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This memorandum is a redacted version of a confidential research paper on export restriction negotiations in relation to food security under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The complete version of this paper has two components: the first provides a sketch of the existing legal framework and negotiation proposals on export restriction; the second provides negotiation proposals. Due to confidentiality considerations, only the first component of analysis is publicly available and presented here. This memorandum is organized into three parts. The first part elaborates on the most relevant WTO treaties, namely the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) and the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). It discusses how ambiguity in the terms in these treaties poses challenges to effective regulation of export restriction. The second part presents proposals from several WTO Members that seek to clarify the ambiguities or fill the void in the existing regulatory schemes. The third part discusses regional trade treaties, including Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), and Trans- Pacific Partnership (TTP), along with other less prominent WTO agreements.

Comparative dental analysis is a quick and relatively simple human identification method. In many disaster incidents, dental characteristics have played an important role in establishing the identity of victims when they were visually unidentifiable. A PubMed search was conducted for publications that specifically discussed the role of dental characteristics in Disaster Victim Identification (DVI). Between 1974 and 2012, 14 papers described 17 disasters in which dental characteristics were used to identify the victims. The percentage of victims identified using only dental characteristics ranged from 0% to 89%. This wide range largely depends on the availability and quality of ante mortem dental records provided by dentists. The DVI in Thailand following the Indian Ocean tsunami in December 2004 was unique in involving deceased tourists from more than 30 countries, mostly from Europe. The dental method of identification showed superiority over other identification methods in terms of speed and accuracy of establishing the victims’ identity. This paper discusses the role of forensic odontology in establishing the identity of disaster victims, with specific emphasis on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami as an example of good practice, during which the author had first-hand experience.

The Change in The Activity of The American Intelligence Services in The Security Context of the Last 24 Years Abstract The security events dynamics poses an overwhelming challenge for the decision makers’political agenda, priorities. The wide range of risks and rhythm of significant security events determine a difficult enterprise for security theories. A scientific analysis of the security evolutions entails a profound historical introspection and an appropriate understanding of the security events with significant impact over the global evolutions. Probably in the next period of time, hundreds of papers will be written regarding the period since 9/11. The aim of this paper is to provide a perspective over the security context, and the intelligence services activity of the last 15 years, period of time dramatically divided by the unprecedented shock and suffering in the history of the from 9/11. The reorganization of the Western Intelligence Community was ordered as a result of the September 11th attacks and with future counterterrorism efforts in mind. Specifically, the 9/11 terrorists exploited the wall between the U.S.’s foreign and domestic intelligence collection efforts, and yet the IRTPA and EO 12333 avoid the issue of how to best integrate foreign and domestic intelligence while minimizing the threat to civil liberties. This manner in which the Western Countries separates its foreign and domestic intelligence collection is particularly exploitable by terrorists and non-state actorsthose currently posing one of the most serious threats to international security. To ensure both the best intelligence integration possible as well as the defense of civil liberties, clear and sensible rules should be formed which dictate how intelligence from these two spheres is collected and in what way and at what level it is integrated and disseminated.

Concepts and principles of Islamic finance, which respect the beliefs and practices of the Muslim faith, are becoming more prevalent in the United Kingdom (UK). The concept of Takaful (Islamic insurance), while still in its infancy in the UK, is proving a viable alternative to traditional insurance models. This paper argues that increased efforts should be made by UK financial services regulators to develop suitable corporate governance standards and enhance Takaful awareness. Such efforts will ultimately increase domestic insurance penetration by providing Muslims with a compliant system of insurance, and, further, allow the UK to emerge as a viable and global Takaful market. The comparative study between English common law and Islamic law in this paper illustrates, inter alia, the differences between risk (measurable uncertainty) and uncertainty (pure risk, namely an immeasurable form of hazard), with the goal of finding a uniform standard for the incorporation of the concept of risk management into English insurance contracts. Fundamentally, the difference between risk and uncertainty is derived from the understanding of Professor Frank Knight. Ultimately, the differences in the ideologies of risk-taking in Western countries and risk-sharing in Islamic countries, specifically in relation to the insurance industry, do not constitute a challenge, but instead, the basis for possible common ground upon which to build a mutual system of cooperation between different legal traditions.

