Ottoman Empire in the middle of the 10th century AD. The Ottomans built towers in many cities, whether inside Turkey or the country under their rule. Study and research.

Data on rabbits produced from a total number of 518 parities were analyzed to evaluate crossing effects among two breeds of rabbits. The breeds tested were Gabali (GAB) and Bouscat (B). sex effects on post weaning body weight were also studied. A total number of 80 rabbits at marketing age were slaughtered to evaluate effects of mating type and sex on some carcass traits. Mating type affected significantly (P ≤ 0.001) progeny weight from weaning up to marketing age and preslaughter, carcass, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, fore legs weight and hind legs weight at marketing age. Meanwhile, the effects were not significant on loin weight and dressing percentages . Sex insignificantly affected body weight although body weights of female rabbits were slightly heavier than those of male rabbits. Effects of sex on carcass traits were not significant. Heterosis % and superiority % of body weight estimates were positive for all post weaning weights. Positive heterosis was shown for some carcass traits.

A total of 320 fertile eggs, were divided randomly into 4 treatments with four replicates and 20 eggs per each replicate. Treatments including: T1; control; without injection, T2; injected with 0.1ml saline solution; sham control, T3, injected with0.1 ml either containing 0.75 ppm inorganic or Nano – iron particles 75 ppm Fe-Nano inorganic, T4, injected with 75 ppm Fe inorganic On the 7th day of incubation, 0.1 ml solution was In ovo injected into the egg .Body weight and body weight gain were measured at biweekly intervals, at 42d of age, three hens per replicate were weighted, sacrificed for slaughtering weights of carcass, internal organs(heart, liver, and lymphoid organs i.e. (spleen, thymus and Bursa) were recorded. Blood samples were collected at slaughtering bird at 42d of age. There were significant increase in body weight and body weight gain in treatments injected with75 ppm Fe-Nano inorganic and 75 ppm Fe inorganic compared with control. There were no significantly differences among all experimental groups in dressed carcass, gizzard, and heart, liver. Abdominal fat decreased in groups injectedwith75 ppm both iron forms. Compared with the control group. No variation was observed in the weight of bursa and spleen, however thymus weight was significantly higher in both Fe inorganic and Fe nano inorganic injected groups than un-injected control group. High density lipoprotein concentration and cholesterol were significantly decreased by different treatment as compared with the control group. These results suggest that, 75 ppm Fe inorganic or75 ppm Fe-Nano injection at the 7th im proved at the 7th day of incubation improved embryonic growth and development as well as decreasing post hatched chick's plasma cholesterol.

Pot trials were conducted under plastic house condition during two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, at the experimental site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The present study aims to determine the partial replacement of mineral nitrogen fertilization of tomato by nitrogen fixing bacteria with or without adding compost in sandy soil. Tomato seedlings (Lora F1Hybrid) were transplanted during the first week of October into plastic pots (30 cm diameter) filled with 10 kg of sandy soil. Three rates 25, 50 and 75% of the recommended mineral nitrogen in the nutrient solution for tomato with adding compostat 2% and nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillium brasilense) at 20 ml/plant either individually or in combinationswere investigated on growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato plants compared to 100% of recommended nitrogen only (control). The plants were irrigated daily by drip irrigation and received 200 ml/plant of nutrient solution twice a weekly. The results showed that using 50 or 75% of N-mineral fertilizer + compost + nitrogen fixing bacteria gave the highest values of growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato. It is recommended that 50% of nitrogen mineral fertilizers for tomato plants could be replaced by nitrogen fixing bacteria in presence of compost, which in earn, reduce environment pollution caused by extensive application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers.

The study aims at estimating internal rate of return for the cultivation of date palms project in the new lands to encourage small investors and young graduates, to adopt projects of sustainable agricultural development under the assumption of change revenues and invested costs of the project. Also, explaining some productivity and economic indicators to produce dates in Egypt. The study showed that palm area, number of fruitful palms, palm productivity and the total production of dates annually increase at significant rates during the period of 1996 - 2010. The most important regions producing dates are Behera, Ismailia, 6 October, Aswan, New Valley, Matrouh and Noubaria zone. The most important cultivated varieties are Zaghloul, Samani, Meghal and Siwei. The study indicated that internal rate of return in the new lands as in Northern Sinai, Matrouh and the New Valley reached 28%. It was observed that decreasing total revenue up to 25% with increasing investment costs up to 25%, the internal rate of return is not less than 18%. So, cultivation of date palms is economically a profitable project. Thus, this project contributes to the horizontal agricultural expansion, reducing desertification, encourages some industries related to palm cultivation, creates new jobs, increases date export opportunities to overseas markets and increases agricultural income. Also, profits gained by young graduates are sufficient to pay annual premiums of received loans in addition to the interest of these loans, so that the left return is enough for their livelihood.

Sex identification of unknown human skeletal remains is of great importance in establishing identity and individuality. In adults, the hip bone is the most reliable sex indicator because of its sexual dimorphism. Each population should have its own specific standards of identification. The objective of this study is to develop a logistic regression formula for adult sex identification using threedimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) of the pelvis and to perform an assessment of its validity in sex determination among a sample of the Egyptian population in the Suez Canal region. 141 pelvic-abdominal CT images (free of any pelvic orthopaedic disorder) were included; they were reconstructed to produce 3D-CT pelvic images which were divided into a calibration group (47 male and 47 female) and a test group (47 CT images the sex of which was unknown to the observers). Twenty radiometric variables were measured for the calibration group. A logit response formula for sex prediction was developed and applied on the test group for sex prediction. The logit response formula for the test sample showed sensitivity, specificity, and an overall accuracy of 100%. The proposed method represents a quick and reliable metric method in establishing sex from a CT image of the pelvis bone.

