Search

Combinations of different spices were used at variable concentrations in the preparation of vari-ous curry blends. The sample showed the highest sensory attributes in comparison with control cur-ry sample was compounded with different spices, onion and garlic at variable concentrations in cor-responding seasoning blend. The oleoresin of the seasoning blend that possessed the highest quality scores was prepared and subjected to freeze drying process after dispersion on suitable carrier. The flavour contribution percentages of the character-istic notes; light sweet top, medium aromatic, full boiled spicy and pungent spicy were calculated for each curry and seasoning blends. The hydro dis-tilled (HD) oils of the selected curry and its con-stituents were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The results revealed the high contribution of the com-ponents possess spicy note in the raw curry sam-ple. The components possess pungent notes showed less representation. β-Caryophellene was the major compounds in the HD oil of raw season-ing blends followed by δ-carene and ar-turmenone. The qualitative and quantitative varia-tion in the volatile compounds separated from the HD oil of the freeze dried sample may be attribut-ed to the interaction between such components and the used carrier (10% maltodextrin in water).

Copyright of Malaysia Journal Syariah & Law is the property of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu makale, Arap yazarlarca, aydınlanmacı birçok görüşü örtülerek ele alınan, alışılagelenin haricinde ve dinî birçok “müsellematı” yıkan görüşlerinden dolayı şahsiyeti ve eserleri hakkında bulanık bir tablo çizilmiş olan Seyyid Ahmed Han’ın ıslah tecrübesine ışık tutmaktadır. Bazı tartışmalı görüşler ortaya atmış olan Seyyid Ahmed Han’ın çok önemli bazı görüşleri Arapça yazılan çalışmalarda görmezlikten gelindiğinden bu çalışmayla biz, yeni bir okuma yaparak, bu tablonun düzeltilmesini ve Seyyid Ahmed Han’ın göz ardı edilen düşüncesinin yeniden ele ele alınması gerektiğine vurgu yapmayı amaçlamaktayız. Makalede Seyyid Ahmed Han'ın entelektüel yolculuğu ve şu anda Hindistan'daki Shibli al- Nu'man ve Lataf Husayn gibi çağdaş İslam âlimleri üzerindeki etkisi ve Muhammed İkbal'in rejeneratif projesindeki fikirlerinin varlığı ele alındı. Aynı zamanda Ahmed Han'a çağdaşı Cemaleddin el-Afgani tarafından yöneltilen küfür suçlaması tetkik edildi ve bu Han ve Afgani'nin yazdıklarının ışığında müzakere edildi. Ardından Kuran yorumunda ve ahlakı konusundaki makalelerinde somutlaştırdığı İslami vizyonunun özellikleri açıklandı. Makale, müellifin, tasavvuf kökenleri ve tasavvuf öğretilerini açıklayan yazıları muvacehesinde, olumlu tasavvufun özelliklerini vurguladığı gibi, doğu ve batılı araştırmacıların ilgisini çeken, ötekiyle yaşama konusundaki barışçıl fikirlerini inceledi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economic Sciences, Management & Commercial Sciences (JESMCS) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is no doubt that technological developments are considered an essential part of daily life activities since the occurrence of the information and communication revolution, which has become the superpower influencing the twenty-first century. As a result of these developments, the term "Internet of Things" appeared as the latest developments in information and communication technology, which is an advanced concept of the Internet so that all things in our lives have the ability to connect to the Internet or to each other to send and receive data to perform specific functions through this network, and with regard to the interior design of commercial spaces, the Internet of Things has played an important role in achieving interaction, This means the interaction of the product with the user and the interaction of the user with the elements of the interior space such as floors, walls, ceilings, furniture and other components, by making the elements of the interior space connected to the Internet and using sensors and smart materials that lead to creating an interactive relationship between the user and the physical elements of the interior space through Sensing movement, sound, or pressure, in addition to integrating computers and mobile phones.

This article focuses on the intricate nature of the science of tafsir. It discusses the function of tafsir within the framework of identifying the principles of tafsir methodology and tafsir narrations. The book’s contribution to the science of tafsir is emphasized by underlining that it aims to provide essential details for understanding and addressing the subject and comparing classical and modern understandings of tafsir. In addition, the scientific value of tafsir and its relationship with other Islamic sciences is examined. The work primarily focuses on identifying and analyzing the discussions regarding the nature of tafsir within Islamic thought.

Heat stress is an environmental problem that can negatively impact tomato productivity by reducing fruit setting and disrupting pollen development. The present study aims to understand the molecular mechanism of heat tolerance induced by L-ascorbic acid. Plants were grown in the summer of 2022 (day and night temperatures were 34.4°C and 25.2°C respectively). The plants were divided into two groups: one was sprayed with L-ascorbic acid (0.5 mM) and the other served as a control. Growth parameters, antioxidant enzymes, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde levels in the leaves were determined. Additionally, a molecular docking allowed understanding the interaction between the antioxidant enzymes and L-ascorbic acid. Results indicated that L-ascorbic acid increased antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase), proline content, fruit setting and growth indicators (shoot and root fresh and dry weight). It also reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels in tomato leaves. Furthermore, the in-silico analysis revealed that L-ascorbic acid binding energies toward antioxidant enzymes were similar to those of known activators. In conclusion, foliar application of L-ascorbic acid (0.5 mM) effectively mitigated heat stress effects, activating antioxidant enzymes and eliminating reactive oxygen species, ultimately resulting in increased fruit setting.

للمكان أهميّته في الدّراسات الأدبيّة متمثّلة في زوايا متعدّدة الاتّجاهات ، جعلت غالب هلسا يقول : " إنّ العمل الأدبيّ حين يفتقد المكانيّة فهو يفقد خصوصيّته ، وبالتّالي أصالته " [1]. ويُعدّ المكان من المكوّنات الأساسيّة في الرّواية ، لذا حاولت في هذا البحث دراسة المكان في روايتي " المسلّة ، جرماتي " ، وقمت بعرض ثنائيّات المكان ، كما أشرتُ إلى دلالات المكان ، وأنهيت هذا البحث بخاتمة وثبت للمصادر والمراجع، ولقد لخّصت في الخاتمة الاستنتاجات التي تضمّنها البحث .

