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The study is conducted with a view to analyze the social problems of the Sikh community in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan in light of the Islamic Sharia. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was reservation for various religions from ancient times and Sikh creed is one of them. Guru Nanak is its founder and its successor Ranjit Singh has ruled this province for some time i-e (1834-1849) but later on unable to maintain its kingdom and supremacy. The author has collected the major social problems from the social, political, business men and other influential people of various districts through face to face interviews and other print and electronic media. The study find these major problems: registration of marriage act, building of shamshanghaat, educational curriculum and minority seats in educational institutions, census problems, free celebration of cultural and religious festivals, pending of social and religious cases in courts and teasing of the children in schools by saying kafir kafir etc. The study concluded that, the Islamic Sharia allows them full social freedom under certain conditions and keeping in view the sentiments of the Muslims which is an important part of the Islamic history.

Shaykh Ghulām Rasūl al-Sa‘īdī, an Indian-subcontinent contemporary commentator wrote tafsīr with a scholarly prelude/introduction. Additionally, he derived necessary references to Quranic verses along with the syntactic views in quite expressive and simple manner. Thus, his remarkable tafsīr; tafsīr al-tibyān al-Qur’ān, and more particularly his prelude/preface, expounds on the issues faced by ordinary people and makes valuable addition in layman understanding about the meaning of the text. Therefore, this article presents a descriptive and analytical study of the prelude/introduction to his commentary so that it becomes easy for the reader to know the views and ideas of Shaykh Ghulām Rasūl al-Sa‘īdī before delving into his tafsīr work.

The question of the nature of the rules and laws governing the administration and regulation of the social relations among human beings has been one of the biggest concerns of the reasonable people in the long history of human thought. In response to this question, i.e. the nature of the discipline of law, the present article considers it as a mentally posited matter. The authors firstly give different definitions of mentally posited matter distinguishing the one relevant to law. Then they study the quality and components of the discipline of law . Relying on Allama Tabatabbai’s view concerning the mentally posited matters, and the quality of the formation of the discipline of law, they would achieve the significant issue of the presumption of the reasonable. As a third step, revealing the role of the element of culture in the formation of law and its combination with the presumption of the reasonable, the article would introduce a model concerning the quality of the relation of law, culture, and society elaborating the interaction between culture and law. Through this explanation, the position of the revealed considerations of the divine legislator, and their influence on personal considerations , the presumption of the reasonable, and the relation of law and culture would be clarified.

Legislation has always been one of the major functions of the politico- legal system of the society. This issue was investigated first among different scholarly, religious, legal, and socio-political classes about a century ago. Since the Iranian society is one possessing a religious culture and literature , the points of view as well as the theory makings of Muslim jurisprudents concerning legislation are considered among the most fundamental and influential causes. On the other hand, the relation between jurisprudence and law has been one of the most controversial legal issues since ancient times. In other words, while religious rules are available in the Muslim society and jurisprudents are ready to respond to any religious question and need, what makes modern legislation necessary? Thus the present article relies on three principal hypotheses respectively. a. Establishment of an organized structure for legislation i.e. Parliament next to the jurisprudential institution is one of the expediency- based requirements in contemporary time and place. b. Alongside religious rules and regulations stated by jurisprudents a large number of customary and administrative newly arisen issues can be settled through legislation. c. Conventional laws according to expediencies are legislated by the parliament and supervised by a body of jurisprudents satisfying religious interests. Considering the thoughts of the scholars of the constitutionalism era, the article seeks to clarify the point that elements such as custom and expediency are quite essential in legislation. The present article is in three parts dealing with the nature, the causes and the qualities of legislation towards a good explanation of the relation between religion and law.

Evaluating the quality of the performances of higher education centers is very important due to their important and effective role. Evaluating the quality of the performance of higher education centers leads to identifying strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and factors hindering development, and the possibility of an appropriate planning for improving the situation are also provided. In order to continuously modify and improve the university system, it seems necessary to establish an appropriate performance evaluation mechanism through which the improvement of the entire university system can be considered in addition to improving and enhancing the scientific quality, and at the same time, which has arisen from the text of the university system and conforms to the characteristics of this system. In this research, considering the uncertain decision-making environment, a new evaluation model called Fuzzy Improved Input Efficiency Profiling - Common Weights Based on the Optimal Solution (FIIEP - CWBOS) has been proposed, which improves the performance of the classic input efficiency profile model. The results of this study showed that the proposed model has the necessary validity and optimal performance compared to other models presented so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The two most important diseases of potato in Hamedan province are black-dot disease caused by Colletotrichum coccodes and bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. In this study interactions between the two pathogens were surveyed on the three potato cultivars, Agria, Boren and Diamant using two inoculation methods. Data analysis revealed that co-inoculation of potato by both pathogens showed pathogenicity synergistic effect, and potato length and stems and roots weight were decreased. In Agria, R. solanacearum increased C. coccodes effectiveness on potato plants. Agria cultivar root colonization by C. coccodes sclerotia was more than other cultivars and was scored as 50 - 70%. In fact, this cultivar was more susceptible to C. coccodes than others. Pathogenicity of C. coccodes and R. solanacearum on Boren potato cultivar were almost equal and potato length and stems and roots weight were decreased in compare to control plants. At the presence of two pathogens plant parameters were more decreased. In this cultivar root colonization by C. coccodes sclerotia was scored as 50%. In most cases, Rs treatment on Diamant has no significant differences with control plants and there was relative resistance to the bacterial wilt in this cultivar. In compar to other cultivars, root colonization in Diamant was low and scored 30 %. Diamant potato cultivar was more resistant than others to C. coccodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]