Many countries are interested in production of Mushroom because of its high nutritive value. In Egypt, production of Mushroom is about 0.06% of the world production. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the economic feasibility of Mushroom production to evaluate the predicted profits in Egypt. The results showed that production of Mushroom significantly increased by 0.15 thousand ton/year. China, U.S.A and Germany are the top producing countries where 46.11% from the total world production is produced by these countries. The top exporting countries are China, Poland and Ireland since they export 57.67% from the total world exports of Mushroom. Meanwhile, Germany, Japan, England and U.S.A. are the top importing countries which import about 574.82% thousand tons/year through (2002- 2004). The study revealed that production of Mushroom is profitable as an enterprise for small investors in Egypt. Total production costs per year is about L.E. 8000. This small project gives two work opportunities and income of L.E. 12 thousand per year. The Internal rate of return of the enterprise is about 35% and the Payback period is about three years. Mushroom, the simple rate of return on investment is about 36%. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the least Internal rate of return supposing reduction of total income, is about 10% or increasing the total costs by 10%, the least Internal rate of return reached to14%. Whereas, simple rate of return on investment was estimated by 24% which was more than the interest rate in commercial banks that reached 10%. Therefore, This study recommends encouraging young-people enterprises in rural communities in new lands to produce Mushroom, by introducing technical consults, financial facilities for small investors. Also, limiting production and marketing difficulties, improving efficiency of marketing systems. In addition to maximizing production of Mushroom for exporting to the international markets and organizing training courses for spotting light on the economic feasibility of Mushroom to increase number of the investors to produce Mushroom.

Cotton in Egypt has an important economic situation. Thus the study aimed to evaluate the expected economic effects and productivity of environmental factors on Egyptian cotton production. This comes by predicting production yield value and evaluating its return due to cultural and environmental desired and undesired variables. So, convenient production pattern could be determined to obtain maximum yield under these variables effect. The study clarified that expected cotton yield under desired environmental variables will be ranges between 4169-4336 thousand quintar, with an average equal 4253 thousand quintar. This production will realize national net income ranges between 429.37- 474.68 million L.E., with an average equal 452.03 million L. E. Meanwhile, the expected cotton yield under undesired environmental variables ranges between 3171- 3338 thousand quintar with an average equals 3255 thousand quintar. This yield will realize national net income ranges between 33.37- 78.60 million L. E. with an average equals 55.99 million L.E. The study also indicated that cotton crop is one of the extremely affected crops by the environmental and cultural variables extended in its production zones due its long life period. This is detected by its decrease in the production value undesired environmental factors, where this decrease ranges between 23.02% to 23.94% of the

The main findings of this study investigating 1143 illegibilities which interfered with reading thehandwriting of learners of Arabic as a foreign language are reported. The results indicated 50.9% , 415 ofwhich is caused by asmin and dots, are connected with letter misformation, and 19.6% connected withgeneral writing characteristics. The implication of the results is a change of emphasis in the teachingmethods of handwriting, from being only decorative and attractive in appearance .to becoming mostly leg~ible and readable.

This study aims at clarifying the most important factors that control using and recycling of farm residues. Also, determining the contribution of these factors in the quantity used or recycled by the farmer. The results showed that, the most im-portant factors for amount percentage of wheat straw used as forage, were number of farm ani-mals, price of green forage/ ton and straw stores which together accounted for 78% of the amount percentage. On the other hand, the most important factors for sold quantity of wheat straw were number of farm animals and transporting means which together accounted for 51% in that amount. The study showed also that the most important factors of the recycled amount of rice straw werecosts of recycling rice straw to forage and fertiliz-er, price of compost/ ton and price of nitrogen fertilizers/ ton. These factors together accounted for 88% of the total variability of the recycled amount. The most import contributing factors in the amount of maize straw recycled to silage were straw recycling costs, number of farm animals and extension. These factors contributed to 87% in that recycled amount. The most contributing factors in the cotton straw used as fuel were number of fami-ly members and oil fuel used. These two factors accounted for 66% of variation of straw amount. The study recommends that establishment of agri-cultural policy is necessary to get rid of farm resi-dues using modern technology i.e recycling of farm residues to reduce environment pollution and to develop the agricultural sector to achieve sus-tainable agricultural development.

Pot trials were conducted under plastic house condition during two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, at the experimental site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The present study aims to determine the partial replacement of mineral nitrogen fertilization of tomato by nitrogen fixing bacteria with or without adding compost in sandy soil. Tomato seedlings (Lora F1Hybrid) were transplanted during the first week of October into plastic pots (30 cm diameter) filled with 10 kg of sandy soil. Three rates 25, 50 and 75% of the recommended mineral nitrogen in the nutrient solution for tomato with adding compost at 2% and nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillium brasilense) at 20 ml/plant either individually or in combinations were investigated on growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato plants compared to 100% of recommended nitrogen only (control). The plants were irrigated daily by drip irrigation and received 200 ml/plant of nutrient solution twice a weekly. The results showed that using 50 or 75% of Nmineral fertilizer + compost + nitrogen fixing bacteria gave the highest values of growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato. It is recommended that 50% of nitrogen mineral fertilizers for tomato plants could be replaced by nitrogen fixing bacteria in presence of compost, which in earn, reduce environment pollution caused by extensive application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]