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Background and Aim: Chemical restraints are drugs used to restraint a patient's involuntary movements or emergency control of the patient's aggressive behavior and to cause sedation and pain relief, reduce symptoms, and reduce the likelihood of harming oneself or others. Improper use of chemical restraints can lead to complications in patients and can even delay the separation of patients under mechanical ventilation from the ventilator. The aim of this study was to investigate the effective factors in nurses' use of chemical restraints in patients admitted to intensive care units. Methods: This was an observational study. The statistical society of the research included 160 hospitalized patients in intensive care units (ICU) at Kowsar hospital, Sanandaj, Iran. After 8 hours of hospitalization and stability of their conditions, those patients in intensive care units were assessed based on administrating of chemical restraint by nurses. Data was collected through patients' information forms, and observational checklists, then analyzed by SPSS 21, independent t-test, Chi-2, Fisher, and Mann--Whitney. Independent risk factors for the administration of chemical restraint were investigated by using the logistic regression model. Results: Of the 160 patients admitted to intensive care units, 105 patients (65.62%) underwent chemical restraints. The most common time to use chemical restraints was during the night shift and then the evening shift. Comparison of patients for whom chemical restraint was used or not, showed that the two groups in terms of smoking history (P=0.037), intubation (P=0.0001), dressing (P=0.001) and drain (P=0.001) as well as NGT (P=0.010), GCS (P=0.012), FOUR score (P=0.050), type of nursing shifts (P=0.017), restlessness (P=0.004) Had a statistically significant difference. Relationship between BMI variables, alcohol addiction, drug addiction, having a catheter, fixator and traction, delirium, having a dressing, nurse to patient ratio, underlying disease and mechanical ventilation mode using limiters Chemical was not significant (P>0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that between smoking (P=0.041, OR=3.232), being intubated (P=0.0001, OR=75.959), having a drain (P=0.016, OR=2.669), FOUR score (P=0.0001, OR=0.944), there was a significant relationship using chemical restraints. Conclusion: Regarding the results of the study, it could be concluded that the administration of chemical restraint is increasing among nurses in intensive care units (ICU). Therefore, the necessity of the clinical guidelines and policies for the administration of chemical restraint are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Military Medicine is the property of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Research in Dental Sciences is the property of Islamic Azad University, Dental Branch and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Isfahan Dental School is the property of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, School of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Isfahan Dental School is the property of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, School of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Isfahan Dental School is the property of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, School of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Isfahan Dental School is the property of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, School of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Research in Dental Sciences is the property of Islamic Azad University, Dental Branch and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Research in Dental Sciences is the property of Islamic Azad University, Dental Branch and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Due to blood supply problems, the cost of blood processing, and the complications of blood transfusion, it is very important to observe the indications for blood transfusion. In addition, necessary precautions should be taken for blood transfusion. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the criteria for receiving blood products as well as transfusion complications in patients referring to the emergency department. Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. All patients who referred to Imam Hossein and Shohadaye Tajrish Hospitals and needed to receive blood products during 36 months from April 2016 to March 2018 were evaluated. The data collection tool was a researcher-made checklist that included demographic characteristics, injection indication, and transfusion complications. After collection, the data were entered into SPSS statistical software version 18 and analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: The mean age of patients was 43.51 ± 20.05 years. Sex distribution showed that 61.5% were male. The results showed that the amount of blood products consumed was 2041.28±161.309 units for all patients and 410.89±52.056 units in the emergency department. O and AB blood groups had the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. In terms of injection indication, trauma was the most common. A difference was observed between the amounts of reserved and consumed products in the emergency department: 357.25±62.105 units for packed cells, 123.33±28.238 units for fresh frozen plasma, 71.533±21.313 units for blood platelets, and 53.78±12.069 units for cryoprecipitate. In terms of complications, shivering (22 cases) was the most common. The results showed that the difference between the mean reserve of compressed blood cells in 2016 and 2017 was significant (P = 0.029). There was also a significant difference between reserved platelete units in 2016 and 2018 (P=0.031). Conclusion: Blood reservation should be done according to specific instructions, and quantitative and qualitative control in the field of blood reservation and consumption in medical centers is necessary. Also, reducing the number of unnecessary injections of blood product units to patients can be one of the effective factors in reducing the complications of blood transfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shenakht Journal of Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: As one of the most important departments in the hospital, emergency department is responsible for providing rapid treatment care for reducing mortality and disability among patients. Achieving this aim is possible with managing and evaluating the activities in this department via complete, accurate, and timely documentation of data based on standard principles. Therefore, the present study has been designed with the aim of determining the extent to which documentation standards are adhered to in mission forms of patients in pre-hospital emergencies. By evaluating the mission forms, existing problems can be identified and plans can be made to relieve them. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional one performed on pre-hospital mission forms from March 2017 to March 2018. To gather data, a checklist consisting of 24 questions in 2 parts was used. The first part consisted of 11 questions to determine the extent to which standards of patient characteristics documentation were adhered to and the second part consisted of 14 questions for determining the rate of adherence to documentation standards in mission forms. Based on Likert scale, each question was rated as no answer (1 point), illegible (2 points), incomplete (3 points) and complete (4 points). Therefore, the minimum and maximum obtainable points were considered (11-44) in the section regarding correct documentation of patient characteristics and (14-56) in the mission reports part. Finally, data were analyzed via SPSS statistical software version 18 using chi square and Fisher's exact tests for comparing qualitative data and student's t-test for comparing qualitative data. Results: In this study, 250 pre-hospital mission forms were evaluated. Mean score obtained in evaluating the quality of documenting medical orders was 22.4±15.0 (minimum 15 and maximum 34). Mean total score obtained for documentation of mission form reports was 32.0±4.8 (minimum 28 and maximum 46). The overall score of emergency medical services (EMS) mission forms regarding adhering to the standards of documentation was 50.7±5.2 (minimum 45 and maximum 74). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the state and quality of adhering to documentation standards in mission forms of the studied EMS unit was not at a desirable level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Giardia cyst and trophozoite have invariant morphologies, therefore, investigating aspects such as host specificity, transmission patterns and clinical behavior of the parasite in hosts requires molecular characterization of the parasites isolated from clinical samples. The aim of this study was to characterize giardiasis isolated from human fecal samples with symptomatic (with a history of chronic diarrhea) and asymptomatic giardiasis and investigating the correlation of parasite's assemblage with diarrhea. Materials and methods: Thirty one fecal samples containing Giardia cysts from individuals with symptomatic and asymptomatic giardiasis were used to characterize the parasites' genotype. Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI) gene was amplified by polymerase chain Reaction (PCR). Demographic information was recorded using a questionnaire and SPSS ver.16 and Fisher's exact test were applied to analyse the data. Results: PCR showed a higher frequency of Giardia duodenalis assemblage B compared with assemblage A (51.6% vs. 35.5%). However, the frequency of Giardia duodenalis assemblage A in symptomatic giardiasis was significantly higher than that of the asymptomatic giardiasis (62.5% vs. 18.75%). The Fisher's exact test revealed a significant correlation between Giardia doudenalis assemblage A and diarrhea (p<0.005). Conclusion: Usually, duodenalis assemblage A is accompanied by clinical symptoms such as diarrhea. However, duodenalis assemblage B is more prevalent among those with diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Nowadays, removable partial dentures are applied to patients who are not able to use dental implants or fixed prosthesis. Although based on the studies the users of removable partial dentures are in the risk of plaque accumulation and unacceptable changes such as gingivitis, periodontitis and mobility in abutment tooth. It is not clear whether the negative effects of removable partial dentures are more on the isolated teeth which are a kind of abutment adjacent to endentulous area in both sides. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical condition of isolated abutment teeth without splinting in comparison to control abutment from the aspects of B.O.P (bleeding on probing), mobility, pocket depth and gingivitis. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the prepared questionnaires were filled out by 50 patients who received removable partial dentures in department of removable prosthodontics of dental school of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The patients had isolated abutment tooth and did not have any systemic disease. The obtained data were analyzed. Using Wilcoxon, exact Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: B.O.P (P=0.004), pocket depth (P=0.035), and mobility (P<0.001) in isolated abutments were more than those in control abutments, but there were not significant differences in the degree of caries (P=0.083) and gingivitis (P=0.07). Conclusion: This study showed that clinical condition of isolated abutments is worse than that of control abutments. More attention should be paid to healthiness of isolated teeth without splinting and periodic follow ups should be done in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most important barriers for using IUD (Intra Uterine Device) is inadequate provision of appropriate counseling. Since, employing new training methods is necessary for enhancing midwives` roles in providing appropriate counseling, this study was performed to compare the effect of two methods of traditional training and role playing on students' skills in counseling. Methods: In this experimental study, 62 midwifery students were randomly allocated in role playing and traditional training groups to participate in a 4 hour workshop about counseling skills for IUD clients. Before and after the workshop students' skills in counseling were assessed. The data gathering tools included a self evaluation form and evaluation checklists for assessing students' performance in counseling before and after IUD insertion. Comparisons were made using Chi square, Fisher exact text, t-student, Man- Whitney, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon by SPSS software. Results: The mean of students' score in counseling before and after IUD insertion was not different between the two groups in pretest, but the post-tests of the 2 groups in both skills were significantly different. There was a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores in both groups regarding the two skills. Conclusion: Teaching by role playing leads to a better learning of counseling skills. Employing this educational method is recommended for training counseling skills to students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]