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Salinity is a significant environmental factor that prevents plant germination and growth, thus affecting agricultural productivity globally. Plant growth regulators, such as 6-benzylaminopurine, gibberellin, and melatonin, have been studied for their ability to mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat, a salt-tolerant staple crop cultivated worldwide. A field experiment was conducted before planting, involving three wheat varieties (Al-Ezz, Dijlah, and Al-Rasheed) subjected to different seed treatment combinations (salt tempering as control, salt tempering + benzyl stimulation, salt tempering + gibberellin stimulation, and salt tempering + melatonin stimulation), all irrigated with saline well water (6 ds m-2) except for the control group irrigated with river water. The findings highlighted the superior performance of the Al-Rasheed variety, exhibiting the highest levels of chlorophyll, relative water content, peroxidase enzyme, and catalase activity (1.993 mg g-1, 83.51%, 40.09 units ml-1, 34.54 units ml-1, respectively). The combination of salt-adaptation treatment and benzyl stimulation resulted in the highest chlorophyll content (2.117 mg g-1), while salt-adaptation treatment and melatonin stimulation showed the highest peroxidase and catalase activity (47.46 units ml-1, 42.71 units ml-1), along with increased grain yield (58.34 g) and harvest index (48.43%). Melatonin and benzylaminopurine have demonstrated potential in alleviating salt stress in plants by influencing various physiological traits.

A field experiment on loamy soil was conducted in the Haditha district, Anbar province, Iraq, during the winter season of 2021-2022. The study aimed to determine the effect of different zinc levels and methods on wheat growth, yield, and tolerance to salinity. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and three replications. The seeds were soaked before planting with three zinc levels: 0 (control treatment, soaked in water only), 75 mg Zn Kg-1 (seeds soaked in zinc at a concentration of 75 mg Zn Kg-1), and 150 mg Zn Kg-1 (seeds soaked in zinc at a concentration of 150 mg Zn Kg-1) for eight hours. This was followed by two spray applications of the same concentrations, the first at the tillering stage and the second at the booting stage. Statistical analysis showed that adding zinc to soak the seeds and spraying it on the plants increased plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight. Additionally, it was observed that seed soaking and plant spraying with zinc increased the plant's tolerance to salinity by reducing the chloride and sodium concentration in the wheat straw and roots and increasing the potassium concentration and the potassium/sodium ratio in the wheat straw and roots. The best results were obtained using the 150 mg Zn Kg-1 level (seed soaking and plant spraying) for most of the studied characteristics.

A laboratory experiment was carried out under the Seed Technology Laboratory conditions, Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture, Anbar University, Iraq, during the 2021 season to study the effect of coating with yeast extract at different concentrations (0, 15, 20, and 25 g L-1) on germination, seedling characteristics, and enzymatic activity under heat stress (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C) of wheat seeds of the Ibaa-99 cultivar. The experiment was conducted using a factorial design in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four repetitions. The obtained results showed a significant response of wheat seeds to the yeast extract treatments, with the 25 g L-1 yeast extract coating treatment showing superiority in germination speed (59.75%), final germination percentage (69.25%), radicle and plumule lengths (9.453 cm, 8.429 cm), seedling vigor index (1662.5), and enzyme activity (10.394 for catalase and 53.46 for peroxidase). Regarding cultivation under heat stress conditions, the temperature of 20 °C was significantly better for germination speed (67.25%), final germination percentage (87.62%), radicle and plumule lengths (10.703 cm and 9.551 cm), seedling vigor index (1812.3), and enzyme activity (catalase and peroxidase: 13.474 and 56.2). The interaction between coating seeds with 25 g yeast extract L-1 and growing at 20 °C achieved the highest values for germination speed, final germination percentage, radicle and plumule lengths, and seedling vigor index, while the same coating treatment at 10 °C recorded the highest activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes.