Le peuple Mambay du Cameroun est localisé dans la région administrative du Nord-Cameroun. C’est un peuple qui regorge d’important patrimoine culturel immatériel. Ce patrimoine constitue la marque identitaire de ce peuple. Il s’agit ici d’un travail introductif, sous forme de ballon d’essai. Il permet d’inventorier quelques éléments du patrimoine culturel immatériel à savoir, le culte des ancêtres, le rite funéraire, les fêtes traditionnelles, l’onomastique et la toponymie.

Lateral thinking methods have a key role in developing the designer's ability to deal with challenges and life situations in a more creative way. It gives him the power to produce original and unique ideas. Creativity is the process that lies behind every progress reached by human groups. It is also one of those processes that separate man from the rest of the creatures within the limits of what we know, as the existence of man is linked to that ability. The relationship between creativity and development is strong. The burden of community development and progress falls on the creators, bearing many difficulties and hardships. The industrial designer is responsible for the task of innovation, design and product development, with the help of tools, methods and methods of design (drawing, presentation and modeling techniques), which makes him constantly looking to develop his tools, and activate and enrich his creative abilities, which gives importance to scientific support for the industrial designer, by adding New methods that would support creativity in the industrial design process, which the industrial designer needs when joining the labor market in productive institutions, which highlights the importance of the issue of lateral thinking in the field of industrial design, so the research deals with how to take advantage of lateral thinking methods in the design process by applying a strategy The new design supported by these methods is in the process of designing a new product that depends on technology and helps in opening new and unfamiliar markets, then the result will be presented to clarify the feasibility of the new strategy in achieving creativity in the design and development of ideas and solutions that both the industrial designer and the industrial organization aspire to. This is in an effort to generalize and consolidate the concept and practice of lateral thinking among students and practitioners of industrial design to reach creative designs.

عندما بدأت الاحتجاجات ضد الحكومة في سوريا و العراق عام 2011، أنعكس ذلك على مُركب الأمن في الشرق الأوسط ،الذي يتميز بوجود صِراع المحاور المستمر. تاريخياً، يتميز الشرق الأوسط بوجود صِراع مركزي محصور ما بين المحور العربي و الإسرائيل ي. تذهب هذه الدراسة إلى أن ما بعد الاحتجاجات في سوريا والعراق أصبح الصِراع المركزي في المنطقة محصور ما بين محور المقاومة الإيراني و محور الممانعة الخليجي. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل دور الاحتجاجات الداخلية في سوريا والعراق في تشكيل التنافس و الصِراع بين المحورين و معرفة أبعادها في الأقاليم المجاورة. سؤال الدراسة هو إلى أي مدى أثرت الاحتجاجات في سوريا والعراق على مستوى وتطور مُركب الأمن في الشرق الأوسط. تفترض الدراسة بأن كلما كانت الصِراعات الداخلية في سوريا والعراق مترابطة سياسياً و أجتماعياً و تاريخياً، كلما إنعكس ذلك على أنماط الصِراع والتنافس بين محوري المقاومة الإيراني و الممانعة الخليجي ، وكلما كان هناك أخلال في توازن القوى الإقليمي لصالح محور المقاومة الإيراني، كلما تدخلت تركيا و إسرائيل في المنطقة بهدف تحقيق التوازن بين المحورين. لأثبات صحة الفرضية التي انطلقت منها الدراسة اعتمدنا على المنهج الأستنباطي و المنهج التحليلي و المنهج التاريخي.

This research is briefly concerned with the field of machine translation of the Noble Qur’an. The main objective of this research is to emphasize the need for the human touch in the translation process, in order to remain faithful to the original semantic, religious, and cultural charge of the Qur’anic text. To measure the accuracy, fluency, and cultural sensitivity of machine translations, we used a mixed approach, combining quantitative content analysis and qualitative thematic analysis. Globally, the results of this research support the use of a hybrid approach combining machine translation with human editing and revision because even though machine translation has improved considerably over the last few decades, it still faces many difficulties in correctly capturing the nuanced meanings, cultural context and the wonderful literary and aesthetic style of the original Arabic-language Qur’anic text. Résumé Cette recherche s’inscrit sommairement dans le domaine de la traduction automatique du saint Coran. L’objectif majeur assigné à cette recherche est d’insister sur la nécessité de l’intervention de la touche humaine dans le processus de traduction afin de rester fidèle à la charge sémantique, religieuse et culturelle originales du texte coranique. Pour mesurer la précision, la fluidité et la sensibilité culturelle des traductions automatiques, nous avons fait appel à une approche mixte, combinant l'analyse quantitative du contenu et l'analyse thématique qualitative. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de cette recherche favorisent le recours à une approche hybride combinant ainsi la traduction automatique et l’édition et la révision humaine car si la traduction automatique s'est considérablement améliorée au cours des dernières décennies, elle reste confrontée à des difficultés pour saisir correctement les significations nuancées, le contexte culturel et le merveilleux style littéraire et esthétique du texte coranique original en langue arabe.

