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This paper investigates the history of Arab feminism. It traces how those women came from different parts of Arab world and how they developed their awareness towards women's issues, though they do not call themselves as 'feminists' at the beginning. The paper aims to study the history of feminism in the Arab world. To show the struggle of the first Arab women feminists. To focus on the crucial issues of women's concern. The paper uses feminist approach as it concerns with women's important issues. The study traces how the Arab feminism started in Egypt and then the other parts of Arab World as Egypt has been the first Arab country to get its independence from the British rule. The concern for women issues started first in the national level as struggle for their independence and after the independence the struggle changed to women issues. The paper concluded by stating that the struggle of Arab women's feminist discourse advocated to significant women's problems like education, work, and the right for suffrage. They also confronted by other troubles, such as breaking out of gender segregation.

هدف البحث الى:- 1- التعرف على مستوى التفکیر الایجابی ومستوى الطموح لدى مدرسی ومدرسات التربیة البدنیة فی محافظة نینوى. 2- التعرف على مستوى التفکیر الایجابی ومستوى الطموح لدى مدرسی ومدرسات التربیة البدنیة فی محافظة نینوى تبعا لمتغیرات الجنس (ذکور – اناث). 3- التعرف على العلاقة بین التفکیر الایجابی ومستوى الطموح لدى مدرسی ومدرسات التربیة البدنیة فی محافظة نینوى. واستخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفی بالأسلوب المسحی والارتباطی لملاءمته وطبیعة البحث.ویتمثل مجتمع البحث الأصلی من (518) مدرس ومدرسة , واشتملت عینة الدراسة على (239) مدرس ومدرسة وتم اختیار العینة بالطریقة العمدیة., واستخدم الباحث برنامج الحاسوب الآلی ( SPSS ). وتوصل الباحث الى النتائج الاتیة:- 1-یتسم التفکیر الایجابی لدى مدرسی ومدرسات التربیة البدنیة فی محافظة نینوى بالمستوى المرتفع. 2-یتسم مستوى الطموح لدى مدرسی ومدرسات التربیة البدنیة فی محافظة نینوى بالمستوى المرتفع. 3-یتسم التفکیر الایجابی ومستوى الطموح لدى مدرسی التربیة البدنیة بالمستوى المرتفع , تبعا لمتغیرات الجنس (ذکور - اناث). 4-توجد علاقة بین التفکیر الایجابی ومستوى الطموح لدى مدرسی ومدرسات التربیة البدنیة فی محافظة نینوى. التوصیات والمقترحات :- 1- حث المدرسین والمدرسات فی مدیریات التربیة التابعین لوزارة التربیة والنشاط الریاضی المدرسی على القیام بتنظیم المحاضرات التثقیفیة حول مفهومی التفکیر الایجابی ومستوى الطموح. 2- إجراء دراسة مماثة لشرائح اخرى فی المجتمع من (موظفین, اساتذة الجامعة, محامین). 3-.اجراء دراسة مماثلة للتعرف على العلاقة بین لتفکیر الایجابی بمنغیرات اخرى مثل (دافعیة الانجاز, السعادة, التوافق الذاتی)

يتناول هذا البحث قسماً من المعيار الأول من المعايير النَّصِّيَّة السَّبعة التي نادى بها (دي بوجراند)، ويتمثّل هذا القسم بالسبك المعجمي الذي أسهم إسهاماً واضحاً في ترابط نصوص أطواق الذهب متجاوزاً الترابط الشكلي إلى الترابط الدلالي، واعتمد هذا البحث على وسيلتي السبك المعجمي وهما: التَّكرار، والمصاحبة المعجمية.