This paper deals with the review of the equipment used by security officers during demonstrations by explaining their concept and the two types of equipment namely lethal and non-lethal, and detailing their types which have been used currently. This paper also evaluates the legitimacy of their usages in accordance with the provisions of Islamic law and related Islamic Law views. This study has concluded that it is illegal to use these type of equipment except in specific cases and under certain conditions to avoid certain imminent danger.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v16i1.2904

This paper analyses the regulatory regime potentially applicable to the prepaid m-payments for m-content before and after the introduction of the Electronic Money Directive (2009) and the Payment Services Directive (2009). The paper concludes that the regulatory regime pre-2009 was neither technologically neutral nor did it provide legal certainty. In fact, the pre-2009 regulatory regime caused arbitrary distinctions to be drawn between marginally different m-commerce transactions, given the application of E-Money Directive to prepaid m-payments, but not postpaid m-payments. This, of course, caused significant confusion as the rather small preference for one, rather than another payment method would trigger a substantially different regulatory regime. However, the introduction of the 2009 Directives and the inapplicability of m-content transactions in both of the Directives (the deregulation), has removed this confusion. Furthermore, it concludes that currently, all m-commerce transactions for m-content are simply regulated by the respective contractual agreements, relevant commercial law, and by the PhonepayPlus Code of Practice (the regulator of all premium rate services), which provides a more pleasant outcome. Therefore, the deregulation in this case has had a positive impact. تحلل هذه الورقة الضوابط التنظيمية التي يمكن تطبيقها على طرق الدفع المسبق التي تتم عبر الهاتف للحصول على محتوى وخدمات أجهزة المحمول، وذلك قبل إصدار اللوائح التوجيهية للنقود الإلكترونية (2009) وخدمات الدفع (2009) وبعدها. ويخلص البحث إلى أن الضوابط التنظيمية والقانونية المطبقة قبل عام 2009 لم تكن حيادية على المستوى التقني كما أنها لم تحقق اليقين القانوني، بل على العكس تسببت في إحداث تمييز تعسفي بين بعض أنواع المعاملات التجارية عبر الهاتف التي لا يوجد بينها فرق يذكر، وذلك في حالة تطبيق قانون النقود الإلكترونية على طرق الدفع المسبق عبر الهاتف وليس على طرق الدفع المؤجل. وقد أدى ذلك بطبيعة الحال إلى حدوث خلط كبير، حيث إن تفضيل إحدى طرق الدفع عن غيرها سيتطلب الالتزام بنظام قانوني مختلف كلياً. إلا أن استحداث قراري 2009 وعدم تطبيق معاملات محتوى أجهزة المحمول في كلا القرارين (تخفيف الضوابط والقيود)، أزال هذا اللبس. ويختتم البحث بتوضيح أن جميع المعاملات التجارية التي تتم عبر الهاتف للحصول على محتوى الأجهزة المحمولة تخضع في الوقت الراهن للاتفاقات التعاقدية المعنية، والقانون التجاري ذي الصلة، وقواعد الممارسة (القانون المنظم لجميع خدمات أرقام التعرفة الممتازة )، وهو ما يجعل الأمر أكثر سهولة وراحة. ومن هنا، فقد كان للتخفيف من القوانين واللوائح في هذه الحالة أثراً إيجابياً