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season of 2021-2022 in the Nuaimiya area of Fallujah City, Anbar Governorate, to study the effect of three potassium levels on the growth and yield of the wheat crop. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the arrangement of the split-plot with three replicates. The main plots included three varieties of wheat (Ibaa 99, Al-Rasheed, and Abu Ghraib-3), while the sub-plots included three levels of potassium: 0, 100, and 200 kg K ha-1. The results showed the superiority of the Al-Rasheed variety in each of the following: flag leaf area (46.13 cm²), spike length (14.8 cm), number of spikes per square meter (416.1 spikes m-2), number of grains per spike (52.33 grains spike-1), and total grain yield (4.963 tons ha-1). In contrast, the Ibaa 99 variety gave the highest average plant height of 121.11 cm. The Abu Ghraib-3 variety recorded the highest average weight of 1000 grains at 47.8 g. Potassium fertilizer levels significantly affected most growth and yield traits. The 200 kg K ha-1 level gave the highest means for plant height (119.63 cm), flag leaf area (41.51 cm²), spike length (13.65 cm), number of spikes per square meter (417.0 spikes m-2), number of grains per spike (55.22 grains spike-1), and total grain yield (5.004 tons ha-1). There was a significant interaction between the Ibaa 99 variety and the 200 kg K ha-1 level of potassium fertilizer in plant height, and between the Al-Rasheed variety and the same level in flag leaf area, spike length, number of spikes per square meter, and number of grains per spike.

A factorial experiment was carried out by foliar application of zinc in two forms zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) prepared from aqueous zinc acetate using a wet chemistry method, which were characterized using an atomic force microscope (AFM) as having dimensions of 40-80 nanometres. The foliar of two zinc forms were applied in three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 ppm) in addition to distilled water with the aim of studying their effect on the growth and productivity of durum wheat plants ( Triticum durum, L var. Sham 7) grown under the conditions of Deir Ez-Zor Governorate-Syria. The results showed that adding zinc had a significant effect on all tested morphological indicators (plant heights - chlorophyll - number of branches/plant - number of spikes /plant) and productivity (1000 kernel weight, grain and straw productivity), as well as the grain content of some elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc). The treatments for adding zinc oxide nanoparticles were significantly superior to those of zinc sulphate in all tested indicators. as the lowest values for the tested indicators were recorded in the regular zinc sulphate treatment at a concentration of 25 ppm compared to the rest of the treatments except for the control treatment, while the Nano zinc oxide treatments at a concentration of 50 and 100 ppm showed superiority significantly in all studied indicators especially in increasing wheat productivity by 24- 26%, compared to the control treatment.

Laboratory experiment was conducted in the College of Agricultural Engineering at Al-Furat University in Deir Ez-Zor. The seeds of durum wheat (Triticum durum L., var. Sham 7) were soaked before planting in Petri dishes with two solutions: silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and regular silver nitrate (AgNO3) at four concentrations (10-20-40-80 ppm) in addition to soaking in distilled water (control treatment) for a duration soaking of 1,2 and 3 hours. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by green methods from extract of dried Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves and the resulting silver nanoparticles exhibit a spherical shape with dimensions of 12 nanometers as described by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface plasmon resonance peak at a wavelength of 450 nm is based on UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results of seed soaking experiment indicated that the seed soaking of durum wheat before planting in silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) or regular silver nitrate (AgNO3) for two hours had a significant effect on the studied germination indicators (germination rate, germination percentage, shoot length, root length, dry weight of shoots and roots). The values were higher when seeds were soaked in a 20 and 40 ppm of silver nanoparticles. The study recommends to soaking wheat seeds in a solution of silver nanoparticles at a concentration of 20-40 ppm for two hours before planting, also recommends to conducting several seed priming experiments with different nanomaterials for other varieties and crops.