Citizenship education is the effective educational tool in building a citizen who is able to participate in building his country. This can only come through the educational efforts that teachers make in the classroom. Such a step requires teachers to have knowledge of citizenship education, its principles, and the foundations for its development. Thus, the study aims to examine the degree of social studies teachers' knowledge of the dimensions of citizenship education at the basic education schools in the Sultanate of Oman. It also aims to examine its relationship with a set of variables. The researchers used the quantitative descriptive approach to achieve the objectives of the study. It further adopted a test tool, which consisted in its final form of five areas: citizenship knowledge, rights and duties, national identity, community partnership, and global and digital citizenship. The test was divided later into (38) multiple-choice questions. After verifying the validity and reliability of this tool, it was applied to a sample of (200) male and female teachers. The results of the study have shown that the degree of knowledge of social studies teachers in citizenship education was average, reaching the arithmetic level of (57.67%). Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in the level of knowledge of social studies teachers of citizenship education with respect to the variables of gender and educational qualification in the fields of citizenship education. Accordingly, the researchers have recommended that the citizenship education course should be included in teacher preparation programs at public and private universities in the Sultanate of Oman. Moreover, the concepts and principles of citizenship education should be included in the school curricula.

A field survey conducted in 2013 revealed the occurrence of Fire blight disease in the three surveyed areas (Nineveh agricultural station, Al-Rasheediya and Hawi Al-Kaneesa) in Nineveh Province. The highest infection rate was 88% for pear and apple trees in Hawi Al-Kaneesa while the infection degree was 0.61 and 0.43 degree respectively highest in Nineveh agricultural station for pear and apple trees. The pathogen was isolated from infected fruits, flowers and twigs, identified by many biochemical tests and confirmed by Agglutination test and Pathogenecity on pear seedlings and fruits. The results indicated that the isolated bacteria was Erwinia amylovora. The effect of three bactericides on the bacterial growth was tested in vitro the results indicated that ciprofloxacin was more effective than Cupprosate and Revanol.

A majority of Islamic scholars consider the wives of the holy prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم(, Hazrat Ali, Sayeda Fatima, and their children as a part of the Ahl-e-Bait (R.A), or sacred family. There are numerous narrations found in the books of Hadith and Tafsir that are narrated by the Ahl e Bait (R.A). This study aims to establish that these narrations are applicable in various aspects of a society. The significance of the study lies in the depiction of an in-depth analysis of all those aspects to which these narrations are applicable. The Hadiths about the worship rituals of the Holy Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم (teach Muslims how to perform salah with submission and sincerity. The narrations of the Holy Wives (R.A) about His life as a family man are especially significant because they teach a Muslim how to treat his family. Similarly, there are several examples from the life of the Holy Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم (that show how to do social interaction and urge Muslims to be truthful, upright, and loyal to their commitments. Most importantly, these hadiths tell us about the political and economic strategies that He applied in Madina, which are also applicable to our society today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ministry of Hajj and Umrah proceeds in its work from its vision of (that the journey of Hajj, Umrah be regulated, easy in an atmosphere of peace, to achieve satisfaction for the pilgrims). Therefore, the research sheds light on the importance of keeping pace with technology of fabrics and smart design and its service in supporting the supplement industry Hajj clothes with modern designs that meet the functional and aesthetic requirements of the pilgrims. The two researchers relied on the experimental approach in making use of technology in achieving functional values by providing designs for smart bags in the light of ergonomics to meet the needs of pilgrims. To achieve the objectives of the research, and to verify the hypothesis of the research, which is "There are statistically significant differences between the six proposed designs for smart bags according to the opinions of pilgrims." the study was applied to a sample of 300 pilgrims The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the six proposed designs of smart bags according to the opinions of pilgrims, where the value of (P) was (53.960), which is a statistically significant value at the level (0.01). ''1" was the best design, followed by design "3", then design "6", then design "4", then design "2", and finally design "5". The pilgrims' choices of bags have been consistent with ergonomic factors in terms of comfort, shape, functional suitability, and safety in design. The two researchers recommend implementing the bag with the highest rating and presenting it to pilgrims, and those visiting the holy sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic sentence is a term that I extracted from the extrapolation of the types of sentences mentioned by the grammarians, and I defined it as follows: the useful sentence is a sentence that could not add to it, does not accept the deficiency, and omission could be included within. Importance of research: The basic sentence is the root of all sentences in which we understand the deconstruction of sentences and their parsing. The research problem: There is a clear weakness in the parsing of the sentence, and weakness in the knowledge of the root on which the parsing is based, which is the basic sentence. It was not given its right in the grammatical lesson to understand the foundations from which the understanding of the sentence and its parsing stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the portrayal of women characters in Henrik Ibsen's play, A Doll's House. Ibsen is the father of modern theater and often advocates for social issues in his plays. This study aims to shed light on the portrayal of women in this play and how they are different from each other, the study is an important to portray women's experiences in Ibsen's era. Ibsen himself champions gender parity, reflects in characters like Nora Helmer, Mrs. Linde and Anne Marie. The study uses a feminist framework to analyze the play's multiple feminist trends. Considerable attention will be devoted to illuminating the inequitable marriage system, the constraints impose upon women's autonomy, and their endeavor for emancipation. The study concluded that those women fought a lot to be free and did many unfortunate things to solve their problems. Researcher strongly suggested that there are stark differences between the women characters in this play. While Nora Helmer, Mrs. Linde, and Anne Marie seemed happy as the play began, they moved in parallel but in opposite directions. Nora left her husband's house to live an independent life, having her thoughts and decisions, and facing her fears about the future; Mrs. Linde and Anne Marie quickly overcame obstacles in life and grew up. They sacrificed a lot to get safety and provide for their families.