The sun is the main source of energy that reaches the surface of the earth in the form of electromagnetic radiation called solar radiation and when it reaches the outer surface of the glass hood of the solar distillation, the process of energy transferring as the heat begins. the energy transfer process between parts of solar distillates greatly controls its performance, so the greater amount of energy gained and the less energy lost, leads to higher productivity and efficiency of the solar distillery. in this paper, a mathematical model was constructed to calculate the amount of thermal energy in each part of a monoclinic solar distiller equipped with an additional capacitor during its operation. as a result of this model showed that the temperature, after a series of heat energy exchanges between the glass cover and all the internal parts of the distillate, with the absorbent part at the base of the distillate, exhibited the same behavior, which is increasing in its temperature steadily during the first hours of the day from (32.5-41.7 ) at (08:30 am) in the morning down to its top value (61.4-76.7 ) at (02:30 pm) and decline after this hour in the same bullish pattern. this is due to the greater difference between the amount of energy lost and acquired by the absorbent portion during the same daylight hours, as the amount of energy gained increases and the amount of lost energy decreases, leading to the highest energy gain and the least energy lost by the absorbent part at (02:30 pm), except the outer part of the additional condenser, which followed a similar behavior of air temperature, with its temperature gradually increasing slightly during the first hours of the day from (27 ) at (08:30 am) until it reached its peak (36.2 ) at (01:30 pm), then it decreases after this time slightly. this slight rise and slight decrease are due to the constant state of thermal balance between the two ends of the additional condenser by the heat exchange process between the outer part of the additional condenser and the cooling water.

This paper seeks to argue that mediation has been hitherto conceived in the construction industry, and indeed by practitioners in other related disciplines such as property management, as largely a “problem-solving” mechanism. Whilst this is clearly an aim of mediation there is also the appended danger that the value of mediation is conceived in these terms alone. If this is the case, then its value, or success, is conceived very narrowly. The aim of this paper is, then, to argue that there are wider values to mediation in a construction setting. These values can be considered as a “family” of related attitudes, skills and perceptions that can positively affect the persons involved. By affecting growth in individuals an organisational change may follow. This, in turn, can result in a significant cultural change in the industry, and associated professions as a whole, as well as having a positive impact on construction education. The paper begins by an overview of the development of mediation and proceeds to consider its current use of mediation in construction. It then considers the question of how mediation success is conceived. The paper argues that both the current practice of construction mediation and the way in which its success is measured are too narrow. It argues that a wider approach to construction mediation is required. Finally, drawing from the literature on “idealist” mediation an account of mediation as a developmental process is developed. يسعى هذا البحث إلى تبني التصور الحالي لمفهوم الوساطة باعتبارها آلية "لحل المشكلات" في مجال البناء والتشييد ومن قبل الممارسين في المجالات الأخرى ذات الصلة، مثل إدارة العقارات. وفي حين أن هذا هو أحد الأهداف الأساسية للوساطة، إلا أن الخطر المصاحب له يتمثل في حصر قيمة الوساطة في هذا الإطار فحسب. إذا كان هذا هو الحال، فهذا يعني قصر قيمة الوساطة أو مدى نجاحها في أضيق الحدود. ومن هنا فإن هدف هذا البحث هو طرح المفهوم الأوسع والقيمة الأكبر للوساطة في مجال البناء. يمكن اعتبار هذه القيم بمثابة "مجموعة"من التوجهات والمهارات والمفاهيم المرتبطة ببعضها، والتي من شأنها التأثير إيجابياً على الأشخاص المشاركين. وبالتالي فإن التنمية على مستوى الأفراد سيعقبها بالضرورة تغيراً على مستوى المؤسسات. وهذا بدوره يؤدي إلى تغيير ثقافي واسع في الصناعة والمهن المرتبطة بها إجمالاً، فضلاً عن وضع بصمة إيجابية على التعليم في مجال البناء والتشييد. تتناول المقالة في افتتاحيتها لمحة عامة حول تطور الوساطة ثم تعقبها بدراسة على استخداماتها الحالية في مجال البناء. وعندئذ تطرح تساؤلاً حول كيفية تصور نجاح الوساطة. ويشير البحث إلى أن التطبيق الحالي للوساطة العقارية وطريقة قياس مدى نجاحها تتم على نطاق ضيق للغاية. كما يؤكد على ضرورة التأسيس لنهج أوسع لمفهوم الوساطة العقارية. وأخيراً، تستشهد المقالة بأمثلة ونماذج من المؤلفات والكتابات حول الوساطة "المثالية" لتطوير قيمة الوساطة كعملية تنموية

This paper shows the applied voltage effect on the superconductor substrate sample. The substrate temperature (Ts) increases the activation energy of the substrate atoms. Thus, the injecting of minority carriers (holes) increased in ZnO semiconductor. These carriers recombine with electrons of 4S1 shell for Cu atom. The recombination occurs by two ways from band to band (direct recombination) or via traps (indirect recombination). The recombination mechanisms produce photons emission in the ultraviolet and visible spectrum. The calibration between voltage and temperature achieved using Variac device. The applied voltages were 60, 65, 70, and 80 Volt, and the recorded substrate temperatures were 300, 320, 350, and 400 °C, respectively.