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: I dealt this study for measuring self-sufficiency and food gap (deficit) for wheat crop in (2019-2020), The problem of the study is a question is Iraq produces wheat that help in achieving self-sufficiency and that there is no food gap (deficit) and the other question is that what is the effect of natural and human ingredients on that sufficiency. Methodology: the methodology of the study includes the descriptive method, statistical analysis and the productive method. The study reached out to an assumption that Iraq has produced wheat that fill the local need in(2019-2020) it reached to the self-sufficiency stage. The natural and human ingredients have a great effect to achieve it. Results: the study has the main role for achieving Iraq the self-sufficiency, and there is a difference among Iraq provinces concerning self-sufficiency rate and food gap(deficit) the study showed a future vision for achieving self-sufficiency of wheat. Conclusion: the study recommends of the optimum investment for the available natural and human ingredients and following the techniques for developing production. It also recommends to build up a strategic storage of wheat in case of any emergency and treat agriculture problems.

The importance of the research was to study the current situation of the food gap of wheat and sugar on an ongoing basis and the insufficient supply of local production to meet consumption. The research aimed mainly to identify the current position of Egyptian wheat and sugar to find out the reasons for the fluctuation of its quantity and value from year to year, by identifying the productive position of wheat and sugar in Egypt through its main production crops of sugar cane and sugar beet, in terms of production fluctuations and changes in the cost of local resources used in the production process and the prices of production inputs and the extent of their impact on their comparative advantage in production, and also the impact of this on decision-makers in Develop future policies for the development of these crops in light of local and regional changes, including the water crisis and the global crisis, such as the current Russian-Ukrainian war. The agricultural policy of wheat and sugar beet was studied in terms of targeted support for production inputs and comparative advantage in their local production. The descriptive and econometric economic analysis method has been used through the simple and multiple regression method. The Policy Analysis Matrix matrix, nominal and effective protection coefficients, and profitability measures were used during the study periods (2011-2015) and (2017-2021). The results showed that both wheat and sugar beet crops enjoy direct and indirect support, but wheat enjoys a high level of protection. While sugar beet surpasses wheat in financial and economic profitability in the first period before the exchange rate floated, which means that sugar beet has an absolute advantage over wheat. The study recommends continuing to provide both direct and indirect support to sugar beet farmers by encouraging the expansion of cultivated area by following a fair price policy for both crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Route Educational & Social Science Journal (Ress Journal) is the property of Ress Academy Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The wheat crop is considered an important strategic food crop and ranks first among field crops in terms of cultivated area and production. Despite the expansion of its cultivation throughout Iraq in general and Wasit Governorate in particular, production is still below the required level and does not meet the need for demand in the local market in addition to the high Production costs compared to production costs in developed countries. The total cost function was estimated in the long run LTC=405825.6Q-706.048Q2+0.07Q3+3234.234AQ-4474.61A2 Based on a random sample of (168) crop farmers in Wasit Governorate for the agricultural season (2018-2019), the results showed that the optimal size of production was about (871.86) tons, while the optimal area for production was about (315) hectares. It was noted that the average The actual cultivated area for the study sample amounted to about (29.5) hectares. This means that farmers must expand the cultivated area if they wish to use their resources in an optimal manner. Cost elasticity for the long term was also estimated at (0.972), and this indicates that farmers are working in the first stage of production. In any stage of increasing yields.

