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The need for regional organizations to resolve and settle conflicts in their regions has become an urgent necessity, especially after the Cold War, because the proximity of these organizations to the conflict zone makes them able to know the causes of these conflicts and ways to address them, and the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS is one of these organizations that was established in 1975 as a regional organization working to achieve economic integration among the fifteen member states in West Africa, but it gradually transformed and under the pressure of political events into an organization responsible for finding solutions to armed conflicts and other political crises in its region, and accordingly this study attempts to evaluate the role of ECOWAS in managing Conflicts in West Africa by highlighting its role in Ivory Coast as a model . The research was divided into an introduction, a conclusion and three axes: the first axis included: the emergence of ECOWAS, while the second axis dealt with: the causes of the conflict in Ivory Coast, and the third axis included: the role of ECOWAS in settling the conflict in Ivory Coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mağallaẗ Al-Dirāsāt Al-Tārīẖiyyaẗ wa Al-Ḥaḍāriyyaẗ Al-Miṣriyyaẗ is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the researcher reviewed the Russian Chinese-American conflict in the geopolitical field, where the reasons for the escalation of the RussianAmerican conflict over the Caucasus region, including the republics of Chechnya and Georgia, were monitored. Then he dealt with the Russian-American conflict in Ukraine, including the importance of Ukraine in relation to both Russia and the United States of America In particular, and to the West in general, and the features of the Ukrainian crisis. The researcher, later on, dealt with the Chinese-American conflict over Taiwan, and the American status in relation to the Taiwan issue as well as the features of the Taiwanese crisis, then the Chinese-American conflict over the Chinjiang region and the issue of persecution of the Uyghur Muslims, and then the issue of The Chinese-American conflict over the South China Sea. The parties to the conflict and the factors that led to this conflict were mentioned, followed by monitoring the features of the Chinese-Russian partnership in areas of influence. The researcher also dealt with the Chinese-Russian conflict over the Latin American region and finally the importance of the Middle East region for all parties Conflict between China, Russia and the United States of America . The researcher analyzed the study sample from the six sites, the Chinese People's Newspapers, the Russian Pravda, the American New York Times, the Chinese satellite channels CGTN, Russia Today, and the American CNN. The subject of the study, during the specified periods, from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2023, based on the contents contained in the sites - the study population, and related to the events, by relying on the survey method, and the comparative method, during the study periods. The most important applied results that have been reached: 1- The continuation of the conflict between the two parties, China and Russia on one hand, and the United States of America on the other hand, and the research noted that this conflict extends over the entire globe without the emergence of a specific time end . 2- The world is entering into a new era that is a unique combination of the cold war and hot confrontations at the same time to attract the largest number of countries in the world and form large networks of alliances . 3- The strategic and tactical use of the media in a frantic struggle to win global public opinion and to gain the mind and thinking of the ordinary man in the street to direct his behavior. 4- The strong and effective use of psychological warfare in all stages of the conflict. 5- The mutual appearance of the fourth, fifth and sixth generations of wars in heated confrontations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research sheds light on the beginning of official relations between the United States of America and Sri Lanka after its independence in 1948. These relations were characterized by friendliness and convergence between the two countries. Sri Lanka held strategic importance for the United States, and what distinguished this period was the American administration's desire to provide assistance to the Sri Lankan government as part of the containment policy and the Fourth Point Program it adopted during the Cold War, out of fear of Sri Lanka aligning with the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "neutral" stance that Israel took at the beginning of the Russian-Atlantic confrontation in Ukraine, was linked to a political tradition derived from the Cold War era, it represents the unwillingness of "Israel" to take sides between a party representing a superpower against another superpower, especially that «Israel» has exceptional relations with Russia. In addition, this "neutral" stance and "Israel" presenting itself as a mediator between the two parties is linked to internal Israeli calculations in which the Israeli Prime Minister attempting a preemptive method to confront a difficult political stage at home. Thus, the mediation allowed him to maintain constant contact between Israel and Russia with the aim of preserving Tel Aviv's security understandings with Moscow regarding the Syrian arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the Cold War, the concept of power has witnessed several changes in international relations. It is possible to distinguish between two levels of change in the concept of power: a level specific to the actor who possesses power, especially with non-state actors possessing some sources of power and influence, and a