"Al-Burdah," a poetic masterpiece crafted by Sharaf Al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Saʿīd Al-Ṣanhājī Al-Būṣīrī, stands as a testament to the artistic prowess and religious devotion of its creator. This renowned Arabic poem, titled "Al-Kawākib Al-Durriyyah Fī Madḥ Khayr Al-Bariyyah," has garnered immense admiration for its exceptional use of rhetorical devices, profound religious themes, and enduring impact on readers. The last set of 43 couplets within "Al-Qaṣīdah Al-Burdah" offers an exquisite display of Al-Būṣīrī's command over various rhetorical devices, with simile taking center stage. Through carefully crafted comparisons, the poet skillfully equates the physical and moral attributes of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to awe-inspiring natural phenomena, such as the sun, moon, and stars. These vivid and evocative similes serve to emphasize the Prophet's greatness and leave an indelible impression on the reader's imagination, amplifying the poem's beauty and spiritual significance. Repetition, a powerful literary technique, assumes a pivotal role in "Al-Burdah," particularly evident in the refrain that concludes each stanza. Deliberate repetition reinforces the central themes of the poem, lending it a rhythmic and melodic quality that captivates the reader's senses. This rhythmic repetition not only enhances the overall aesthetic appeal of the poem but also serves to elevate the Prophet's virtues and magnify his impact on humanity. The poem further employs rhetorical questions, hyperbole, and irony to effectively convey its message and engage the reader's attention. Rhetorical questions, strategically interspersed throughout the verses, encourage contemplation and introspection, inviting readers to delve into the profound religious and moral themes embedded within the poem. Hyperbole, an intentional exaggeration, is employed to emphasize the Prophet's virtues, exalting him to superlative heights and underscoring his unparalleled status. Irony, skillfully woven into the fabric of the poem, adds layers of depth and complexity, encouraging readers to explore multiple interpretations and appreciate the multifaceted nature of the Prophet's character. Beyond its artistic merits, "Al-Burdah" holds tremendous religious and cultural significance. It serves as a profound expression of devotion and praise for Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), eliciting a sense of reverence and admiration from readers across generations. The poem has garnered widespread acclaim, not only among scholars and poets but also within ordinary Muslim communities, who continue to recite and revere its verses. Its enduring popularity and influence are a testament to its ability to forge a deep and lasting connection between the reader and the subject matter. So, this article aims to examine the artistic value and significance of the second set of 43 couplets in "Al-Qaṣīdah Al-Burdah," providing insights into the remarkable artistic status of this widely celebrated Qaṣīdah.

This paper is based on the researcher’s translation of the Yemeni novelist Mohammed Abdul-Wali’s Arabic novella Yamutuna Ghuraba (They Die Strangers). The translator’s avowed purpose of his translation is to promote Yemeni literature and help lift the ‘embargo’ imposed on Arabic literature in general. The translator is keen on preserving the source culture and its specificity by adopting ‘foreignization’ as the main strategy. As the translator aspires to see his translation published and widely circulated, he finds adhering to a single strategy (a foreignizing strategy) throughout the translation is impractical. The paper focuses on four major areas of difficulty in translation: problems relating to cultural specificity, problems in translating the metaphor, problems in translating intertextuality and problems of translating euphemism. The paper also investigates the nature of the difficulties and viable procedures to tackle them. It is not always clear to what extent the problems encountered in the translation are representative of the problems of translating general Arabic fiction into English, but it is quite certain that this study provides some insights into the main problematic issues in translating Yemeni Arabic literature into English.