Tixl (TXL) is a crypto money project that uses Initial Coin Offering (ICO) to fund its development phase. Various problems underlying the existence of Tixl (TXL) and the proposed solutions are closely related to the condition of society in the information technology era. This study aims to determine the various factors underlying the use of ICO as a way to raise funds, examine Tixl (TXL) as a crypto money project and its position in public life which is reviewed in the perspective of the maṣlaḥa mursala, and token sales transactions in ICO organized by Tixl gmmbH in the perspective of Islamic treaty law. This research is a library research using a conceptual approach and qualitative analysis techniques. This paper shows that there are three factors underlying the use of ICOs as a way to raise funds, namely a change in orientation in the business model, tokenization, and characteristics of business activities. As a crypto money project, Tixl (TXL) cannot provide benefits that are comprehensive or kully, even the harm caused is greater than the benefits. Transaction of token sales in ICO held by Tixl (TXL) is a transaction that is damaged because it is contrary to maqāṣid al-sharī'ah.

Medical errors that result in the harm or death of patients are still a major problem in health sectors all over the world. Identifying the cause of a medical error can be a difficult task because a large number of medical procedures involve the intervention of a number of medical experts. Consequently, it can also be difficult to identify the individual responsible for a medical error. In addition to this, further complications arise when there are a number of medical errors made by numerous individuals that result in the harm or death of a patient. Taking this into account, laws, regulations, and judicial procedures must be effective enough to overcome the complexity of these cases and ensure that those responsible for medical errors are correctly identified and appropriately judged. This paper presents two topics: The first is a discussion of general laws related to cases involving multiple medical errors, and the second is an examination of the applications of these laws in cases involving multiple medical errors from Saudi and Egyptian law. This study found that when multiple medical errors made by a number of individuals contribute to the harm or death of a patient, then it is a legal obligation to hold each of those individuals responsible for the resulting harm or death caused.

This paper discusses the law of the provisional attachment imposed on vessels by legislators, who laid down special provisions to be imposed on the vessels in the Jordanian Marine Law, whilst leaving the matter to the general rules of the Civil Procedures Law. By this, they ruled in opposition to several legislations which took into account the special nature of the vessels, and legislated special provisions for provisionally attached vessels. This study points to the nature of the vessels which may be subject to provisional attachment, in addition to shedding light on the conditions that should be satisfied in order to provisionally attach them as well as the special measures set for the attachment, starting from identifying the competent parties to impose the attachment up to its implementation and the cases in which such attachment should be lifted. The study has concluded that the general provisions set for the provisional attachment cannot be adequately applied to the vessels due their special nature. Finally, the study recommends that the Jordanian legislator takes steps to legislate special regulations related to the provisional attachment to be imposed on the vessels, similar to other legislations which ruled accordingly.

The management of agricultural zakat in Malaysia is under the jurisdiction of States Religious Council. The objective of this paper is to analyze the nisab, rate and to assess the deduction of cost before zakat is imposed. A qualitative methodology was used to analyze the data through descriptive and comparative methods. The researchers used five states as samples, namely Selangor, Penang, Perlis, Terengganu, and Sarawak. The findings showed the inconsistency in deciding the nisab for the bushel (sa`) metric weight. In addition, the variability of rates was applied in all states and the deduction of cost is allowed only in the state of Perlis. It can be summarized that the occurrence of the diversity is due to inconsistency of bushel (sa’) weight in every state and there are various rates of agriculturazakat, specifically 5%, 7.5% GJAT | JUNE 2014 | VOL 4 ISSUE 1 | 18 ISSN : 2232-0474 | E-ISSN : 2232-0482 www.gjat.my This journal is a member of and subscribes to the principles of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and 10% which is set by State Islamic Religious Authority. It can be implied that fatwa issued by the State Mufti Department and Baitulmal are required to be reassessed from time to time. It is recommended that digital modern metric measurement is to be used and all costs should be deducted before they imposed agricultural zakat.

