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Indonesian as a mother tongue has characteristics that distinguish it from Arabic. The existing differences cause difficulties in learning Arabic. This study aims to conduct a contrastive analysis of adjective phrases between Indonesian and Arabic and explain the implications of the results in learning Arabic. This study is library research on Arabic and Indonesian literature by collecting data in adjective phrase examples using listening and note-taking method. The results of this study show similarities and differences between Indonesian and Arabic adjective phrases. The existing similarities include: 1) similarities in the order of forming elements of the adjective phrase, 2) similarities in the purpose of the phrase-forming elements, 3) similarities in the position of the phrase, specifically in mubtada', khabar, subject, object, and syibhu al-jumlah. Meanwhile, the differences between adjective phrases lie on the compatibility between the phrase-forming elements that exist in Arabic adjective phrases but are not applicable in Indonesian, which are muannats-mudzakkar, ma'rifah-nakirah, number and position of the phrase in a sentence. The results of this contrastive analysis in learning Arabic have direct implications for predicting students' errors when studying Arabic adjective phrase, sorting teaching materials and selecting learning strategies for Arabic adjective phrase.

Erosion is the most dangerous phenomenon of environmental and economic threat to arable land. By FAO. 35 % of Tunisian land are threatened by water erosion and varies regionally. Quantification and estimation of soil loss by water erosion is now essential to install the best management practices. In our study, we used a continuous physical based simulation version of a hydrological and water erosion model ANSWERS-2000. The aim of this study is to investigate the introduction of land use parameters extracted by MODIS image. This study is focused on El Azire watershed, is characterized by a moderate Mediterranean climate and a high spatial heterogeneity of soil and land use proprieties. Describing, monitoring, and predicting land-use and land-cover change in the watershed is a difficult process. However, the usefulness of MODIS image with their daily temporal resolution and spatial resolutions of 250 m and 500 m can make utilization of continuous physical-based models easier for great scale watersheds. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on each application such that the variability in erosion map output and can be assessed and incorporated into the interpretation of results with an acceptable level of confidence.

The effects of mulching on soil characteristics and plant development for pepper crops conducted in organic farming were studied in the Sahel coast of Tunisia. The types of mulching used for tests are straw mulching, compost mulching, and plastic mulching which were compared with bare soil without mulching (control). The soil characteristics under these different mulching systems were evaluated by soil physical and biological parameters such as penetration resistance at 0-60 cm layer, microbial biomass, organic matter, and water content at 0-20 cm layer. Measurements were performed every week for 50 days. The obtained results showed that compost mulching led to a better growth rate and improved the structural and water state of cultivated soil by decreasing its resistance to penetration and increasing its organic matter content. It can be concluded that the "Beldi" organic pepper crop under conservation tillage and compost mulching has presented the best combination thus leading to motivating results such as the positive effects of soil physical properties and microbial biomass on the final crop yield.

In Tunisia, the cereal sector plays an important socio-economic role. This work is carried out to study the effect of fungicide on water use efficiency and yield components of old and new varieties of bread wheat. The final yield components as well as the water use efficiencies were statistically analyzed at the end of the experimental campaign. The results showed that the Kodss and Maktarus varieties presented better performance even in the absence of the fungicide treatment. This confirms their ability to resist the most devastating stripe rust in bread wheat. Nevertheless, the used fungicide (ogame) has proven its effectiveness in protecting crops against biotic stress and improving yields, water use efficiencies, and production quality. Thus, it is recommended to avoid fungal treatments on new varieties.

Durum wheat needs energy to accomplish the main metabolic and physiological functions; this energy is provided mainly by nitrogen which is also a fundamental constituent of the plant. Despite its importance and because of its high solubility, nitrogen is classified as a potential pollutant for the environment. The objective of this work is to study the response of four varieties of durum wheat (Karim, Razzak, INRAT100 and Dhahbi) to nitrogen treatment. The results showed that the new variety (Dhahbi) gave highest yield and water use efficiency either with or without fertilization thanks to the impact of genetic improvement. Thus, it is recommended to plant the Dhahbi variety to limit the use of nitrogen fertilizers, protect the environment and maximize gross income, especially for small farmers.

This research aimed to find students' and lecturers' needs for Arabic speech material design with an interactive electronic book (IE-Book) model for undergraduate students. Currently, books for this material are limited and do not fulfill the students' needs. This need analysis study used the descriptive analysis method: the data was collectedrom observation, interview, questionnaire, and other supporting documents. Then the data analysis technique used a judgment expert. There were four steps to analyze the data; data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion. This research indicated that 72% of the students had difficulty learning Arabic speech. At the same time, 73% of students struggle to make excellent and correct Arabic speech. IE-Book for Arabic public speaking design is the proper and best solution to be used as guidance for speech courses and learning processes in Arabic speaking material at universities based on the problem above and students’ needs analysis that showed the high level for designing of alternative materials.