This work is an attempt to study shear behavior of high strength reinforced concrete (modified with different types of polymer) beams. Fourteen simply supported reinforced concrete beams under central load in two groups are tested (with and without stirrups). All beams have the same cross section of (300x200) mm, length of 1200mm with the same reinforcement. The main variables were the compressive strength, shear reinforcement, types, and percentages of the added polymer to study the shear behavior of beams. It has been found that by adding different types of polymer (powder and liquid) up to 1%, causes a reduction in water to cement ratio (w/c) from 0.35 to 0.23. The powder polymer improves the compressive strength for 39%, increasing of the splitting tensile strength (fsp) was 40%, improving the flexural strength (fr) was 64%.Whereas, the range of growth by using liquid polymer in compressive strength was 16%, increasing of the splitting tensile strength (fsp) was 16%, improving of the flexural strength (fr) was 59%. From these results and based on statistical analysis, a mathematical model has been drawn for high strength concrete modified with different types of polymer.

This study investigates the effect of 5 different strengthening materials on damaged Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM) brick walls under an in-plane lateral loading and a predefined uniform vertical load. Five clay brick walls with a dimension of (1200* 935* 115) mm were tested then strengthened with plastic mesh, glass fiber mesh, steel mesh, wild cane strips, and chopped steel fibers. The walls were tested again up to failure in order to determine the best material in terms of shear strength and ductility. Two more walls were tested similarly without strengthening to serve as control walls. Based on the experimental results, GM-r (strengthened with glass fiber mesh) had the highest ductility factor of 23.2 and showed the best strength retention amongst the strengthened walls. OG-r (strengthened with wild cane grid) had the highest toughness ratio value of 10.1 even though it is not suitable for exterior walls due to biological factors such as rotting and incompatibility with high moisture areas. SM-r (strengthened with steel mesh) retained 89% of the damaged wall and at the same time inadequate in seismic areas due to its sudden brittle de-bonding failure. Walls PM-r and SF-r lacked strength and ductility retention, respectively, to be considered as a feasible option in sustaining lateral loads.

تنطلق وزارة الحج والعمرة في أعمالها من رؤيتها المتمثلة في (أن تكون رحلة الحج والعمرة والزيارة مقننة وسهلة وميسّرة في جو من السكينة والطمأنينة، تحقق للحاج والمعتمر الرضا. لذا يلقي البحث الضوء على أهمية مواكبة التطورات الحديثة في تكنولوجيا الأقمشة والملابس الذكية وخدمتها في دعم صناعة مكملات ملابس الحجاج بتصاميم حديثة تفي بمتطلبات الحاج الوظيفية والجمالية. وقد اعتمدت الباحثتان على المنهج الشبه تجريبي وذلك في الاستفادة من التكنولوجيا الحديثة في تحقيق قيم وظيفية من خلال تقديم تصاميم لحقائب ذكية في ضوء علم الأرجونومية لتلبية احتياجات الحجاج والمعتمرين، كما تتبع الدراسة أيضا المنهج الوصفي لمناسبته لتحقيق أهداف البحث، حيث تصف الدراسة الاحتياجات الأرجونومية للحجاج والمعتمرين وزائري المشاعر المقدسة. وذلك لمناسبة المنهج لتحقيق أهداف البحث، والتحقق من فرضية البحث والتي صاغتها الباحثة على الشكل التالي: "توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين التصميمات الست المقترحة للحقائب الذكية وفقا لأراء الحجاج والمعتمرين". وللتحقق من فرضية البحث طبقت الدراسة على عينة قوامها 300 حاج ومعتمر. وأسفرت النتائج على وجود فروق دالة إحصائيا بين التصميمات الست المقترحة للحقائب الذكية وفقا لأراء الحجاج والمعتمرين، حيث قيمة (ف) كانت (53.960) وهي قيمة دالة إحصائيا عند مستوى (0.01)، ولمعرفة اتجاه الدلالة تم تطبيق اختبار LSD للمقارنات المتعددة فوجد أن التصميم "1" كان أفضل التصميمات، يليه التصميم "3"، ثم التصميم "6"، ثم التصميم "4"، ثم التصميم "2"، وأخيرا التصميم "5". وقد اتفقت اختيارات الحجاج للحقائب مع العوامل الأرجونومية من ناحية الراحة والشكل والموائمة الوظيفية وتحقيق الأمان في التصميم. وتوصي الباحثتان بتنفيذ الحقيبة الحاصلة على التقييم الأعلى وتقديمها للحجاج والمعتمرين وقاصدي المشاعر المقدسة.