The book is the base of both science and culture, and a preserver of science and history throughout the ages. Despite the periods of stumbling and persecution that happened to it, it remained the preserver and protector of science and culture. The book went through many stages of development that accompanied the developments of successive civilizations, and the accompanying arts developed greatly to be parallel with its importance and role in the advancement of mankind and the building of civilizations. These arts have effectively contributed to supporting it, beautifying it and clarifying their texts, which led to its dissemination and marketing, despite the alternatives provided by modern technology such as e-books, read or audio, which some thought they make the book become obsolete - even for those who do not have the skill of reading -, or to put it in the second place, but these alternatives can only play the role of support and assistant for the paper book, which will remain the main pillar for the dissemination and preservation of science, culture and history, for what it enjoys from the characteristic of immortality and the ability to survive and reach all classes of society that do not possess modern technology and have no access to the Internet, and this research sheds light on the importance of book' arts - especially the design of books for the greatness of its role in promoting the book industry and contributing to its dissemination and its survival as the most important vessel for preserving and spreading science, culture and values. For the creative designer who works with the foundations and principles of art and design, and who follows the sound methods of thinking in a balanced scientific manner, and this has a positive impact in producing the book in a sophisticated and valuable manner, which is one of the most important reasons for upgrading the culture of society and developing its artistic and plastic taste, with which we guarantee the progress and advancement of society. Reaching the spiritual and psychological peace of society, no one denies the great ability of high-end arts to elevate public taste, transcend morals and consolidate solid values, customs and traditions among peoples. An advanced class that precedes and leads the world in the future as we were in the past

Healthcare environments need to make it easier to way-finding as the most difficult problem a patient faces after illness is how to reach his intended destination in order to receive treat-ment, and the problem is more difficult if the design of the building is complicated, and health care buildings are often complex and complex buildings. Weak way-finding systems affect users, which leads to confusion, tension, and frustration, where the process of understanding the environment built of important issues and the process of cognition is the problem of way-finding because despite its basic role, it is often ignored when designing health care buildings, and instead of exacerbating the levels of stress and confusion of the users of the building and especially the patients, can work a strategy to way-finding properly designed free of stress and ensure Users reach their destination on time without stress. Therefore, the research aims to deduce an effective and successful strategy for way-finding to be a database of the planning and design of healthcare buildings and to make users aware of the environment in a way that helps them meet their different needs and enable them to move successfully within the healthcare environment in the least time and least effort possible by providing the necessary information or evidence, thereby transforming the complex and con-fusing healthcare environment into an easy-to-use and manageable environment.In order to reach the goal of the research, the research relied on the scientific-analytical approach in the study through the study of the theoretical framework of the research problem based on the study of the concept of cognition and the concept of the system of way-finding and its importance, the process of way-finding and the factors affecting it and the use of the senses in that process, and the components of a good and effective way-finding system, as well as an analytical study complementary to the theoretical study of the emergency hospital at Mansoura University as a sample of the study, and analysis of the current situation through field visits to reach the results of the study of the current situation, and proposed work to improve the system of way-finding in it, the study recommended the need to pay attention to providing the elements and components of way-finding system in an orderly and integrated manner commensurate with the needs of all users of healthcare buildings.

The past few years have witnessed a surge in technological development in all areas of life, and its emergence has led to great changes in human life from primitiveness to controlling the matter through the Internet. Each new technology has an impact on completely changing societies, which led to many changes in concepts and practices. Among the most Types of technology spread and impact on products of all kinds, and it is one of the applications of the fourth industrial revolution, we find that IOT works on making the whole world connected to each other through communication and information exchange through the Internet connection to make all products able to communicate with each other, through Four main pillars are (Things - People Users - Connectivity - Data Processing), and therefore it erases the line between the digital and physical world, through IOT the world will become as a smart product in all its aspects, it will also be able to make some decisions and this As a result of the data stored on its own cloud, there are many products that use the concept of IOT and are no longer limited to the concepts of smart cities and cities. Smart Homes but also include Wearable Devices, Health Care applications, Transportation, Education, Smart Retail Stores, and Mobility. Which adapts to the needs of the user, and in light of these changes, it has become important for the designer to take into account this technology and the extent of its impact on the product life cycle and on the process of designing and developing the product.

Regarding the question concerning the benefit from what we study and what is the reason for , with the belief that much of what is taught is only for credit hour consumption, which is the problem of the research, an experiment was conducted on about 65 students in the lectures of Design principles 1 , representing about half of the first year students of the Faculty of Applied Arts, Beni-Suef University for the year 2021/2022, seeking to prove that it is possible to provoke the innovation skills of these students , when using some of what was taught to implement a real, tangible product, which is the goal of the research. Two optical illusion models were selected to be printed on a sweatshirt to be worn at the evaluation . The concept of Transfer printing, kinds of printing films and the used machine and how to deal with was defined at the college lab. The students were not so enthusiastic at first, they changed their mind after seeing the production samples of the sweatshirt with beautiful ,elegant designs, which encouraged them to innovate many design derivatives from the original shapes , they began to compete who could reach the more beautiful ,distinctive design, one of them used the white color to print the inverse of the original shape on a black-colored sweatshirt, the other printed a matching hijab with what she is going to wear during the evaluation … etc.

The concept of green spaces is considered to be the lungs of the cities, purifying the air while enhancing the quality of life, but according to rapid urban growth and high density, the green areas have been limited in urban spaces which led to harm to the ecosystem and the emergence of sick buildings syndrome as a direct result of increased heat load, higher rates of energy con-sumption, and environmental pollution within the cities, thus creating a harmful environment resulting in negative effects on the human health.The research aims to clarify the design considerations of vertical gardens as an environmental solution, mitigating the effect of sick buildings syndrome and the infrastructure. In addition, vertical gardens carry advantages that integrate the green spaces with the built areas such as; promoting urban sustainability due to its environmental, economic, psychological and social benefits. The aesthetics of vertical gardens help enhance the quality of life and positively af-fect the well-being and a higher life standard.To achieve the research aims, the research was based on the analytical scientific method. The methodology of the study consists of two parts, the first part is a literature review that studies deteriorated buildings and addressing the vertical gardens concept, advantages, types, systems, and how to choose the type of plant to absorb pollutants and volatile organic compounds. The second part, is an analytical part that reviews applied examples of vertical gardens and analysis their design elements, types, systems, and the impact of these gardens in each application. Finally, the study is conclusive and recommended, which helps illustrates the importance of vertical gardens and the necessity of encouraging this concept of gardens, while supporting expertise in the field to implement them and make our cities more sustainable.