En Tunisie, le secteur céréalier joue un rôle socio-économique important. Le présent travail est réalisé dans l’objectif d’étudier l’effet d’un fongicide sur l’efficience de l’utilisation de l’eau des anciennes variétés et des nouvelles obtentions de blé tendre. Les composantes finales du rendement ainsi que les efficiences de l’utilisation de l’eau des anciennes et nouvelles variétés ont été statistiquement analysées à la fin de la compagne expérimentale. Les résultats ont montré que les variétés Kodss et Maktarus ont présenté des performances meilleures même en absence du traitement fongicide. Ceci confirme leurs capacités de résistance à la rouille jaune la plus dévastatrice de la culture du blé tendre. Néanmoins, le fongicide utilisé (ogame) a prouvé son efficacité à protéger les cultures contre les stress biotiques et à améliorer les rendements et la qualité de la production. Ainsi, il est recommandé d’éviter les traitements fongiques sur les nouvelles variétés.

En Tunisie, le secteur céréalier joue un rôle socio-économique important. Le présent travail est réalisé dans l’objectif d’étudier l’effet d’un fongicide sur l’efficience de l’utilisation de l’eau des anciennes variétés et des nouvelles obtentions de blé tendre. Les composantes finales du rendement ainsi que les efficiences de l’utilisation de l’eau des anciennes et nouvelles variétés ont été statistiquement analysées à la fin de la compagne expérimentale. Les résultats ont montré que les variétés Kodss et Maktarus ont présenté des performances meilleures même en absence du traitement fongicide. Ceci confirme leurs capacités de résistance à la rouille jaune la plus dévastatrice de la culture du blé tendre. Néanmoins, le fongicide utilisé (ogame) a prouvé son efficacité à protéger les cultures contre les stress biotiques et à améliorer les rendements et la qualité de la production. Ainsi, il est recommandé d’éviter les traitements fongiques sur les nouvelles variétés.

Le blé dur a besoin d’énergie pour accomplir les principales fonctions métaboliques et physiologiques, cette énergie est fournie principalement par l’azote qui est en outre un constituant fondamental de la plante. Malgré son importance et à cause de sa forte solubilité, l’azote est classé un polluant potentiel pour l’environnement. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier la réponse de quatre variétés de blé dur (Karim, Razzak, INRAT100 et Dhahbi) au traitement azoté. Les résultats ont montré que nouvelle obtention (Dhahbi) a donné le meilleur rendement et les efficiences d’utilisation de l’eau les plus élevées que ce soit avec ou sans fertilisation grâce à l’impact d’amélioration génétique. Ainsi, Il est recommandé de planter la variété Dhahbi pour limiter l’utilisation des engrais azotés, protéger l’environnement et maximiser le revenu brut surtout des petits exploitants.

Le blé dur a besoin d’énergie pour accomplir les principales fonctions métaboliques et physiologiques, cette énergie est fournie principalement par l’azote qui est en outre un constituant fondamental de la plante. Malgré son importance et à cause de sa forte solubilité, l’azote est classé un polluant potentiel pour l’environnement. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier la réponse de quatre variétés de blé dur (Karim, Razzak, INRAT100 et Dhahbi) au traitement azoté. Les résultats ont montré que nouvelle obtention (Dhahbi) a donné le meilleur rendement et les efficiences d’utilisation de l’eau les plus élevées que ce soit avec ou sans fertilisation grâce à l’impact d’amélioration génétique. Ainsi, Il est recommandé de planter la variété Dhahbi pour limiter l’utilisation des engrais azotés, protéger l’environnement et maximiser le revenu brut surtout des petits exploitants.

The use of new technologies in precision agriculture remains a solution for global demographic change and its food needs in the face of climate change. The experiment was based on the vegetative cycle monitoring of a "Spunta" variety potato crop grown at different inter-lines, spacing and planting depths based on the RGB imaging technique using a sophisticated drone-mounted sensor. In order to improve the production system and adapt it to the context of global warming through the different settings on the potato planter machine, vegetation indices have been calculated from the captured images such as the GA, GGA, CSI, NGDRI et TGI indices, indicators of the plant biomass and its healthy state thus leading to a correct decision in terms of nutrient input and phytosanitary treatment. The following factors combination of inter-row spacing, plant spacing and planting depth IL = 90 cm, IP = 28 cm, and P = 10 cm respectively proved potato size and yield better results.