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This study was conducted in the Plant Pathology Laboratory/ College of Agriculture/ University of Anbar to study and test the effectiveness of plant extracts (turmeric, pomegranate peel, banana peel) in inhibiting the growth of the fungus Aspergillus flavus and test its ability to reduce aflatoxin B1 from liquid media. The plant materials (powders and extracts) were used in three concentrations (10, 15, 20) mg ml-1. The results showed that all plant materials were significantly effective in inhibiting the growth of A. flavus and their ability to reduce aflatoxin B1 from liquid media. Turmeric powder showed its superiority in its inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi on PDA culture medium, as it achieved the highest percentage of inhibition at a concentration of 20 mg ml-1, which amounted to 87.41%. Whereas, banana peel powder gave the lowest inhibition rate at 10mg ml-1 concentration) 64.07% (. While the aqueous extract of turmeric achieved inhibition in the growth of the fungus at a concentration of 20 mg ml-1 by 87.41%, outperformed the aqueous extract of pomegranate and banana, where the rates of inhibition reached 86.66% and 82.96%, respectively at the same concentration. In addition, the alcoholic extract of turmeric showed the highest rate of inhibition of fungi growth at a concentration of 20 mg ml-1, which amounted to 94.07%, followed by the alcoholic extract of banana and pomegranate with a percentage of 93.3% and 88.14%, respectively, at the same concentration.

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iranian Veterinary Journal is the property of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mycotoxins have been reported to be carcinogenic, teratogenic, genotoxic, hepatoand nephrotoxic. Based on the literature review, there is a need for more studies on the mycotoxin contamination in all types of foods. In this study, 20 samples of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. powder were purchased randomly and clustered based on the distribution of sales areas from different districts in Ardabil city. The determination of aflatoxin contamination was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography and immunoaffinity column clean-up. According to the results, seventeen of 20 samples (85%) were found contaminated with aflatoxins in the range of 30.40-2360.0 μg/kg. Both AFB1 and AFB2 were detected in 85% of samples. 80% and 70% samples had AFG1 and AFG2, respectively. The contamination levels were exceeded the maximum limit of Iran and European Union. These findings suggest an urgent need to monitor contamination of aflatoxin and consuming population of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. powder in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Veterinary Research / Majallah-i Taḥqīqāt-i Dāmpizishkī University is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted for examine the histological effects of aflatoxin and Toxoplasma gondii on some organs like liver, heart, kidney and brain in mice. Were , mice divided into six equal groups; group 1 (untreated control), group 2 were injected intraperitonealy with T. gondii tissue cysts, group 3 fed diets contaminated with 0.5 ppm of aflatoxin, group 4 were fed diets contaminated with 1 ppm aflatoxin, group 5 were fed 0.5 ppm of aflatoxin and injected with T. gondii cysts and group 6 were fed 1 ppm aflatoxin with injected T. gondii tissue cysts. The experiment maintained for 40 days. At the end of the experiment, histological changes were increased specially at groups 5 and 6 including necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration, there are significantly increased in the level of MDA and significantly decrease of GSH level in liver tissue specially in groups (2) and (4) as compared with group (1) normal healthy control.

Residues of Aflatoxins and their metabolites might be present in meat and other products of animals receiving Aflatoxin contaminated feeds which could subsequently create health problems in man. Eighty nine imported (Iran/Khosh pokht); (Turkey/Yam-tapilic, Lades, Senplic, Kapidac, Kozoa, Oznesilpilic) and (Brazil, hilal, Sadia), and 90 locally produced (Hoshiar poultry farm, Nihad poultry farm, Hokar poultry farm, Mansoor poultry farm, AL-Shimal poultry house, Mardin poultry house and AL-Eetimad poultry slaughterhouse) broiler breast and thigh muscle samples were examined for residual Aflatoxin B1 using ELIZA test. Results revealed that out of 89 imported samples only 21 (23.59%) were positive, but only 2 (2.24%) were rejected, while the remaining 87 samples (97.75%) were acceptable. Concerning the local samples, results showed that 19 samples (21.11%) were positive, but 10 (11.11%) were rejected, while the remaining 80 samples (88.88%) were accepted. The public health importance of residual AFB1 in broiler meat samples was discussed.

Copyright of Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted for the determination of the combined effect of aflatoxin and Toxoplasma gondii on malondialdehyde, glutathione levels, and stress index in sixty young inbred Swiss female albino mice BALB/C, which were randomly divided into six equal groups; Group 1(untreated control) animals were maintained without any treatment; group 2 were injected intraperitonealy with T. gondii tissue cysts; groups 3 and 4 were fed diets contaminated with 0.5 and 1 ppm aflatoxin respectively; group 5 and 6 were fed 0.5 and 1 ppm aflatoxin and injected with T. gondii tissue cysts. All animals were maintained for 40 days. One ml, containing 100 Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts was obtained from brain tissue of naturally infected local breed rabbit was injected intraperitonealy. Aflatoxins (AFs) were prepared through inoculation of rice with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and were incorporated into the diet to provide the described level of 0.5 and 1 ppm. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken to determine Heterophils/lymphopcytes ratio (H/L), while brain was taken to determine glutathione and malondialdehyde concentration. Results showed that mice injected with T. gondii tissue cysts alone and those groups fed aflatoxin at both rates of 0.5 and 1 ppm were exhibited a significant (P

A farm of two broiler flocks fed from one day old to 56 days of age a diet naturally contaminated with high level of Aflatoxin (AF), were suffered from caecal coccidiosis at 35 days of age Aflatoxin levels in feed commodities and mixed feed were determined using ELISA test. Results of ELISA showed that the average level of corn, soybean and mixed feeds contamination with aflatoxin were 1915, ppb, 229 ppb and 860 ppb respectively. Diagnosis of caecal coccidiosis was confirmed by clinical signs, post-mortem findings, fecal oocyst excretion per gram, oocyt size, morphological characteristic of eggs, lesion score and schizonts size. The significance of AF as predisposing factor to coccidiosis infection was discussed.