This research aims to improve the engineering properties of expansive soil by using locally low-cost materials such as crushed glass wastes and lime. The studied expansive soil is considered unsuitable soil for civil engineering projects such as roads and buildings, as it was classified according to the AASHTO classification A-7-6. This soil was treated only with different ratios of crushed glass wastes (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of dry soil), as well as the soil was treated only with different ratios of lime (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight of dry soil). Experiments of Atterberg limits, standard Procter, direct shear, free swell, swelling pressure, and both un-soaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio tests were carried out on the untreated and treated soil. The results showed that by increasing added percentage of crushed glass wastes and lime separately, the consistency properties (Atterberg limits), the shear strength parameters (direct shear test), free swell, swelling pressure, and both un-soaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio of the studied expansive soil were improved; except for compaction characteristics, by adding crushed glass wastes the M.D.D was increased and O.M.C was decreased while by adding lime, the M.D.D was decreased and O.M.C was increased. This helps to make use of low-cost local materials, clean the environment of glass wastes, and recycle these wastes so that they can be used on an environmental, economic, and engineering level. This aligns with Egypt's Vision 2030 sustainable development approach in both the environmental and economic dimensions.

Mosque has fundamental role to social order in achieving the preservation of the Ummah’s order, as the main objective of Islamic legislation. To preserve the Governance of the Ummah from concussion, and to control the behavior of individuals. This study clarifies the opinion of the objectives of the Islamic governance system, regarding the precautionary measures that were codified during the Covid-19 pandemic. In order to prevent the spread of the pandemic, as it has changed the usual system of masjids since it’s legislation inception, in addition to imposing penalties on violators of those precautionary measures. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the masjids matters and the shari’ah objective of preserving the Ummah governance system through the study of cataclysm emerging of Siyasah Shar‘iyyah. It also aimed to highlight that community affairs related to it, which preoccupied a group of scholars with experiences in this specific prominent matter. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach to identify the dimensions of the emerging decisions that changed the rulings of masjids, and then analyzed those measures in the light of the objectives Islamic ruling system, and according to the legal jurisdiction set by scholars of the Laws of Islamic Governance. The study concluded with results, that it is the duty to undertake the management of the masjid affairs in any country and continuum times, especially looking into their cataclysm that involve the task of the ruler and authorities, to ensure the stability of a balanced system that serves the legal maxim and objectives of Islamic Shari’ah Law without contradicting its legislative principles. Furthermore, the interest of changing the ruling system of masjids which aimed to limit the spread of any epidemic; In a way that achieves the interest of preserving human lives supported by legal maxims of Sharia law and rational legitimacy. ملخّص البحث نظام المساجد والجوامع نظام اجتماعي له دور أساسي وكبير في تحقيق حفظ نظام الأمة العام الذي هو المقصود العام من التشريع الإسلامي، فشأنُها شأنُ كلّ قضية تساس بتدابير سلطانية وقوانين يضعها ذوو الشأن العام في كلّ بلد؛ لحفظ نظام الأمة من الارتجاج، ولضبط سلوك الأفراد والجماعات. تأتي هذه الدراسة لبيان رأي مقاصد نظام الحكم في الإسلام حيال التدابير الاحترازية التي استُشكلتْ إبّان جائحة كورونا؛ وقايةً من انتشار الوباء، حيث إنّها غيّرتْ نظام المساجد والجوامع المعهود منذ فجر تشريعها، إضافة إلى فرض عقوبات على مخالفي تلك التدابير الاحترازية. فهدفت هذه الدراسة إلى توضيح علاقة قضايا المساجد بمقصد حفظ النظام العام للأنام، وعلاقة أبعادها الاجتماعية بالأحكام السلطانية من خلال دراسة بعض مستجدات ونوازل السياسة الشرعية في تلك الفترة. كما هدفت إلى تسليط الضوء على أن قضايا المجتمع والمسائل المتعلقة به مشغلةُ ثلّة من العلماء ذوي التجارب في عظائم الأمور فقط. وسلك الباحث في هذه الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من أجل تحديد أبعاد القرارات المستجدة التي غيّرت نظام المساجد والجوامع المعهود، ومن ثمّ تحليل تلك التدابير في ضوء مقاصد نظام الحكم في الإسلام، ووفق الضوابط الشرعية التي وضعها علماء السياسة الشرعية والأحكام السلطانية. وخلصت الدراسة إلى نتائج أهمّها: أنّ واجب القيام بتدبير قضايا المساجد والجوامع في أي بلد وفي أي عصر، ولا سيّما النظر في مستجداتها المشتبكة مهمّة الحاكم وأهل الحل والعقد معه فقط، أو من في حكمهم؛ لضمان قيام نظام متّزن يخدم حِكم الشريعة الإسلامية ومقاصدها، ولا يتعارض مع أصولها التشريعية. وأنّ مصلحة تغيير نظام المساجد والجوامع للحد من انتشار أي وباء؛ بما يحقّق مصلحة حفظ الأنفس البشرية ممّا تؤيده كليّات الشريعة المعتبرة شرعًا وعقلًا.

Nanotechnology is one of the latest sciences that has created a breakthrough in the field of interior architecture and to know the extent of development and the amount of transformations that have occurred we had to know the role that nanotechnology plays in the development of materials where it can improve the characteristics of any material or give it other unique properties or produce a new material by controlling the rearrangement of its atoms, which in turn led to the development of the method of interior architecture, where it works to improve the efficiency and performance of existing buildings or By developing the properties of materials used in interior architecture, whether structural materials or complementary materials to achieve the concept of sustainability, they also play an important role in energy conservation, economic cost saving, maintenance and manpower, which can be used in interior architecture in general and the interior architecture of health-care centers in particular. The research revolves around green nanotechnology applications and the important role they play in interior architecture achieves the concept of sustainability, The basic concepts of nanotechnology and their relevance to green architecture and their impact on interior architecture in terms of different materials and devices were studied, and an analytical study of global health centers applied to green nanotechnology was presented to reach some important results that can be used in the use of green nanotechnology in the interior architecture of local health centers in order to increase the efficiency of the internal architecture of these centers.