This study was carried out at the farms of Field Crops department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok during the growing season 2021/2022 season. Three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); Ceyhan-99, Adana-99 and Tamuz-2 varieties were used sown under four levels (Control, Low, recommended and high) of soil and foliar fertilization. The experiment was designed as Split Plots and arranged in Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD) with four replications. Wheat cultivars considered the main plots, fertilization methods the sub-plots and the fertilizer concentrations the sub-sub-plots.The results of this study revealed significant differences of the wheat cultivars in most of the spike characteristics and mainly spike length and spike biomass; Ceyhan-99 and Tamuz-2 cultivars were superior and produced highest spike biomass; 10.82 and 10.68 g.spike-1 respectively compared to the inferior cultivar in this trait (Adana-99). On the other hand, the effect of foliar fertilization was non-significant on most of spike characters. The application of soil fertilization surpassed foliar fertilization for producing higher number of tillers per unit area; 399 spikes compared to 375 tillers per square meter respectively. The effect of fertilization method and their concentrations were significant on final biomass per unit area; soil fertilizer recorded highest biomass yield than foliar fertilizer and each produced 5.70 t.ha-1 and 5.01 t.ha-1 respectively. Also, both recommended (5.36 t.ha-1) and high concentrations of fertilization (5.63 t.ha-1) recorded higher yield of biomass compared to control (4.74 t.ha-1) and low concentrations (4.78 t.ha-1) of fertilization. Ceyhan-99 cultivar in soil fertilization recorded highest final grain yield (1.69 t.ha-1) compared to Tamuz-2 in soil fertilizer which recorded lowest final grain yield (1.15 t.ha-1). Based on the obtained results in this study, the cultivar Ceyhan-99 and soil form of fertilization is recommended under similar conditions of this study and further study under different rainfall or irrigation regimes are suggested to have more convenient results for foliar fertilization.

Several exploratory visits were conducted in the specific area of the study based on information obtained from the preliminary phase. It carried out a semi-detailed survey of the study area (Magnoon) and by adopting a semi-detailed survey method and relying on topographic maps and natural variation of the plant, by examining the type of tissue, the degree of reaction and the electrical conductivity of the soil through the selection of four Several exploratory visits were conducted in the specific area of the study based on information obtained from the preliminary phase. This variability influenced the B factor values as it ranged from 50 to 100. The first value of the clay class was recorded at pedon P8 compared to the higher values. 100 Recorded for the class of mixed tissue in pedon P4. For the C factor for determining the value of the Earth's regression, it was 1.5% as a general regression of the study area. Factor C is not a determinant of the Earth's suitability for the cultivation wheat of irrigation. For the X factor, 1.5 is while the absence of a specific X factor in the area under study indicates. When classifying land suitability according to the amended Storie index, the two categories (S1) and (S2) were reached, as the appropriate medium class (S2) was observed to prevail over the appropriate high class (S1).

In order to screening 21 genotypes of wheat introduced by Ministry of Science and Technology and suitable to arid and semi-arid regions in addition to three registered cultivars (IRAQ, Al Diyar and Al Mahmodia). The experiment conducted according to RCBD with three replications for each genotype. The results showed that there are new promising genotypes for plant breeding programs from the introduced genotypes and planted in the second season in row in the western region of Iraq. In addition to the possibility of registering some of them after confirming their productivity for next seasons under such conditions. The genotypes varied in their content of antioxidant enzymes, the cultivar IRAQ was superior over all genotypes especially when it gave highest activity of CAT, SOD and AO (40.18, 205.03 and 56.62 U g-1 FW min-1 respectively) followed by genotype 39. While the other genotypes showed low activity of the antioxidant enzymes and this confirms the fact that genotypes also might be varied in their chemical composition and metabolisms. The genotype 4 was superior in fertility ratio (3.09%) compared to genotype 11 that gave lowest ratio while in 1000 grain weight it was observed that genotype 18 gave highest average over other genotypes (59.47 g) and genotype 31 gave the highest average of yield in hectare. According to the genotypes that can be nominated to be used in further breeding programs are 4, IRAQ, 9, 25, 29, 30 and 39.

