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Objective (s): Conceptual models of health not only are appropriate tools not only for understanding a range of factors affecting health, but also for helping to focus attention on the relationship between these factors and the processes of health formation. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in three steps: construct extraction, developing a draft of the conceptual model, and validation of the model. Results: The final model, called the social tree of health, was developed. Conclusions: This model can help to empower stakeholders of different levels for a deep and comprehensive understanding of health, development and implementation of health promotion activities, including situation assessment, policy making, formulation of intervention strategies and programs, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Nursing is a care profession and nurses, due to their professional nature, need moral courage to provide safe and professional care to clients. On the other hand, one of the needs of nursing education is to improve the professional ethic skills of nurses in order to provide nursing care based on professional standards and ultimately to ensure proper clinical care. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between clinical competence and moral courage of nurses working in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences at 2020. Methods: This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 nurses working in the ICUs of hospitals in Tehran who were selected by quota method. The data collection tools of the study included demographic questionnaire, clinical competency questionnaire of ICU nurses and moral the courage questionnaire. Results: The mean scores of total moral courage and clinical competence in ICU nurses were 74.24 ± 12.22 and 155.10 ± 23.37, respectively. There was a strong and significant direct relationship between moral courage and clinical competence of nurses (r=0.81 and p=0.001). Clinical competence in nurses with more work experience, older, working in the morning and day shifts and with formal and contract employment status was significantly higher than the other nurses (p<0.001). Also, moral courage in male nurses, married, with more work experience, older, working in the morning and day shifts and with formal and contract employment status was significantly higher than the other nurses (p<0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, moral courage increases with increasing the clinical competence of nurses. Therefore, it requires the attention of as many officials as possible in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tetracaine drop is commonly used in ophthalmic surgeries. Ketorolac drop is an anti-inflammatory drug that has been used in some surgical procedures. The present study compared the effect of Ketorolac and Tetracaine eye drops on the need for sedative and analgesic medications during and after cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 86 patients undergoing cataract surgery were distributed into two equal groups as receiving Tetracaine 0.5% or Ketorolac 0.5% eye drops, one drop every 10 min from 30 min before surgery. Postoperative pain, rescue doses of the sedative drugs, hemodynamic variables, nausea and vomiting, hypoxia, and respiratory depression were evaluated in both groups. Results: Significant differences were not found between the two groups based on hemodynamic variables during surgery and recovery period, postoperative pain up to 24 hours, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and complication such as hypoxia and respiratory distress (P>0.05). Notably, no significant differences were found between the two groups based on midazolam and propofol rescue doses (P>0.05). Conclusion: There were no significant differences between Tetracaine and Ketorolac eye drops regarding the sedation and analgesia requirements and hemodynamic parameters during and after the cataract operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Constraint-induce movement therapy is one of the treatment methods to treat those who have stroke disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of constraint-induced movement therapy(CIMT) on quality of life, function and range of motion of upper extremity of patients with stroke. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 15 patients in accordance to random clinical trial during the treatment operation, the patients were asked to restrict their upper extremity movement with orthopedics sling for 3 days per week and each day for 8 hours. They were asked to practice on affected upper extremity for 2 hours while their hands were restricted. Additionally, the present study was conducted for 6 weeks. Results: The statistical analysis illustrated that quality of life was significantly changed which measured by SF36 test (p=0.008). Furthermore, the upper extremity function which was assessed by Box & Black test was statistically analyzed by t-coupled; in this regard, it showed a significant change when the treatment ended up (p=0.009). However, active range of motions in wrist extension and elbow extension did not significantly changed (p=0.227). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be implied that Constraint-induce movement therapy is an effective method for improvement of life quality and the upper extremity function .Three mechanisms are discussed: involvement of non used affected limbs, neural plasticity in CNS, and amelioration of mental and physical health of patients can be resulted in life quality and patients' hand improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]