L’homme ne s’installe jamais au hasard dans un endroit donné, sauf contraintes absolues. De buissonnants mobiles guident en effet ses choix. Il recherche des sites offrant des abris sûrs, des gisements de matières premières, des terres fertiles, du gras pâturage et des points d’eau potable et/ou salée. Dans cette quête des sites d’implantation, il évite ceux qu’il juge hostiles, notamment les zones marécageuses à cause de l’insalubrité et des inondations permanentes vectrices de maladies. Il esquive les plaines alluviales parce que facilement inondables. Il préfère d’occuper la montagne. Qu’est ce qui justifia cette prédilection pour les altitudes élevées ? Les impératifs tels que l’insécurité, la culture et la recherche du bien-être poussent l’homme à arpenter la haute altitude. Cependant, quand cette dernière devient répulsive, il se trouve contraint de l’abandonner pour se diriger vers un autre lieu juger plus favorable à la vie.

Beaucoup d’auteurs ont magnifié l’avènement de la civilisation qui signifie le passage de l’état de nature au progrès. De Montaigne à Voltaire en passant par les classiques comme La Bruyère, la civilisation est apparue comme un événement qui permet à l’homme de vivre de façon harmonieuse. Elle est perçue comme le passage de l’état animal à celui d’évolué, de connaissance. Alain la définit en ces termes « notre civilisation se définit par le bien de l’homme » (Alain, 1934 :1210) Pourtant Rousseau s’en détourne et une simple lecture de ses oeuvres semble dire aux hommes que c’est dangereux de vivre civilisé. Pourquoi ? Quels sont les effets néfastes de la civilisation ? D’où vient le conflit ? Cet article se veut une étude critique des oeuvres de Rousseau et a pour but de montrer que, contrairement à la pensée de la plupart des auteurs, le processus de civilisation chez Rousseau est un processus de dégradation de l’être. Abstract Many authors have magnified the advent of civilization which signifies the passage from the state of nature to progress. From Montaigne to Voltaire via the classics like La Bruyère, civilization appeared as an event that allows man to live in harmony. It is perceived as the passage from the animal state to that of evolved, of knowledge. Alain defines it in these terms "our civilization is defined by the good of man" (Alain, 1934: 1210) Yet Rousseau turns away from it and a simple reading of his works seems to tell men that it is dangerous to live civilized. For what? What are the harmful effects of civilization? Where does the conflict come from? This article is a critical study of the works of Rousseau and aims to show that, contrary to the thought of most authors, the process of civilization in Rousseau is a process of degradation of being.

Diachronic Echoes of the Maghribi: The Punic Substrate ABSTRACT: North Africa asserts the hegemony of the Punic language, from the 8th century BC onwards. The Carthaginian civilization had succeeded in spreading its idiom over the current Maghreb – and even beyond, in this Iberia which was to welcome Al-Andalus – nearly 10 centuries before the emergence of the Arabic linguistic norm. History testifies to the presence of the Punic language until the Byzantine era. Then came a historical black hole. It is only until the establishment of Islam that testimonies of linguistic activity in North of Africa began to reappear. This is when a “popular” language, called 3amiya, began to be identified because it did take on all the functions of social communication that Arabic could not assume. This spontaneous bilingualism (3amiya/Arabic) has contributed to the structuring of Maghreb society for almost a millennium; almost until French colonization (19th century). This historic bilingualism broke up in favour of French. Underestimated and kept out of the institutional framework, the Maghrebian (or Maghribi) 3amiya is little studied in its diachronic dimension and its Punic substrate is almost obscured by the so-called “dialectology” studies, in particular. By revealing to us many linguistic traces of the Punic substrate, the historical past of the Maghribi language invites us to reassess its status as well as its socio-cultural individuation. RÉSUMÉ : L’Afrique du nord asserte l’hégémonie de la langue punique, dès le VIII e siècle avant notre ère. La civilisation carthaginoise avait réussi à faire rayonner son idiome sur l’actuel Maghreb – et même au-delà, dans cette Ibérie qui allait accueillir Al-Andalus – près de10 siècles avant l’émergence de la norme linguistique arabe. L’histoire témoigne de la présence de la langue punique jusqu’à l’ère byzantine. Ensuite c’est le trou noir. Les témoignages de l’activité linguistique dans ce nord de l’Afrique ne réapparaissent qu’à partir de l’implantation de l’Islam. C’est alors qu’est identifiée une langue «populaire», dite 3amiya qui prend en charge toutes les fonctions de communication sociale que l’arabe ne peut assumer. Ce bilinguisme spontané (3amiya/arabe) structure la société maghrébine pendant près d’un millénaire; quasiment jusqu’à la colonisation française (XIX e). C’est alors que ce bilinguisme historique éclate au profit du français. Dépréciée et refoulée de l’espace institutionnel, la 3amiya maghrébine (ou maghribi) est peu étudiée dans sa dimension diachronique et son substrat punique est quasiment occulté par les quelques études dite de «dialectologie», notamment. En nous révélant bien des traces linguistiques du substrat punique, le passé historique de la langue maghribie nous invite à en réévaluer le statut ainsi que l’individuation socio-culturelle.

African politicians and writers were together in the fight for the sovereignty of their countries but soon after the independences, they parted. The point is that African politicians, who took over from the colonizers, disappointed their people by their governing system which was characterized by power abuse, corruption, dictatorship, ignorance of their populations’ expectations, injustice and immorality among other vices. Instead of really serving the masses, the new rulers were serving themselves. Thus, many novels appeared in the sixties and the seventies in which African writers criticized the disappointing behaviour of postcolonial African political leaders. One of these novels is Es’kia Mphahlele’s Chirundu (1979) where the author also denounces colonial rule. From a postcolonialist perspective, the paper explores power corruption in Mphahlele’s Chirundu. Based on postcolonialism, racism, sociology and culture as theories, the study will analyze on the one hand the denunciation of colonial rule and on the other hand the disappointing behaviour of African postcolonial rulers and its causes.