Three experiments were conducted to elucidate the alleviation effects of Mycofix plus 3.0 on Newcastle antibody formation during aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Three levels of Mycofix (0.05%, 0.15%, and 0.25%) and aflatoxin (2.5ppm, 3.5ppm, and 5ppm) were used. Chickens were vaccinated at 8 and 18 days of age. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Haemagglutination inhibition tests were employed for determination Newcastle antibody titers at 28 days. The results showed that, Mycofix , and only at its high level of addition (0.25%) was effective in ameliorating the negative effect of aflatoxin at the rates 2.5ppm and 3.5 ppm levels of inclusion on antibody production but not at the high level of 5ppm on antibody production, comparing with titers in control groups.

Ten broiler flocks claimed to be suffering from aflatoxicosis in Ninavah governorate were subjected to study the correlation between natural contamination of feed samples with aflatoxin and European production efficiency factor (EPEF). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was adopted for estimation of AF level in broiler feeds. Growth performance parameters were recorded including final body weight, mortality, feed consumption and conversion ratio. Aflatoxins levels in feeds were ranged from 31 to 2381.8 ppb and EPEF was between 91.55-151.05. There was a highly negative correlation between AF concentration in broiler flock feeds and their EPEF (-0.828).

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research, the modeling with Artificial neural network and Multilayer - Perceptron were used in order to evaluate the zeolite and citric acid's usage in reducing of Aflatoxin's production in stale dry breads across the Mashhad. Since, the stale breads are the main sources of the livestocks's feeding, and because of the availability of proper environmental conditions for growing molds, these breads are severely contaminated by mycotoxin and especially Aflatoxin, and this make some anxieties about the human being and animal's life. So, the foodstuffs contamination by mycotoxin, should be controlled accurately through the food chain. The results have shown that modelling with ANN is a suitable method especially in food industries, and also the addition of zeolite as compared with Citric Acid, cause the'Aflatoxin to reduce more. In this manner, the interaction of zeolite and citric acid caused the Aflatoxin to decrease more, than when zeolite or citric acid are being used alone. Based on these results, Artificial neural network model for zeolite with one hidden layer, hyperbolic tangent function as the transfer function, Levenberg-Marquardt method as the learning rule, 3 hidden neurons, %60 for training subset and %20 for each of validation and test subsets with the correlation coefficient 0/973 had the best overfiting. The modeling results indicate that there is an excellent compatibility between the experimental and predicted values of Aflatoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residues of Aflatoxins and their metabolites might be present in meat and other products of animals receiving Aflatoxin contaminated feeds which could subsequently create health problems in man. Eighty nine imported (Iran/Khosh pokht); (Turkey/Yam-tapilic, Lades, Senplic, Kapidac, Kozoa, Oznesilpilic) and (Brazil, hilal, Sadia), and 90 locally produced (Hoshiar poultry farm, Nihad poultry farm, Hokar poultry farm, Mansoor poultry farm, AL-Shimal poultry house, Mardin poultry house and AL-Eetimad poultry slaughterhouse) broiler breast and thigh muscle samples were examined for residual Aflatoxin B1 using ELIZA test. Results revealed that out of 89 imported samples only 21 (23.59%) were positive, but only 2 (2.24%) were rejected, while the remaining 87 samples (97.75%) were acceptable. Concerning the local samples, results showed that 19 samples (21.11%) were positive, but 10 (11.11%) were rejected, while the remaining 80 samples (88.88%) were accepted. The public health importance of residual AFB1 in broiler meat samples was discussed.

Background: Aflatoxins, especially aflatoxin B1, have lethal effects on human and animal health. This study is intended to present a specific, sensitive, and relatively fast method for measurement, detection, and isolation of aflatoxin-albumin (Af-Alb) adducts in serum. Materials and Methods: In this experimental-trial, three groups of rats were selected and used as positive control (treated with aflatoxin B1), negative control (without treatment) and standard (treated with radioactive aflatoxin B1). After drawing blood samples from the rats, blood serum and then, serum albumin were isolated. Albumin was hydrolyzed by pronase and eventually, was injected into HPLC system. The sample was then identified and measured by fluorescence detector. Results: Electrophoresis on PAGE revealed albumin isolated from serum to be perfectly pure. In HPLC method, detection limit for the measurement of Af-Alb adduct was determined to be 60 pg/ml. The mean of aflatoxin positive control rats serum was 19.2 ng/mg albumin. In inter- and intragroup experiments, a remarkable level of reproducibility was seen for this method. Conclusion: The amount of Af-Alb adduct is proportionate to the amount of aflatoxin received. This project was conducted with rat serum sample, but since albumin is hydrolyzed and can be isolated from aflatoxin, this method is applicable to the measurement of Af-Alb adducts in human serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]