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على ممارسة الأنشطة الرياضية وعلاقتها بجودة الحياة لدى طالبات الجامعة، والتعرف على الفروق في ممارسة الأنشطة الرياضية حسب متغيرات الدراسة. كذلك معرفة مستوى أبعاد جودة الحياة لدى طالبات الجامعة، بالإضافة إلى معرفة ماهي أكثر العوامل المؤثرة على جودة الحياة لأفراد عينة البحث. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة استخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وأجريت هذه الدراسة على عينة قوامها 250 من طالبات الجامعة. أعدت الباحثة استبانة تقيس مدى ممارسة الأنشطة الرياضية وتتضمن (8) عبارات، واستبانة جودة الحياة وتتضمن (30) عبارة تمثل مكونات جودة الحياة، وأظهرت النتائج أن 42.8% من أفراد عينة البحث يمارسن الرياضة أحيانا. كما وجدت أنه كلما زادت ممارسة الأنشطة الرياضية كلما زادت جودة الصحة العامة، جودة الحياة الأسرية والاجتماعية، جودة التعليم والدراسة، جودة العواطف "الجانب الوجداني"، جودة الصحة النفسية، كذلك كلما زادت ممارسة الأنشطة الرياضية كلما زادت جودة شغل الوقت وإدارته. كذلك وجدت الدراسة أن العمر كان من أكثر العوامل المؤثرة على ممارسة الأنشطة الرياضية، وأخيرا وجدت الدراسة أن جودة الحياة الأسرية والاجتماعية كانت أولوية لأفراد عينة البحث. وفي ضوء النتائج أوصت الباحثة بضرورة التأكيد على أهمية ممارسة الأنشطة الرياضية لطالبات الجامعة من خلال المحاضرات والنشرات التثقيفية، كذلك تعزيز مشاركة الطالبات في الأنشطة الثقافية والترفيهية والرياضية، التي تسهم في تحسين جودة الحياة.

It is the modern techniques that are used in modern geographical science in scientific applications three Systems is a technology GIS Gis (Geograbhical InFormation System), sensor system technology remote R.S (Remoote Sensing), GPS system technology (Global Positioning System) These three systems contributed to the great scientific revolution in all geographic modern science and its applications, as the GIS GIS technology is a way to organize or style of geographical and non-geographical information by computer and linked to geographical their positions depending on the specific coordinates. Coordinates are therefore a way to link the geographical phenomena scattered on the surface of the ground coordinates of the system and stored in computer memory and link the metadata associated with these phenomena through a database and analyzed and reflected a specific scale, and then print them The sensor system technology remote RS and its use in modern applications in geographical science is represented a set of processes that allow access to information for some geographical characteristics of the phenomena on the surface of the earth without no direct contact between the geographical phenomenon and the sensor (capture device information). Can be arranged remote sensors on a wide variety of platforms air or space and at different heights, turning the initial information received by the sensor either to directly usable products such as photographs air or space visualizations or store this information in a private devices can refer to it when needed in the future

The intensities of the positron annihilation lifetime components are shown to be related to the free volume model, and the theoretical value of the ratio between the singlet to the triplet state intensities, described by the ratio η, is shown to follow an empirical model. An application of the model on some experimental data shows that the calculated value of the ratio η approaches the theoretical value, which is 1/3. Furthermore, the relation between the free volume hole fraction, Fh, with the free volume Vh described by the constant C is related to τ3. Therefore, the deviation of the constant C and the ratio η that are reported and differ from the theoretical values for similar researches could be corrected. When data are collected by means of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), the spread-intensity model is suggested to explain this correction.