The lack of participation and engagement by Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in the WTO in general and in their use of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) in particular has been a continuing problem facing the WTO, tainting not only the organization as a whole but also tarnishing the crown jewels of the WTO namely the DSU. This article considers from a commercial viewpoint the many issues and barriers preventing LDCs usage of the DSU including capacity issues, costs, private sector involvement and others. Consideration is also given to specific provisional measures which are widely available and recognised within national legal regimen, have been adopted internationally by a plethora of divergent judicial, quasi-judicial and arbitral fora, and are recommended by the WTO and which are, significantly, missing from the DSU itself. The paper concludes that the addition of provisional measures to the DSU toolkit will enhance the effectiveness of the DSU by removing key structural obstacles, which hitherto have prevented LDCs from exercising their right to prosecute trade disputes with other WTO members.

The standard method of mobile forensic analysis is to attach the mobile device to forensic tools and to perform logical, file system, or physical extraction. A hindrance in analysis arises if the mobile is not properly supported or data in the handset is secured using data security android applications. The techniques discussed in this paper help in the analysis and extraction of data files secured using data hiding password protected android based applications. A few well known data protection android applications are analyzed. The analysis was performed on both partially supported and fully supported sets.

What was found in this paper strengthen Syaltut Mahmud statement and some other scholars that the orders circumcision, for both men and women, not relying directly on religious scripture text, because no one else valid hadith regarding circumcision command. The arguments presented cleric who require circumcision is very weak. According to Mahmud Syaltut, the command of circumcision in Islam actually be accommodated only through the rule of jurisprudence that injure members of the living body (in this case circumcision) is allowed if it there is the benefit derived from it.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i1.2851

In this paper we demonstrate the effect of laser pulse power on the main properties of the photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) that represented by refractive index, numerical aperture, effective area and dispersion. All these properties have been studied at the communication windows (0.8 µm, 1.31 µm, 1.55 µm). The results of this work show that, when the laser pulse power is increased, the refractive index and effective area increase while the numerical aperture decreases over the wavelength range of (0.5 µm-2 µm). Besides, the results reveal that there are an increase of the dispersion value at the communication windows (0.8 µm, 1.31 µm) and a decrease of the some value at the window (1.55 µm).

The postponement of penal sentences due to illness is defined in article 16 of Law No. (5275) on the execution of penalties and security measures in Turkey. According to this article, the execution of a penal sentence is carried out if the disease or illness of a convicted criminal is mild and is treatable at a prison clinic or at a public hospital having separate out-patient or in-patient clinics for prisoners. On the other hand, if the convict is suffering from a serious or life-threatening disease and the execution may risk the convict's life, then execution of the sentence is delayed until the convict has suitably recovered. In Turkey, the decision to grant a stay in the execution of a penal sentence is given by the Chief Public Prosecutor's Office on the basis of medical reports prepared by the specialized health committees of public hospitals and approved by the Council of Forensic Medicine or directly prepared by the Council of Forensic Medicine. According to the law of the Council of Forensic Medicine, these reports are sent to the 3rd Specialization Board of the Council of Forensic Medicine by the Prosecutor's Office and then a medical examination of the applicants is arranged. In the present paper, four cases are presented in order to show the working approach of the Council of Forensic Medicine. The first two cases exemplify medical conditions which entitle an ill convict to a stay in the execution of their prison sentence. The last two cases exemplify medical conditions that do not qualify a convict to be considered for a stay in the execution of their sentence.