Wheat is one of the most strategically essential crops in the world and one of Iraq's most important crops.The objective of the present study was to analyze energy and examine the application of a multilayer perceptron for predicting wheat yield production in the Kirkuk governorate. The research data were collected with a face-to-face inquiry made with the farmers at two fields that include the types of equipment used for the production of wheat, the number of hours worked, fuel, oil, workers, and the style of agricultural processes for the wheat crop production. The research results showed that total energy consumption in wheat was 13315.21 and 29016.27 MJha-1, while the output energy was 24867.5 and 88641 MJha-1 for the first and second fields, respectively. Seed and diesel fuel consumption are considered essential variables in wheat plantation operations, its the highest input energy values being the relative values of 30.2 and 61.97 %. These variables impacted wheat operation from 2021 to 2022 at 4020 and 17982.44 MJha-1 for the first and second fields, respectively. Finally, the results concluded that the neural network model helps predict wheat production—the neural network architecture 7-4-1 and 5-7-1 for the first and second field systems. The research shows that the trained models produced a minimum error, indicating that the test model can predict wheat yield production in the Kirkuk governorate.

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aimed to design an extension program for virtual communities of practice and test it in the villages of Meet Hamel and Meet Habib as part of the national wheat campaign. An action research approach was used to apply the initial model of the program, which was designed by reconciling the traditional model of developing extension programs with the model of community of practice development. The planning stage was based on a baseline survey conducted in December 2022, with a sample consisting of 54 farmers from the two villages, 7 input suppliers, and 11 company agents. A community was formed in each village, comprising service providers, farmers, extension workers, and researchers. The seasonal interaction follow-up relied on data from the WhatsApp application, guided by principles of content analysis. The final evaluation involved a telephone questionnaire conducted in July 2023 with 60 farmers from two villages to verify the validity of the proposed program items. The main considerations for building an extension program for the virtual community of practice included: ensuring the community formation is based on the profession rather than a specific crop, recognizing the need to slow down the intervention process once the communities are formed to allow for internal development, providing external information in line with the trends of discussion and in a timely manner, and linking extension activities in the village to the community of practice, whether they come from formal extension or other service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat production is one of the most important grain crops, and the state gives it special attention to improve its production. Wheat is a strategically important crop for Egyptian food security, especially in light of recent fluctuations in its prices both globally and locally. Additionally, it is used in biofuel production in some countries like the USA and Brazil, which can impact global wheat supply. Despite an increase in wheat production in Egypt in recent years, this increase has been offset by a continuous population growth and local consumption, leading to an increase in wheat imports. The study analyzed the relative importance of production costs for different wheat varieties, including Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Giza 171, Giza 168, and Sids 12. The average total costs for these varieties were estimated, with Egypt 1 having costs of approximately 11.7 thousand Egyptian pounds per feddan, Egypt 2 at 11.9 thousand pounds per feddan, Giza 171 at 10.4 thousand pounds per feddan, Giza 168 at 11.8 thousand pounds per feddan, and Sids 12 at 10.5 thousand pounds per feddan. Fixed costs constituted a significant portion of the total costs for each variety, accounting for around 39.4%, 39.3%, 54.3%, 39.2%, and 54.6% of the average total costs, respectively. Net returns per feddan were estimated for each variety, with Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Giza 171, Giza 168, and Sids 12 having returns of approximately 1025.15, 3231.62, 4418.79, 989.52, and 5075.94 Egyptian pounds per feddan, respectively. Production functions were estimated in a logarithmic form to assess economic efficiency, and a cubic cost function was chosen to estimate cost and profit maximization for each wheat variety. Variable costs for these varieties ranged from approximately 7.13 to 4.79 thousand Egyptian pounds per feddan. The research recommends the following: Enhancing the efficiency of productive inputs in agricultural operations for wheat production to increase farmers' productivity and profits. Encouraging farmers to adopt technical recommendations and knowledge through the Agricultural Extension System to improve their productivity. Developing high-quality and high-yield wheat varieties that are more resilient