Rousseau between Persecutions and Misinterpretation ABSTRACT: Why do we write? To relieve oneself, to confess? To reveal yourself to others? To get out of your bubble or lock yourself in? To forget his world, his life, his reality? Certainly, but one can write to justify oneself and relieve oneself and such seems to be the case when one reads the autobiographical works of Jean-Jacques. Indeed, the writings of Rousseau have something special, in the sense that they are a long dissertation aimed at providing answers to the moral disqualifications of his person. From the Confessions, to the Reveries of the Solitary Walker and the Dialogues, Rousseau's books are the place of accusation, persecution of some and justification of the other. This article which is a critical study of the autobiographical works of Rousseau is to show that this author writes because his being is deformed by suppositions, his works misinterpreted and that finally his withdrawal into himself is only the logical consequence of the persecution men. RÉSUMÉ : Pourquoi écrit-on ? Pour se soulager, se confesser ? Pour se dévoiler aux autres ? Pour sortir de sa bulle ou s’y enfermer ? Pour oublier son monde, sa vie, sa réalité ? Certes, mais on peut écrire pour se justifier et se soulager et tel semble le cas quand on lit les œuvres autobiographiques de Jean-Jacques. En effet, les écrits de Rousseau ont quelque de particulier, en ce sens qu’ils sont une longue dissertation visant à apporter des réponses aux disqualifications morales de sa personne. Des Confessions, aux Rêveries du promeneur solitaire en passant par les Dialogues, les livres de Rousseau sont le lieu d’accusation, de persécution des uns et de justification de l’autre. Cet article qui est une étude critique des œuvres autobiographiques de Rousseau est de montrer que cet auteur écrit par que son être est déformé par des suppositions, ses œuvres mal interprétées et que finalement son repli sur soi n’est que la conséquence logique de la persécution des hommes.

يتناول هذا البحث توظيف التكنولوجيا في تدريس اللغة العربية كلغة أجنبية، في جامعة الكيب الغربي، جنوب أفريقيا، أثناء وبعد عمليات الإغلاق الجزئي والتام؛ بسبب جائحة كورونا، ويركز البحث بصفة خاصة على دمج التكنولوجيا في تدريس مهارات اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها، بتوظيف المستحدثات التكنولوجية، والتي تشمل أدوات الحاسب الآلي (Desktop Authoring Tools)، وأدوات الويب من الجيل الثاني (Web 2.0)، وأنظمة أدوات التعلم(Learning Management Systems)، وحزم سكورم (SCORM) وغيرها، في تحقيق الأهداف التعليمية للدرس، والمنهاج بصفة عامة، بطريقة فاعلة ومحفزة للمتعلم. كما يستعرض البحث كيف يمكن الاستفادة من النظريات التربوية كسلم بلوم (Bloom Taxonomy) لدمج التكنولوجيا في التعليم في إعداد محتوى تعليمي لتدريس مهارات اللغة العربية بشكل خاص، واللغات الأخرى بشكل عام. واستخدمت الدراسة الحالية المنهج الوصفي؛ باعتباره المنهج المناسب لوصف تصميم منهاج معزز بالتكنولوجيا لتدريس المهارات اللغوية للغة العربية كلغة أجنبية، أو إضافية، بنمط التعلم الإلكتروني التام أو المختلط، و تحكيمه من قبل المختصين و الخبراء في مجال تعلم اللغة بمساعدة الحاسوب، وشملت أداوت الدراسة –أيضًا- استبيان لاستطلاع آراء 10 من المختصين في مجال تعلم اللغة بمساعدة الحاسوب مكون من 36 فقرة موزعة على 4 محاور. وتعتقد الدراسة بأن دمج التكنولوجيا في منهج اللغة الثانية أو الأجنبية لا يتم بشكل عشوائي، بل بطريقة منهجية، تأخذ في الاعتبار نواتج التعلم والتقويم التكويني والختامي، وأنشطة التعلم والموارد التعليمية، وكذلك الفروق الفردية بين المتعلمين. كما يجب أن يأخذ الدمج بعين الاعتبار منهجية التدريس واختيار أدوات التكنولوجيا وفعاليتها واستدامتها، وكذلك الأزمات التي قد تضرب العالم، والناجمة عن الكوارث، والأوبئة، والحروب، وغيرها. لذلك يجب إعداد نماذج التعلم بطريقة تضمن استمرارية التعليم بوسائل مختلفة، مثل التعلم المدمج، والتعلم عن بعد، والتعلم المقلوب. وتكتسب الدراسة أهميتها من أهمية التعلم الإلكتروني سواء كان عن بعد أو هجينًا في تعليم وتعلم اللغات الحية وتوفير المحتوى التعليمي والنماذج التعليمية لطلبة اللغة العربية من غير الناطقين بها بأسلوب إلكتروني مبسط يحفز المتعلم لتعلم اللغة ويعزز فرص التعلم الذاتي والتشاركي. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن آراء واتجاهات الخبراء والمتخصصين إيجابية نحو البرنامج المعزز بالتكنولوجيا من حيث المحتوى التعليمي والتدريبات والمصادر والتصميم والإخراج.

Jokes have increasingly become the medium through which people in different Arab countries express their concerns. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter are full of jokes tackling various spheres of life. Those jokes serve as a secure resort for people to raise issues they may not be able to express openly. The present study deals with the complications involved in the translation of Arabic jokes in general, and political jokes in particular into English. It sheds some light on the extent to which the translations of those jokes retain the force of their originals. The corpus of this study consists of 100 jokes that have been collected from different websites. The theoretical framework is eclectic, as it considers theories of translation and linguistics. It is based on Hans Vermeer's skopos theory (Nord, 1997; Reiss and Vermeer, 2014; Vermeer, 1989), and Halliday's theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) (Halliday, 1985/1994). This study concludes that understanding a joke and then reproducing and translating it depends on a combination of linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The joke tellers may embrace various ideologies, and translators are required to be familiar with those ideologies to render the text adequately. The fidelity of translation will never be preserved unless all those aspects are taken into consideration.