level specific to the components of power and the various forms that force takes. The state is no longer the only active entity in international relations, but several other international actors have emerged that play a vital role in the international arena. As social media has a strategic role in international political interactions, it can be considered one of the non-state actors that can influence the developments of regional and global events. This study clarifies social media's repercussions in light of political crises and wars. It attempts to understand the new developments in social media and then develop a future vision for the role of these media in light of crises and wars for the decision-makers. The study has been divided into two sections. The first is the conceptual and theoretical framework of the study, and it includes two questions: what social media are - their types and characteristics - and what political crises and wars are. The second section discusses crises and wars in light of the growing impact of social media, and it includes two questions: the role of social networks in crises and wars and the new information war - the role of social media in the conflict. The study concludes that social media has become one of the most influential factors in shaping the public opinion to pressure decision-makers and creating the operational environment, suggesting civil and military response measures. The study also indicates that terrorist entities use social media for recruitment, providing training tools and resources, raising money, advertising their operations, and shaping the public perception of the ongoing hostilities. In addition, social media is a fertile environment for the rapid spread and circulation of rumors. The study recommends the need to stop harmful disinformation campaigns on social media by establishing effective control and strict guidelines for data management, in addition to the need for citizens to improve their ability to withstand misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2000, the political leaders in Turkey and Syria succeeded in creating a new scene for Turkish-Syrian relations after witnessing many difficulties over the years for historical, political, security, and ideological reasons. However, the relations between Ankara and Damascus quickly deteriorated and turned into regional and international alignments following the outbreak of the Arab Spring revolutions and their transfer into Syria, and the direct Turkish military interference after that in Syria. This research attempts to answer several questions: has Turkey modified its Syrian policy, which was adopted a decade ago? Why did it do that if there were any shifts in this direction, and where did these shifts' indicators and reasons emerge? What stage did Turkey's policy toward Syria reach, and what are the possibilities of a new shift in the Turkish position after eleven years of the crisis? The study tries to answer these questions, presenting the shape of the expected new Turkish vision, the motives for Ankara's review of its relations with many local and regional players that are influential in this file, and the scenarios for the next stage. The study is divided into five main axes; Turkey and the Syrian crisis after eleven years, the reasons for the shift in Turkey's Syrian policy: local, regional and international factors, indicators of the shift in Turkey's Syrian policy, how Turkey will deal with the influential players in the Syrian file, such as the Syrian opposition, Russia, Iran, America, and others, in addition to Turkey itself, and the scenarios for the next stage in Syria. The study concludes that the new Turkish position in dealing with the file of the Syrian crisis has become an inevitable necessity with specific objectives. The most important of which is the rapid Turkish move to review the Syrian policy and put forward a new strategy to deal with all segments of the Syrian society and prevent the Syrian crisis from turning into a cold war that will last more. The study also concludes the need to activate coordination and cooperation with international, regional, service, social, and humanitarian organizations to secure the opening of crossing points and facilitate the entry and arrival of aid to meet the needs of the displaced and address the unbearable living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of College of Education / Wasit is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Bahith Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Surra Man Raa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Has China Won?: The Chinese Challenge to American : الكتب الأجنبية Primacy; Propaganda, Lies and False Flags: How the U.S. Justifies Its Wars; Organizing Against Democracy: The Local Organizational Development of Far Right Parties in Greece and Europe; Russia and the Media: The Makings of a New Cold War. Netanyahu Sees a Historic Moment in Annexation: But : التقارير البحثية He Might Not Be Seeing the Risks; Nile Dam Talks: A Short Window to Embrace Compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Bahith Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Human Sciences (19922876) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Mustansiriya Journal of Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journals Eduction for Girls is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rouya Turkiyyah is the property of Insight Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Human Sciences (19922876) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Historical & Cultural Studies an Academic Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Rafidain for Rights is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Rafidain for Rights is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Rafidain for Rights is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)