to drought, salinity, and heat. Promoting the cultivation of high-yield wheat varieties, particularly Giza 171, Egypt 1, 2, and Sids 12. Addressing the problems faced by wheat farmers in the study area and finding solutions to increase wheat cultivation and improve per-feddan productivity for the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a major abiotic stress, limiting plant growth and agricultural productivity worldwide. It is known that plant growth regulators mitigate the negative effects of salinity. The current study showed the effect of 6-benzyl aminopurine, gibberellin and melatonin on wheat, which is a moderately tolerant crop to salinity, and it is grown for grain as it is a major crop for most countries of the world. A field experiment was conducted using three cultivars of wheat (Al-Ezz, Dijlah, and Al-Rasheed) under the influence of five combinations of tempering seeds before planting (Seed Hardening with salts (comparison 2), Seed Hardening + Benzyl stimulation, Seed hardening + Gibberellin stimulation, Seed hardening + Melatonin stimulation), all of them. It was irrigated with salty well water (6 dS Siemens m 2 m) in addition to the treatment (comparison 1) that was not subjected to hardening and stimulation and was irrigated with river water. The potassium and sodium content of the leaves were evaluated, The Dijlah and Al-Rasheed cultivars had the highest potassium content 3.40 and 3.10, while the Ezz cultivar had the highest sodium content of 0.238. The area of ​​the flag leaf, the number of branches and the biological yield of Al-Rashid cultivar increased (19.6 cm2 and 43.6 branch cm2 and 126.06g cm-2), while the Dijlah cultivar achieved the highest root weight of 0.568 gm. The combinations of salinity treatment (hardening + melatonin) increased the area of ​​the flag leaf and the concentration of potassium in the leaves and decreased the sodium element (14.03 cm-2, 3.866 and 0.167), Thus, it was superior to the comparison treatment 1 that was not exposed to saline stress, and this was positively reflected on the rest of the studied traits. It turns out that melatonin can relieve salt stress in plants by affecting metabolic or physiological processes. The application of melatonin is an effective management strategy to mitigate salt stress in order to increase agricultural production and sustainability.

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Introduction and Objective: Fusarium head blight disease is one of the most important and destructive diseases of wheat in hot and humid climates, which, in addition to reducing yield, causes the accumulation of mycotoxins in the grain, which is dangerous for humans and animals. Passive resistance against Fusarium includes many morphological and phenological traits such as plant height, flowering time, heading time, number of spikes and spike density, which help to escape the disease or create a kind of resistance to Fusarium head rot disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the studied genotypes with respect to Fusarium head blight disease and to estimate the simple and canonical correlation between morphological traits and disease resistance traits. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate 92 improved and native genotypes of Iranian bread wheat against Fusarium head blight in two crop years (2019-2022), experiments were conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in the farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Morphological traits measured included plant height (PH), spike length (SL), and number of seeds per spike (TSS), and agronomic traits measured included heading time (DTH) and flowering time (DTF). Disease traits were: disease incidence (INC), disease severity (SEV), Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), FHBdx index and ISK. Results: For all disease-related traits and morphophenological traits, a significant difference (p<0.001) was observed between genotypes. According to the result of correlation analysis, there was a positive and significant correlation (p<0.001) between DTH, DTF and PH traits with traits related to Fusarium head blight of wheat. The analysis of canonical correlation between the variables of disease-related traits and morphophenological traits showed a significant canonical correlation (0.687), which explains 81% of the total variance. According to the results of cluster analysis based on morphophenological traits and traits related to FHB disease, the investigated genotypes were classified into five separate group, the genotypes of the first group had a lower average among the other groups and the average of all genotypes in terms of all traits related to FHB disease and at the same time, compared to other groups, they were earlier. Conclusion: Rizhav, Chamran, Darya, Arta, Neishabur and Gonbad cultivars showed the highest resistance to Fusarium disease in the study and can still be used as parental cultivars to improve new wheat cultivars resistant to Fusarium Head Blight disease. Also, among the landrace, three genotypes, Larg Karaj, Parand Saveh, and Malayer, showed acceptable resistance, which indicates that some landrace cultivars are also relatively resistant to Fusarium head blight disease, and it may be possible if they have complementary gene