The aim of this paper is to provide a representation of a standard lipschitzian functions by mean of a microscope. More precisely, under certain conditions, the following results have been obtained. Let be a standard function, and be the shadow of its graph : (i) If is s-continuous and limited, then is the graph of a continuous function on . (ii) If is continuous and if is the graph of a function defined on , then is a continuous function. The standard function is lipschitzian at a neighbourhood of a standard point if and only if is limited under every microscope of power centered at a point or at a point infinitely close to it. If the standard function is lipschitzian at a neighbourhood of a standard point ,then it's representation under a microscopic of power centered at the point or at a point infinitely close to it, is a graph of a lipschitzian function.

Human capital has been the most crucial current topic of this modern life. Competition in business and industry requires human resource that spells excellence, knowledgeable, discipline and visionary. With the rise of conscious market-driven community, many have concluded that to achieve the highest stake in business is to simultaneously reconstruct the moral consciousness. Henceforth, learning from past leaders, their legacy has been left with much to be desired by shortcomings, conflicts of interest and at times, destructions. In promoting the virtuous awareness, education has to take the lead through human capital development. In the attempt to apply the landmark practices of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), and his management principles, this discursive overview intends to provide the application of the prophetic tradition in the management field as the foundation for application in aspects of discipline which include business, law, education, just to state a few. Therefore, this paper intends to study the Islamic management elements of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) by providing insights to the following questions. The first question is, how does human capital development raise moral consciousness in terms of business practices set forth by prophetic tradition? Can current situations apply such emulations of managing human capital and hence, enhance the quality of our life within the family, in the community and for the nation? With the increasingly diverse expectations, management practices and skills of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) contribute to provide the pathway of managing the human capital development presented as answers to the above questions.

Virtual LANs (VLANs) are introduced as some alternative switches to solve for the traffic problems of those LAN networks with Hubs. The idea is to create some collections in the whole LAN network, such collections are the so called VLANs. Appropriate switches (one switch or more of up to 24 ports) are designed to interconnect those VLANs. The design of such VLAN switches looks like the design of Look-Up tables to facilitate routing (similar to those used in CISCO networks). In this paper, an analytical model for such VLANs is proposed and then compared with single VLAN switch from the point of view of validity and speed characteristics.

Suicide using a firearm is the most commonly used method of committing suicide for men and women. In this paper, we present and discuss a suicide case in which an 86-year-old man shot himself using a .320 caliber pocket revolver. Proper crime scene investigation, recovery of the weapon used, and precise interpretation of autopsy findings play a fundamental role in determining the exact cause and manner of death. Accurate analysis of the injuries and a thorough knowledge of weapons and ballistics are essential for an adequate investigation in these unusual cases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a cranial gunshot inflicted by a .320 caliber pocket revolver.

Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) represents the main active substance in the color of hair dyes. In Tunisia, PPD poisoning is very common, especially in rural areas where the consequences linked to this toxic substance are still unknown. In this paper, we report a case of PPD poisoning and confirm the diagnosis by a qualitative method of analysis. We discuss the clinical manifestations and study the kinetics of biological parameters during the monitoring of the poisoning. The main complication was renal failure and the treatment was basically symptomatic.

Success of Mujtahid in al-Istinbât. One cause of the emergence of the difference of opinion and legal fatwa toward events is the difference in the level of understanding of expert ulama in fiqh in comprehending phenomena altogether. Ijtihad is able to function at maximum if the conditions are fulfilled satisfactorily. The necessity for a systematic method and certain requirements in undertaking ijtihad does not mean limiting that ijtihad rather that legal product is not created from a instant process. The thinking of mujtahid whose systematic method is still a source of reference and inspiration to this day. Although there is a difference of opinion among them, all are easily analysed until the points are concluded. This paper also includes some verification methods of mujtahids and legal confusion which was has been instantly established.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v14i1.1252

Habermas’ idea of the public sphere as a space where members of society can develop discussions and debates on public issues has inspired some scholars to interpret the modern development of Muslim societies. The spread of communication technology that includes print and electronic media, has paved the way for the emergence of the public sphere in those societies. Several studies of Indonesian Islam by western scholars also pay attention to the public sphere. Having discussed those studies, this paper argues that, although Habermas’ very notion of the public sphere has been criticised and modified by the scholars, it can be used effectively and developed for further research on Indonesian Islam.