The research presents many modern technologies that in turn led to the development of pixel art and helped artists practicing this style of art in designing and implementing their works.The research aims to shed light on the most important graphic programs used in pixel art, while studying the strengths and failures of each program separately. The importance of research lies in finding ways to learn these techniques for the work of those working in pixel arts, by presenting modern computer programs used in graphic arts, and the extent of their impact on pixel art. From some countries of the world, in the twentieth century until nowResearch objectives: - 1- Shedding light on the most important graphics programs used in pixel art 2- Study the strengths and failures of each program separately.The importance of the research: - By presenting the programs (what they are and the steps for action for each), the researcher tries to find ways to learn to work with these technologies for those working in pixel arts.

يعاني المسنين من العديد من المشكلات التي تساهم في الشعور بعدم الأمان الاجتماعي والنفسي، حيث يسيطر عليهم الخوف المصاحب لتقدم العمر، وعدم توافر الأساليب المناسبة للرعاية المتكاملة، وقد هدفت الدراسة الى معرفة أسباب مشكلة تخلي الاسرة عن رعاية كبار السن، وتحديد الآثار الناتجة عن تخلى الاسرة عن رعاية كبار السن، وكذلك توضيح برامج المؤسسات الاجتماعية لتدعيم ثقافة رعاية كبار السن، والتعرف على المعوقات التي تواجه تقديم البرامج الاجتماعية لكبار السن بدار الإيواء، واخيراً التوصل إلى تصور مقترح لزيادة فعالية البرامج الاجتماعية لكبار السن بدار الإيواء، ونمط الدراسة وصفي تحليلي ويعتمد على منهج المسح الاجتماعي الشامل.

Nubian immigration started when the High Dam was built, due to the high-water levels in it. The migration led to the loss of the Nubian character, so the state established modern housing to settle the Nubians, but the internal designs of the housing units of these housing are of a typical repetitive shape without taking into account the identity of the traditional Nubian residence, so the waves of displacement were considered Serious form on the interior design of Nubian houses. Therefore, the research aims to improve the interior design of the Nubian residence created through a methodology consisting of an analytical study on the interior design of the Nubian residence and an applied study on the interior design of a Nubian residence in the village of Karkar as a study sample in which the research deals with an accurate description of the current situation through the collection of information, field visits and personal interviews In the village of Karkar, and evaluation of the interior design of the Nubian house based on the methodology extracted from the analytical study and the identification of the defective elements and then presenting the results and suggestions of recommendations best suited to the development and improvement of the interior design of the Be the Nubian. ملخص البحث بدأت هجرة النوبيين عند بناء السد العالى وذلک بسبب ارتفاع المياه به، فأدت الهجرة الى فقدان الطابع النوبي ، لذلک أقامت الدولة مساکن حديثة لتوطين النوبيين ، ولکن التصميمات الداخلية للوحدات السکنية لتلک المساکن ذو شکل نمطي مکرر دون مراعاة هوية المسکن النوبي التقليدي، فکانت تعد موجات التهجير شکل خطير على التصميم الداخلى للمساکن النوبية . لذلک يهدف البحث الى تحسين التصميم الداخلي للمسکن النوبي المستحدث من خلال منهجية تتکون من دراسة تحليلية عن التصميم الداخلى للمسکن النوبي ودراسة تطبيقية على التصميم الداخلي لإحدى المساکن النوبية بقرية کرکر کعينة للدراسة والذي يتناول البحث فيه وصفاً دقيقاً للوضع الراهن من خلال جمع المعلومات والزيارات الميدانية والمقابلات الشخصية في قرية کرکر ، وتقييم التصميم الداخلى للمسکن النوبي بناء على المنهجية المستخلصة من الدراسة التحليلية وتحديد العناصر التى بها خلل ومن ثم طرح النتائج واقتراحات التوصيات الانسب للتطوير والتحسين في التصميم الداخلي للمسکن النوبي

An essential part of society are children including children with disabilities, advocating their rights is essential; therefore, providing a comfortable environment that meets the needs of children with disability and encourage them to engage easily in the society is crucial. Subsequently, applying these fundamentals while designing nurseries in Egypt to voice children with disabilities as these facilities are not up to standards and restricts their contribution to society. The research aims to achieve suitable nurseries for all children through architectural solutions. Internal and exterior spaces satisfying the needs of children with disabilities in learning and enjoying while being independent in the use of spaces easily and safely. The theoretical part of the research highlights the concept of disabled children, the criteria for designing comfortable spaces for them and studies the interior and exterior treatments for disabled children in nurseries. As well as, the analytical part studies the Center for Childhood Care and Development, Mansoura University as a sample for the study. The study recommends applying the architectural standards and treatments in nurseries in Egypt to be qualified for disabled children, applying those points on the existing design, as well as, develop the current regulations to ensure their proper application.

The usages of medicinal plants as therapeutic agents have been practiced in a large scale of applications that make studies of their mutagenicity and/or anti-mutagenic /anti-carcinogenic effects very essential. The current investigation is focused on the anti-mutagenic effects of the Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb) crude extract using chromosomal aberrations analysis in mice bone marrow. In fact, a single plant may have diversity of phytochemicals ranging from bitter compounds that stimulate digestive system, phenolic compounds for antioxidants and many other pharmacological properties, antibacterial, and antifungal, tannins that work as natural antibiotics, diuretic substances and alkaloids, etc. Tamarix is represented in Egypt with two indigenous species which are Tamarix aphylla (L.) (H.Karst) and T. nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge (T. nilotica (Ehrenb.). In addition, it was used in Egyptian traditional medicine as an antiseptic agent. Extracts of Tamarix species have been widely used in traditional medicine in Asia and Africa mainly for their antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic properties. The current investigation is focused on the anti-mutagenic effects of the Tamarix nilotica crude extract using chromosomal aberrations analysis in mice bone marrow. Mitomycin C (MMC) was administered to mice as a positive control alone before and after treatment with 5 or 0.5 mg/ kg b.wt Tamarix crude extract as acute (24 and 48 h) and sub-acute (15 consecutive days) doses respectively. Results indicated that the Mitomycin C (MMC) exposure induced statistically significant increase in chromosomal aberrations compared to the control, however T. nilotica revealed slight insignificant effect on aberrant mitosis rate. Chromosomal aberration domain structural and numerical aberrations. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and mitotic index (MI) decreased with increasing the dose and time of T. nilotica treatment, especially pre-treatment (plant + MMC). This effect was found to be dose-dependent. In conclusion, the results showed that T. nilotica could be considered as a good anti-mutagenic agent.