loci of specific genes. Resistance to this disease can probably be used for breeding purposes and programs for resistance to Fusarium disease, which needs further investigation in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Nowadays, environmental pollution and its consequences have become one of the most serious human concerns, and management of pollution caused by the entry of hazardous substances such as radionuclides, pesticides, and heavy metals into the environment is of particular importance. Advances in technology and nuclear knowledge have led to increasing of release and accumulation of nuclear waste and radionuclides in the environment. Mining, production and processing of nuclear fuels and military operations are the most important causes of nuclear waste production. Because of the possibility of transferring radionuclides to the food chain, soil contamination with these pollutants creates many hazards to human health. There are various physical and chemical methods to eliminate nuclear waste, but most of them are expensive and complex. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants and their associated microbes to clean up the polluted environment. This process is very simple, practical, economical and environmentally friendly. In this research, wheat and sunflower plants were used to remove uranium from soils of Saghand and Bandar Abbas mine's districts. Also, the effect of different concentrations of citric acid on the plants accessibility to this element was investigated. Materials and methods PH meter and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy were used to determine the pH and constituents of the soil. Also, liquid scintillation analysis was applied to determine the concentration and amount of uranium absorption. Results In general, sunflower had better efficiency in absorption of uranium from soil of Saghand. In the case of uranium absorption from soil of Bandar Abbas, Wheat had better efficiency in the absence and low concentrations of citric acid, but with increasing acid concentration the accessibility of sunflower to the uranium in the soil increased. Conclusions In comparison to wheat sunflower had a better performance in uranium uptake from Saghand soil before and after acid addition. In the case of uranium uptake from Bandar Abbas soil, wheat had better performance in the absence of citric acid and in its low concentrations, while with increasing acid concentration, the uranium uptake by sunflower increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wheat and rice crops are among the most important food grain crops in Egypt, on which most of the population depends for their food. There is a nutritional gap in the wheat crop that is covered by importing from abroad in hard currency. Rice is also an export crop that the state relies on to increase its harvest of hard currency, and the research problem was: that the production does not meet the need for food consumption from it, as in the wheat crop, and the emergence of a food gap that is covered by import from abroad, and the resources are not used efficiently in the production of the two crops, and the research aimed to estimate economic efficiency to reach Better use of resources to produce these two crops, and the research relied on the method of descriptive and quantitative analysis of data and standard analysis of production functions and cost functions, and determining the optimal size of production and the maximum size of profit for each of the two research crops, and the most important results of the research were that there is a statistically significant annual increase of about %2.3, while It increased by about %2of the average area for each of the wheat and rice crops, respectively, and the optimal size was about 22.2ardab achieved at an area of 2.2 acres, while the maximum size of the profit was about 02.0ardab at an area of about 2 acres, and the optimal size of the wheat and rice crop was about 0. 22 tons was achieved on an area of about 2acres, while the bulk of the profit was about 02.4tons achieved on an area of 2.2acres. The research recommends working to increase the net yield per acre of the two forage crops by reducing production costs and raising the farm price for them, and using technological methods to increase their productivity per acre, and to increase the economic efficiency of the elements of production The cultivated area for wheat and rice crops in the Republic amounted to about 2.2, 2.2million acres for the two crops, while the cultivated area in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate amounted to about 022.4, 022.22thousand acres for the two crops, respectively, in 0200/ 0202 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The research aimed to study the production, consumption, and determinants of the food balance of wheat, to study the most important factors affecting wheat consumption, and to study the most important means of narrowing the wheat gap in Egypt. The results show an increase in both the area of wheat and wheat production, the price of farmed wheat in Egypt increased annually, statistically, by an amount of about 52.61 thousand faddans, 128.81 thousand tons, and 196.33 pounds per ton, respectively, the results of estimating each crop available for consumption are shown, wheat, the wheat gap, and the average per capita share increased during the study period by a statistically significant annual amount of 0.55, 0.4 thousand tons, and 1.1 kilograms per year, respectively, a statistically significant decrease was found in the annual self-sufficiency ratio, which amounted to about 0.94. The results show that an increase in the population, per capita income, and consumer price by 10% leads to an increase in the consumed quantities of wheat by about 5.9%, 1.7%, and 1.8%, respectively. It turned out that the most important means of reducing the wheat gap in Egypt is to follow a stimulating price policy for farms that works to increase the cultivated area of wheat, and to make silage from an area of 500 thousand acres of maize without cobs, it is possible to dispense with 635 thousand acres of alfalfa area, and thus lies the increase in the total output of wheat is about 1.6 million tons, which fills about 22% of the average size of the wheat gap in Egypt during the period (2000-2020), which is about 7.394 million tons. Estimating the amount of wheat lost, it was found that the average amount of loss amounted to 2.794 million tons during the period (2015-2020), with an estimated value of about 9748.796 million pounds, and that the average amount of lost wheat was produced from an area estimated at 1,085 thousand faddans, and that this the area consumed an amount of irrigation water amounting to about 1574.623 million m3, and it is clear that the average amount of wheat lost could have been sufficient to feed about 10.28 million people of Egypt's population. Based on the results, the research recommends the necessity of: Work to reduce waste by using modern technology in harvesting, transportation, storage and manufacturing. Adopting a stimulating price policy for farms that works to increase the cultivated area of wheat. Working to spread the technology of making silage from maize without cobs to preserve corn grains and reduce the area of alfalfa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on germination and growth of flixweed (Descurainia Sophia) seedlings grown in wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields, isolation and identification of important bioactive compounds of its aqueous extract. Two factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. In each experiment, the treatments included two levels of black cumin aqueous extract (root and shoot) and four concentrations of the extract (0, 50, 100 and 150 mL/L). The results showed that the highest plumule length belonged to wheat treated with 50 mL/L of black cumin root extract and the lowest to flixweed treated with 150 mL/L of black cumin shoot extract. With increasing the concentration of black cumin extract, the amount of seedling vigor index decreased significantly. In addition, the inhibitory effect of black cumin shoot extract on seedling dry weight and germination percentage was higher than the root extract. In root and shoot extract of black cumin, flavonoid compounds (12.9% and 16.7%, respectively), phenol (19.4% and 26.7%, respectively), terpenoids (14.5% and 19.2%, respectively) were observed. Inhibition of germination and seedling growth of flixweed was attributed to important inhibitory compounds including polyphenols, flavonoids such as tricarboxylic acids, alkaloid compounds such as magnetofluorine, myristicin, norargemonin and niglamine. In general, it is concluded that black cumin extract with strong toxicity to weeds can help the development of biocides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most important environmental factors affecting plant growth. The double haploid method is one of the most common breeding methods in wheat. Using old cultivars in cross-breeding programs can be effective for restoring genes lost during evolution. In this study, in order to evaluate the genetic diversity and to select the droughttolerant introgression wheat lines, 151 double haploid (DH) lines (derived from cross of old and modern cultivars) were evaluated under two moisture conditions (non-stress and drought-stress) in field. Considerable genetic variation was observed among DH lines for most of the traits indicating that selection for these traits can be effective to develop lines with higher performance or for specific purposes. The effect of drought stress was significant for most of the traits. For example, drought stress reduced grain yield by 40%. Comparison of old and new parent genotypes showed that the new parent was earlier in maturity, dwarf and had higher grain yield, yield components and harvest index. Transgressive segregation was observed for most of the traits indicating the possibility of selection for superior lines. In both moisture condition, plant height had the highest narrow sense heritability (46%) and leaf relative water content had the lowest one (12%). Grain yield had negative correlation with day to flowering indicating that selection for earliness can improve drought tolerance. According to the results of tolerance indices and biplot of principle component analysis, superior lines were identified. For example superior lines for grain yield, early flowering and higher harvest index were recognized for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]