L’objectif visé à travers cette étude était d’apprécier la contribution de la pratique des Activités Génératrices de Revenus (AGR) dans l'amélioration de conditions de vie de femmes et leur résilience face aux crises. L’étude a porté sur 40 groupements localisés à Sakondji ; Kessa et Tara dans la Commune Urbaine de Gaya, région de Dosso au Niger. La méthodologie de l’étude a consisté d’abord en des enquêtes réalisées au moyen d’un questionnaire administré individuellement à quelques membres de groupements préalablement identifiés comme vulnérables répartis sur ces trois sites. des entretiens en focus groupe avec les membres ont été réalisés. Les résultats ont montré que les quatre AGR appuyées par le projet sont déjà connues par ces femmes enquêtées (55%) et que ces AGR contribuent à améliorer leur condition de vie. En effet l’étuvage du riz ; l’extraction d’huile ; l’embouche bovine et ovine rapporte respectivement la somme de 33200 FCFA ; 14200 FCFA ; 48000 FCFA et 42440 FCFA de par campagne aux membres de groupement

The main of this paper is to study the room for maneuver of ECOWAS States in terms of fiscal policy under external debt in the face of persistent budgetary imbalances. It seeks to assess the macroeconomic effects of budget deficits conditioned by external debt over the 2000-2016 period. To do this, we propose a simple threshold effects model with fixed effects relating the budget deficit (conditioned by the external debt ratio) and real GDP growth. The model does not reject the hypothesis of a Keynesian effect of deficits on real GDP growth up to an external debt ratio of 65.42% of GDP. Beyond this rate, there is a strong and positive marginal effect of the anti-Keynesian type as defined by Perotti (1999). At this optimal rate, we realize that over the study period considered, only The Gambia and Ghana which exceeded this rate with an average rate of external debt on GDP of 79.18% of GDP for The Gambia and 80, 52% GDP for Ghana.

Résumé L’objectif de notre travail est d’identifier les combinaisons alimentaires à base de Moringa, leurs fréquences de consommation journalière ainsi quesa contribution dans la sécurité alimentaire. L’enquête à ainsi permis d’identifier cinq combinaisons alimentaires faites de feuilles cuite du Moringa dans cette zone. Il s’agit de feuilles cuites du Moringa avec du piment, du tourteau, de la farine de manioc, du riz et du couscous. Les systèmes Agroforestiers à base du Moringa peuvent être pourvoyeur de revenus pour les populations vulnérables. Ainsi, 81% des exploitants confirment qu’ils achètent leur nourriture à partir des revenus générés par la vente du Moringa. En vue de déterminer la résilience de la vente du Moringa dans la sécurité alimentaire du ménage dans cette zone d’étude, une corrélation de la recette du système Agroforestier à base du Moringa avec les prix de certaines céréales a été faite. Le revenu moyen de ces 24 exploitants est de 803.269 ±361719FCFA par an. Le nombre moyen de sacs de mil (100kg), de maïs (100kg) et de riz (50kg) que peuvent acheter les producteurs du Moringaestde11,4±5,8 sacs et permet de surmonter la période de soudure. Abstract: The aim of this work is to identify moringa-based food combinations, their daily consumption frequencies and their contribution to food security. The survey identified five food combinations made from moringaboiled leaves in this area. These cooked moringaleaves are combined with chilli,peanut flour; cassava flour, rice and couscous. Moringa-based agroforestry systems can be a revenue provider for vulnerable populations. Thus, 81% of operators confirm that they buy their food from the revenues generated from the sale of Moringa. In order to determine the resilience of the sale of Moringa in the food security of the household in this study area, a correlation of the recipe of the Agroforestier system based on Moringa with the prices of some cereals was made. The average income of these 24 operators is 803,269 ± 361719 FCFA yearly. The average number of milletbags (100kg), maize (100kg) and rice (50kg) that can be purchased by moringa producers is from11, 4 ± 5.8 bags and can be used to overcome the welding period. Key words:Moringaoliefera, agroforestry systems, food combinations, resilience, food security.

This article examine the effect of financial development on economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries over a period from 1980 to 2015. The empirical estimation realized using PSTR (Panel Smooth Threshold Regression) show that there is a non-linear relationship between financial development and economic growth. These results confirm the presence of threshold effect.

Le présent article vise à identifier en quoi l’utilisation d’internet par la fonction GRH influence les pratiques de mobilité interne et de recrutement externe dans les entreprises camerounaises. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous avons opté pour une démarche hypothético-déductive. A cet effet, quatre hypothèses ont été formulées. Le questionnaire conçu a été administré auprès d’un échantillon de 53 entreprises des secteurs industrie et services. Les résultats de notre étude ont confirmé l’impact de l’e-RH sur les pratiques de recrutement.

Translation of CSIs in literary texts poses many problems for the translator. This study explores problems faced undergraduate students of English language when translating culture-specific items from English to Arabic. To achieve this aim, the researcher selected 38 undergraduate students randomly, level four, who were registered for the B.A program in the Department of English, Faculty of Arts, Thamar University that exists in the Republic of Yemen. The study took place during the second semester of the academic year 2016/2017. The researcher carried out a translation test that consisted of 20 relatively short sentences which the learners were required to translate from English into Arabic. The findings show that the students encounter different kinds of problems when translating culture-specific items. These problems ar e mostly related to: Unfamiliarity with some of these culture-specific items; Failure to achieve the equivalence in the Arabic language; Ambiguity of some cultural items; Lack of knowledge of translation techniques and translation strategies; The incompetence of students in their mother tongue, i.e. Arabic language. At the end of the study, the researcher offered numerous recommendations that may help in overcome the problems of translating culture-specific items.